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Umm al-Amad, Lebanon

For other uses, see Umm al-Amad (disambiguation).

Umm Al Amad (Arabic: ام العمد), or Umm el 'Amed or al Auamid or el-Awamid, is an Hellenistic period archaeological site near the town of Naqoura in Lebanon. It was discovered by Europeans in the 1770s,[1] and was excavated in 1861.[2] It is one of the most excavated archaeological sites in the Phoenician heartland.[3]

Umm al-Amad
ام العمد
The temple as painted by David Roberts.
Ruins in 1839, published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
Umm al-Amad, Lebanon is located in Lebanon
Umm al-Amad, Lebanon
Shown within Lebanon
LocationNear Naqoura, Tyre District, South Lebanon
Coordinates33°07′41″N 35°09′13″E / 33.128°N 35.1535°E / 33.128; 35.1535
History
Founded287–222 BCE

Description

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The Umm Al Amad site measures more than six hectares.[2] Numerous artefacts from the site are held at the National Museum of Beirut and the Louvre. The site contains two temples, the Temple of Milk‘ashtart and the Eastern Temple with Throne Chapel,[4] which are estimated to have been built between 287 and 222 BCE.[2]

23 Phoenician Adoration steles have been found at the site depicting upright people in an "adoration gesture", all dating from 100 to 400 BCE.[5]

History

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Umm al-Amad on an 1880 map
 
Ruins in the 1780s, by Louis-François Cassas.
 
Ruins of the Eastern temple (2019)

Umm Al Amad was apparently built in the Persian or Hellenistic period, although some scholars have argued for earlier. No buildings from the Roman era were discovered, but there is evidence for Byzantine reoccupation.[6][1] The original name of the site is uncertain, but may have been Hammon (Joshua 19:28) or Alexandrouskene.[1]

Umm Al Amad was first depicted in modern times in the 1780s by Louis-François Cassas.[1] Melchior de Vogüé explored the site in 1853.[7] The site was first excavated in 1861 by Ernest Renan in his Mission de Phénicie. He stopped when he found the remains were no older than the Hellenistic age.[8]

In 1881, the British PEF Survey of Palestine described the site as "extensive ruins" and noted "traces of aqueducts origin water to birkets".[9]

Eustache de Lorey excavated the site in 1921, but published only photographs of his work.[10] Maurice Dunand led excavations at the site between 1943 and 1945.[11]

Ali Badawi, the long-time chief archaeologist for Southern Lebanon of the Directorate-General of Antiquities at the Ministry of Culture, said:

There are the remains of the city known as Oum Al-Amed, dating back to the 2nd century B.C., if not earlier. The city was a religious center for a Phoenician cult, especially that of the Phoenician god Baal Hamon, whose memory lives on in a nearby valley known as Wadi Hamol (the Valley of Hamol). The site still contains the remnants of two important temples, as well as other buildings, dating back to the 2nd and 3rd century B.C., and represents the last of Phoenician culture under the rule of the Greeks. Several steles bearing Phoenician inscriptions were discovered on the site, and an important sundial stone.[12]

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c The Phoenician's Route, LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation
  2. ^ Vella, 2000, pp. 34–35: "The monumental report dedicated to Oumm el-‘Amed is by far one of the most detailed accounts of an excavation in the Phoenician heartland. The site is well known in the general literature, with entries in all the recently published research aids on Phoenician history, and the reconstructions of the temples have served as benchmarks for the study of other sites."
  3. ^ Vella, 2000, p. 32
  4. ^ Michelau, 2014, pp. 77–95.
  5. ^ Vella, 2000, p.32
  6. ^ Vella, 2000, p. 31
  7. ^ Vella, 2000, p. 31: "Ernest Renan was there in 1861 but abandoned the excavations he undertook when he noted that the site was of Hellenistic date."
  8. ^ PEF Survey of Palestine, Volume 1, Galilee, Kh. Umm el Amud, pp. 181–184
  9. ^ Vella, 2000, p.31
  10. ^ Eric M. Meyers; American Schools of Oriental Research (1997). "Maurice Dunand". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511216-0.
  11. ^ Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018). Tyre (4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine. pp. 138–140.
  12. ^ Maximillien De Lafayette (2011). Phoenicia, Ur, and Carthage: Artifacts, Inscriptions, Slabs, Sites. Lulu.com. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-257-83653-6.

General sources

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