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Wiktionary

介

See also: 个 and 𠆤
介 U+4ECB, 介
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ECB
← 今
[U+4ECA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仌 →
[U+4ECC]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

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介 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人中中 (OLL), four-corner 80220, composition ⿱人⿰丿丨)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 359
  • Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 103, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+4ECB

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 介
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
 
j01444
 
j01445
 
j01446
 
j01447
 
j01448
 
j01449
 
s00795
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L36198
 
L36199
 
L21168
 
L21169
 
L21170
 
L21171
 
L21172
 
L21173
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (介) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
妎 *ɡaːds, *ɡeːds
芥 *kreːds
尬 *kreːds
界 *kreːds
介 *kreːds
疥 *kreːds
玠 *kreːds
砎 *kreːds, *kreːd, *ɡraːd
魪 *kreːds
价 *kreːds
衸 *kreːds, *ɡreːds
齘 *ɡreːds
骱 *ɡaːd, *kreːd
扴 *kreːd
圿 *kreːd
忦 *kreːd

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 人 (“person”) + two marks encompassing, indicating "in between". Folk etymology interprets the two marks as two components of an armor.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 介
"to assist"
Developed from 介 (OC *kreːds, “armored men”), from 介 (OC *kreːds, “armor”), ultimately from 介 (OC *kreːds, “scale (of animals)”). (Schuessler, 2007)

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • 5ka, 1ka - colloquial;
  • 5cia - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 介
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiɛ⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡ɕiɛ⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕie⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiɛ³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡ɕi²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕie¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕiə¹³/
    /kɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /kai³⁵/
    Chengdu /kai¹³/
    /t͡ɕiai¹³/
    Guiyang /kai²¹³/
    /t͡ɕie²¹³/
    Kunming /kæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡ɕie̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ka³⁵/
    /t͡ɕia³⁵/
    Suzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕie̞⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /ka⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³²⁴/
    /ka³²⁴/
    Tunxi /ka⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /kai⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /kai⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /kai⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /kiai⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ke⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kai³³/
    Nanning /kai³³/
    Hong Kong /kai³³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kai²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɑi²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kai³³/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kai²¹³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /kai³⁵/
    Rime
    Character 介
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 皆 (33)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古拜切
    Baxter keajH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠɛiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚæiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kɐiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kəɨjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kɛiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɐiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/kăiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiè
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gaai3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 介
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiè
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kɛjH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁr[e]p-s/
    English armour; scale of animals

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 介
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6525
    Phonetic
    component         		介
    Rime
    group         		祭
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		誡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kreːds/

    Definitions

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    介

    1. to lie between
    2. to relate two things; to connect; to link; to introduce
    3. to assist; to help
    4. to hang; to suspend
    5. to rely on; to depend on
    6. firm; persistent; unswerving
    7. such; like this; this kind of
    8. Original form of 界 (jiè, “boundary; role; duty”).
    9. iota; tiny bit. Alternative form of 芥
    10. Classifier for people or copper coins.
    11. seashell; shell
    12. to wear armour
    13. (Eastern Min) again; re-
    14. (Taiwan) zepto- (SI unit prefix)
      Synonym: 仄 (Mainland)

    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    • → Proto-Tai: *klecꟲ

    See also

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    SI prefix
    Last Next
    阿 介/仄 攸/幺

    Synonyms

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    Dialectal synonyms of 再 (“again”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 再
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 再
    Taiwan 再
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 再
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 再
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 又, 再
    Wuhan 再
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 再
    Hefei 再
    Cantonese Guangzhou 再, 添 >
    Hong Kong 再, 添 >
    Yangjiang 應
    Gan Nanchang 再, 湊 >
    Hakka Meixian 再, 添 >
    Jin Taiyuan 再
    Northern Min Jian'ou 再, 唵
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 再, 蓋, 介
    Fuqing 介
    Southern Min Xiamen 閣, 閣再
    Quanzhou 閣, 閣再
    Zhangzhou 閣, 閣再
    Tainan 閣, 閣再
    Singapore (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再
    Manila (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再, 過再, 閣過再
    Chaozhou 再
    Wu Shanghai 又, 再
    Suzhou 再
    Wenzhou 再, 添 >
    Xiang Changsha 再
    Shuangfeng 再, 還
    Note > - used after the object

    References

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    Etymology 2

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    simp. and trad.
    		 介
    alternative forms 價／价

    From 個／个, attested since the Song Dynasty.

