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Translingual
editJapanese | 梅 |
---|---|
Simplified | 梅 |
Traditional | 梅 |
Alternative forms
editIn Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese scripts, the right side component is written 每 (contains 母 with 2 dots). In Japanese shinjitai, the component is simplified to 毎 (contains 毋 with a single middle stroke). Due to Han unification, both characters (梅/梅) are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint. A CJK compatibility ideograph (U+FA44) exists for the kyūjitai form of 梅.
Han character
edit梅 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7 in Chinese, 木+6 in Japanese, 11 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 木人田卜 (DOWY), four-corner 48957, composition ⿰木每(GHTKV) or ⿰木毎(J))
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 528, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14795
- Dae Jaweon: page 916, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1215, character 13
- Unihan data for U+6885
Chinese
editsimp. and trad. |
梅 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 梅 |
---|
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Small seal script |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
呣 | *mɯ |
拇 | *mɯʔ |
母 | *mɯʔ |
胟 | *mɯʔ |
姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
畮 | *mɯʔ |
踇 | *mɯʔ |
苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
毋 | *ma |
梅 | *mɯː |
酶 | *mɯː |
鋂 | *mɯː |
每 | *mɯːʔ |
毎 | *mɯːs |
痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
晦 | *hmɯːs |
誨 | *hmɯːs |
悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
霉 | *mrɯl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mɯː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Etymology
editSeemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume2) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River,[1] now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): mô
- Eastern Min (BUC): muòi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6me / 2me / 2mei
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: méi
- Wade–Giles: mei2
- Yale: méi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mei
- Palladius: мэй (mɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /meɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mui4 / mui4-2
- Yale: mùih / múi
- Cantonese Pinyin: mui4 / mui4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: mui4 / mui4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /muːi̯²¹/, /muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: moi3 / moi3*
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbᵘɔi²²/, /ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòi
- Hakka Romanization System: moiˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: moi2
- Sinological IPA: /moi̯¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: moi
- Sinological IPA: /moi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mô
- Sinological IPA (key): /mo³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: muòi
- Sinological IPA (key): /mui⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: môe
- Tâi-lô: muê
- Phofsit Daibuun: moee
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /muẽ²³/
- (Hokkien: Tainan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: moâi
- Tâi-lô: muâi
- Phofsit Daibuun: moaai
- IPA (Tainan): /muãi²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Hsinchu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mûi
- Tâi-lô: muî
- Phofsit Daibuun: muii
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /muĩ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /muĩ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bôe
- Tâi-lô: buê
- Phofsit Daibuun: boee
- IPA (Yilan): /bue²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /bue¹³/
- Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou:
- m̂ - vernacular;
- mûi/bôe - literary.
- mainstream Taiwan:
- môe/m̂ - vernacular;
- mûi - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: mwoj
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤə/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯː/
Definitions
edit梅
- Prunus mume (Chinese plum or Japanese apricot)
- (in compounds) A plant sharing similarities with Prunus mume in habit, flowers or fruits
- (obsolete) Alternative name for 楠 (nán, “Machilus nanmu”).
- Short for 梅雨 (méiyǔ).
- Short for 梅州 (Méizhōu).
