The Yule cat (Icelandic: Jólakötturinn, IPA: [ˈjouːlaˌkʰœhtʏrɪn], also called Jólaköttur and Christmas cat[1]) is a huge and vicious cat from Icelandic Christmas folklore that is said to lurk in the snowy countryside during the Christmas season and eat people who do not receive new clothing before Christmas Eve. In other versions of the story, the cat just eats the food of people without new clothes. Jólakötturinn is closely associated with other figures from Icelandic folklore, considered the pet of the ogress Grýla and her sons, the Yule Lads.
 Artwork depicting the Yule cat | |
| Grouping | Monster |
|---|---|
| Sub grouping | Icelandic Christmas folklore |
| First attested | Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og æfintýri (by Jón Árnason, 1862) |
| Other name(s) |
|
| Country | Iceland |
History
editOrigins
editThe first definitive mention of the Yule cat is from an 1862 collection of folklore by Jón Árnason, Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og æfintýri. It was described as an evil beast that would either eat those who did not get new clothes for Christmas, or eat their "Christmas bit" (an extra portion of food given to residents of a farm). Jón gave no source for either story.[2][3]
Two theories have since been proposed for the origin of the story.[3] In one theory, folklorist Árni Björnsson points to a footnote by Jón which uses the figure of speech "to dress the cat".[4] From this footnote and the lack of any written sources about the Yule cat prior to Jón's writings, Árni concluded that the phrase was the source from which Jón created the monster.[3][5][6] In another theory, archaeologist Guðmundur Ólafsson connects the Yule cat to various entities that, in other European traditions, accompanied Saint Nicholas. Guðmundur noted that sources for any kind of folklore in history were typically scarce, so the lack of written sources on the Yule cat did not carry much significance.[3][7]
The Yule cat was traditionally used as a threat and incentive for farmworkers to finish processing the wool collected in the autumn before Christmas. Those who took part in the work were rewarded with new clothes, but those who did not would get nothing and thus would be prey for the Yule cat.[8]
Christmas is Coming
editThe establishment of the Yule cat as part of classic Icelandic Christmas folklore came in 1932, when Jóhannes úr Kötlum published his poetry collection Jólin koma ('Christmas is Coming'). One of the poems, Jólakötturinn, centered on the eponymous man-eating monster which subsequently became a common part of Christmas festivities and decorations in Iceland.[3]
While the poem did not associate Jólakötturinn with Grýla, Leppalúði, or the Yule Lads, the characters were also featured in the collection. This commonality led to connections in later stories. By the middle of the 20th century, Jólakötturinn was considered the pet of Grýla and her sons. In some later stories, Jólakötturinn is so disobedient that only Stúfur, the smallest Yule Lad, is able to direct it, and he rides the cat across the countryside.[3][9]
Ingibjörg Þorbergs composed several songs based on Jóhannes's poems, including one based on Jólakötturinn, around 1970.[3]
Modern popularity
editIn 2008, the English-language online newspaper The Reykjavík Grapevine published an article about the Yule cat;[10] this has been considered partially responsible for the Yule cat gaining international recognition, and the story of the Jólaköttur was repeated and expanded upon in various other articles.[3][11]
In 2018, the city of Reykjavík set up a 5 m (16 ft) tall iron sculpture of the Yule cat as a Christmas decoration in the city's central square.[3][12]
In December 2023, a film about the Yule cat titled Þið kannist við... (lit. You Know..., localized into English as Krampuss) was released in Iceland.[13]
References
edit- ^ Ross, Alan S. C. (1937). "Jólaköttur, Yuillis Yald and similar expressions". Saga-Book. 12: 1–18. JSTOR 48611938.
- ^ Árnason, Jón (1862). [Icelandic folk- and fairy tales] (in Icelandic) – via Wikisource.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Áki Guðni Karlsson (17 December 2020). "The Yule Cat". Icelandic Folklore. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ Árnason, Jón (1862). [Icelandic folk- and fairy tales] (in Icelandic) – via Wikisource.
- ^ Björnsson, Árni (1983). Í jólaskapi [In a Christmas Spirit] (in Icelandic).
- ^ Björnsson, Árni (2000). Saga daganna [The History of Days] (in Icelandic).
- ^ "Jólakötturinn Og Uppruni Hans" [The Origin of the Christmas cat]. Árbók Hins íslenzka fornleifafélags (in Icelandic): 111–120. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ "The Yule Cat (Christmas in Iceland 2000)". Archived from the original on 8 January 2005.
- ^ "Jólakötturinn". Thjodminjasafn.is (in Icelandic). National Museum of Iceland. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
- ^ Magnússon, Haukur (10 December 2008). "The Christmas Cat". The Reykjavík Grapevine. Fröken Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ Lewis, Danny (19 December 2016). "Each Christmas, Iceland's Yule Cat Takes Fashion Policing to the Extreme". Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ Dalrymple, Colin Arnold (27 November 2018). "From Iceland — Christmas Cat Cost Causes Controversy". The Reykjavík Grapevine. Fröken Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ "Allir sáttir á hryllilegri jólakattarmynd". www.mbl.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
External links
edit- "Jólakötturinn – Skáldasetur | Jóhannes úr Kötlum". 8 December 2007. The poem Jólakötturinn, in Icelandic (English translation)