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    介 (Wu)

    1. used to indicate a great degree
      介大 [Ningbonese]  ―  5ka 6du [Wugniu]  ―  so big
    2. an adverbialiser; in the manner of
      搿能介 [Shanghainese]  ―  8geq-nen-ka [Wugniu]  ―  in this way
      像伊一能介 [Shanghainese]  ―  6zhian 6yi 7iq-nen-ka [Wugniu]  ―  in the manner of him

    Synonyms

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    Dialectal synonyms of 這麼 (“this; so; such (modifies adj.)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 如此
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 如此
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 這麼
    Taiwan 這麼
    Harbin 這麼
    Malaysia 這樣
    Singapore 這樣, 這麼
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 這麼
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 這麼
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 陣
    Wanrong 這麼
    Xi'an 這們, 陣
    Xining 這們
    Xuzhou 恁麼
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 這麼
    Lanzhou 這們
    Ürümqi 這麼
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 這們, 這麼, 嘞們
    Wuhan 這麼, 這樣, 這個樣子
    Guiyang 仲個
    Guilin 這樣
    Liuzhou 陣, 哏
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 這麼, 這樣子
    Yangzhou 這們
    Nantong 格麼
    Cantonese Guangzhou 咁
    Hong Kong 咁
    Foshan 咁
    Taishan 該
    Dongguan 呢咁, 咁
    Yunfu 咁
    Yangjiang 果樣, 拱
    Xinyi 咁
    Nanning 咁
    Wuzhou 咁
    Yulin 咁
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 果
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咁
    Penang (Guangfu) 咁
    Singapore (Guangfu) 咁
    Gan Nanchang 箇
    Lichuan 該樣
    Pingxiang 箇, 箇史
    Hakka Meixian 恁
    Xingning 恁, 咁
    Huidong (Daling) 恁, 咁
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 咁
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 咁
    Changting 仰
    Wuping 恁
    Wuping (Pingyu) 恁
    Liancheng 樣
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 恁
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 恁
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 恁
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 恁
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 恁
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 恁
    Luchuan (Daqiao) 咁
    Senai (Huiyang) 恁
    Kuching (Hepo) 恁
    Huizhou Jixi 爾的
    Jin Taiyuan 這來
    Xinzhou 這啦, 這麼, 這來
    Northern Min Jian'ou 𱕇
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 只滿, 只
    Fuqing 者滿
    Singapore (Fuqing) 者滿
    Southern Min Xiamen 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
    Quanzhou 拙, 拙幹
    Jinjiang 拙, 拙爾, 障, 障爾
    Zhangzhou 遮爾, 遮爾仔
    Tainan 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
    Singapore (Hokkien) 按呢
    Manila (Hokkien) 奐, 現, 喝, 遐, 遮, 拙
    Chaozhou 照, 照生
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 照
    Singapore (Teochew) 只生
    Leizhou 偌
    Haikou 只, 者
    Puxian Min Putian 只何
    Xianyou 只何
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 更
    Wu Shanghai 搿能, 搿能介, 搿個能, 介, 實能 dated, 實個能 dated
    Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 迭能
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 若介, 實介, 能, 能介
    Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 迭個能
    Shanghai (Fengxian) 迭能
    Shanghai (Jinshan) 格末, 格能介, 着介
    Shanghai (Qingpu) 介
    Shanghai (Jiading) 實恁
    Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 實倫
    Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 特能, 迭能, 實能
    Shanghai (Chongming) 能
    Suzhou 該實梗, 該尚, 哀實梗, 哀尚, 實梗, 尚
    Danyang 根
    Hangzhou 價套, 價, 實價套, 實價
    Ningbo 介
    Wenzhou 該恁, 恁
    Jinhua 帳, 格生, 格亨, 喪
    Jinhua (Tangxi) 絞麼
    Xiang Changsha 咯樣
    Quanzhou 這麼

    Etymology 3

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    simp. and trad.
    		 介

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    介

    1. (Hong Kong) Informal shorthand for 雞／鸡 (gai1).

    Etymology 4

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    simp. and trad.
    		 介

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    介

    1. (Hakka) Alternative form of 個 / 个 (“(particle; classifier)”)

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    介

    (Jōyō kanji)

    Readings

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    • Go-on: け (ke)
    • Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
    • Kun: たすける (tasukeru, 介ける)、すけ (suke, 介)
    • Nanori: あき (aki)、ゆき (yuki)

    Compounds

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    Compounds
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    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    介
    かい
    Grade: S
    kan'on

    From Middle Chinese 介 (MC keajH).

    Pronunciation

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    Affix

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    介(かい) • (kai) 

    1. to be between, mediate
    2. assist; help
    3. shell, shellfish
    4. armor

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    介 (eum 개 (gae))

    1. forerunner, herald, harbinger
    2. to lie between
    3. sea shell
    4. to wear armor

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    介: Hán Nôm readings: giới

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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