- a surname
Descendants
edit- → Malay: boi
Others:
Compounds
edit- 乾梅 / 干梅
- 二度梅
- 入梅 (rùméi)
- 出梅
- 妻梅子鶴 / 妻梅子鹤
- 寒梅 (hánméi)
- 恩梅開江 / 恩梅开江 (Ēnméikāi Jiāng)
- 摽有梅
- 摽梅
- 摽梅之年
- 望梅止渴 (wàngméizhǐkě)
- 望梅消渴
- 杏梅
- 梅乾 / 梅干
- 梅仙
- 梅天
- 梅妃
- 梅妝 / 梅妆
- 梅妻鶴子 / 梅妻鹤子 (méiqīhèzǐ)
- 梅子 (méizi)
- 梅子溝 / 梅子沟 (Méizigōu)
- 梅家岩 (Méijiāyán)
- 梅家河 (Méijiāhé)
- 梅山 (Méishān)
- 梅山鄉 / 梅山乡
- 梅嶺 / 梅岭
- 梅川 (Méichuān)
- 梅市 (Méishì)
- 梅店 (Méidiàn)
- 梅拉尼婭 / 梅拉尼娅 (Méilāníyà)
- 梅月 (Méiyuè)
- 梅梅
- 梅樹 / 梅树
- 梅毒 (méidú)
- 梅湯 / 梅汤
- 梅田
- 梅花 (méihuā)
- 梅花三弄
- 梅花大鼓
- 梅花妝 / 梅花妆
- 梅花小娘
- 梅花嶺 / 梅花岭
- 梅花席
- 梅花樁 / 梅花桩
- 梅花鹿 (méihuālù)
- 梅菉 (Méilù)
- 梅豆
- 梅酒 (méijiǔ)
- 梅酢
- 梅鋪 / 梅铺 (Méipù)
- 梅開二度 / 梅开二度 (méikāi'èrdù)
- 梅雨 (méiyǔ)
- 梅風 / 梅风
- 梅香
- 梅鶴因緣 / 梅鹤因缘
- 楊梅 / 杨梅 (yángméi)
- 榆葉梅 / 榆叶梅
- 檕梅 (jìméi)
- 止渴思梅
- 江梅
- 洛梅
- 滷梅水 / 卤梅水
- 澆梅根 / 浇梅根
- 烏梅 / 乌梅 (wūméi)
- 烏梅酒 / 乌梅酒
- 米高梅 (Mǐ-Gāo-Méi)
- 紅梅記 / 红梅记
- 老梅 (Lǎoméi)
- 臘梅 / 腊梅 (làméi)
- 茶梅 (cháméi)
- 落梅風 / 落梅风
- 蠟梅 / 蜡梅 (làméi)
- 話梅 / 话梅 (huàméi)
- 說梅止渴 / 说梅止渴
- 踏雪尋梅 / 踏雪寻梅
- 酸梅 (suānméi)
- 酸梅湯 / 酸梅汤 (suānméitāng)
- 金梅草
- 金瓶梅 (Jīnpíngméi)
- 金鏤梅科 / 金镂梅科
- 陳皮梅 / 陈皮梅 (chénpíméi)
- 青梅竹馬 / 青梅竹马 (qīngméizhúmǎ)
- 鹽梅 / 盐梅
- 黃梅 / 黄梅 (huángméi)
- 黃梅天 / 黄梅天 (huángméitiān)
- 黃梅季 / 黄梅季 (huángméijì)
- 黃梅戲 / 黄梅戏 (huángméixì)
- 黃梅時候 / 黄梅时候
- 黃梅調 / 黄梅调
- 黃梅雨 / 黄梅雨
References
edit- “梅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- ^ Uematsu, Chiyomi, Sasakuma, Tetsuo, Ogihara, Yasunari (1991) “Phylogenetic relationships in the stone fruit group of Prunus as revealed by restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA”, in The Japanese Journal of Genetics, volume 66, number 1, , →PMID, page 60: “P. mume had its origin in South China around the Yangtze River (Kyotani, 1989b).”
Japanese
editShinjitai | 梅 | |
Kyūjitai [1][2][3][4] |
梅 梅 or 梅+ ︀ ?
|
|
梅󠄀 梅+ 󠄀 ?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
梅󠄃 梅+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
edit(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 梅)
Readings
edit- Go-on: まい (mai)←まい (mai, historical)、め (me)←め (me, historical)
- Kan-on: ばい (bai, Jōyō)←ばい (bai, historical)
- Kun: うめ (ume, 梅, Jōyō)
- Nanori: め (me)
Compounds
editEtymology 1
editKanji in this term |
---|
梅 |
うめ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
---|
梅 (kyūjitai) 楳 |
⟨me2⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume2⟩ → ⟨ume2⟩ → */uməɨ/ → /ume/
From Old Japanese.[5][6][7]
Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj),[6][7] with the borrowed me reading gaining a pronounced kind of initial m- sound, perhaps realized as *mme. The phonetic spelling was often rendered as むめ (*mme, mume) from the Heian period,[5][7] with *mme/mume and ume apparently existing in free variation. The reading eventually settled on うめ (ume). Compare the similar pattern of phonetic shift for 馬 (ma → *mma → muma → uma, “horse”), likely from Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX).
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
- a white plum blossom, as opposed to 紅梅 (kōbai, “red plum blossom”)
- Synonym: 白梅 (hakubai)
- the lowest of a three-level rank system
- a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with varying designs of plum blossoms
- Short for 梅襲 (ume-gasane): a style of layering garments with dark crimson over light crimson
- (card games) the suit of plum blossoms in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of February
- (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 天神 (tenjin): the second-highest ranked prostitute in Edo-period Kamigata, below the 大夫 (tayū)
Usage notes
edit- As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウメ.
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
Derived terms
edit- 梅が枝 (ume ga e)
- 梅返し (umegaeshi)
- 梅笠草 (umegasasō)
- 梅襲 (ume-gasane)
- 梅暦 (ume-goyomi)
- 梅崎 (Umezaki)
- 梅沢 (Umezawa)
- 梅酒 (umeshu, “plum wine”)
- 梅醬油 (ume shōyu)
- 梅酢 (umezu)
- 梅助 (umesuke)
- 梅染め (umezome)
- 梅園 (umezono)
- 梅田 (Umeda)
- 梅津 (Umezu)
- 梅つ五月 (ume tsu satsuki)
- 梅辻 (Umetsuji)
- 梅壺 (umetsubo)
- 梅根 (Umene)
- 梅鉢 (umebachi)
- 梅春 (umeharu)
- 梅醬 (umebishio)
- 梅干し (umeboshi)
- 梅見 (umemi)
- 梅結び (umemusubi)
- 梅擬 (umemodoki)
- 梅谷渋 (umeyashibu)
- 梅羊羹 (ume yōkan)
- 梅割り (umewari)
- 青梅 (aoume)
- 杏子梅 (anzu ume)
- 庵の梅 (Iori no Ume)
- 岩梅 (iwaume)
- 裏梅 (uraume)
- 箙の梅 (Ebira no Ume)
- 青梅 (Ōme)
- 唐梅 (karaume)
- 甲州梅 (kōshū ume)
- 小梅 (kōme)
- 氷梅 (kōriume)
- 零れ梅 (koboreume)
- 枝垂れ梅 (shidareume)
- 白梅 (shiraume)
- 袖の梅 (Sode-no-ume)
- 漬梅, 漬け梅 (tsukeume)
- 天梅 (ten no ume)
- 飛び梅 (tobiume)
- 冬至梅 (tōji ume)
- 夏梅 (natsuume)
- 煮梅 (niume)
- 捩じ梅 (nejiume)
- 熨梅 (noshiume)
- 一重梅 (hitoe ume)
- 燻べ梅 (fusubeume)
- 豊後梅 (Bungo ume)
- 干し梅 (hoshiume)
- 実梅 (miume)
- 梅桃 (yusuraume)
Proverbs
edit- 桜切る馬鹿梅切らぬ馬鹿 (sakura kiru baka ume kiranu baka)
Descendants
edit- English: ume
See also
edit- 李, 酸桃 (sumomo, “Prunus salicina”)
Proper noun
edit- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 2
editKanji in this term |
---|
梅 |
むめ Grade: 4 |
irregular |
Alternative spelling |
---|
梅 (kyūjitai) |
⟨me2⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume2⟩ → /mume/
Possibly from Old Japanese.
This reading becomes common during the Heian period,[5][7] later falling into disuse.
Superseded by the ume reading above.
Noun
edit- (archaic, obsolete) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
Derived terms
edit- 唐梅 (karamume)
Descendants
edit- → Translingual: mume
Etymology 3
editKanji in this term |
---|
梅 |
ばい Grade: 4 |
kan'on |
Alternative spelling |
---|
梅 (kyūjitai) |
From a later borrowing of Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).
Noun
edit- (usually in Chinese contexts) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
- (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 天神 (tenjin): the second-highest ranked prostitute in Edo-period Kamigata, below the 大夫 (tayū)
Affix
edit- plum
- Short for 梅雨 (baiu): East Asian rainy season
- Short for 梅毒 (baidoku): syphilis
Derived terms
edit- 梅雨 (baiu)
- 梅園 (baien)
- 梅花 (baika)
- 梅果 (baika)
- 梅蕙草 (baikeisō)
- 梅子 (baishi)
- 梅天 (baiten)
- 梅毒 (baidoku)
- 梅肉 (bainiku)
- 梅林 (bairin)
- 梅霖 (bairin)
- 梅瓶 (meipin)
- 塩梅 (anbai)
- 烏梅 (ubai)
- 塩梅 (enbai)
- 鶯宿梅 (ōshukubai)
- 黄梅 (ōbai, “Jasminum nudiflorum”)
- 臥竜梅 (garyōbai)
- 寒梅 (kanbai)
- 観梅 (kanbai, “plum blossom viewing”)
- 甘露梅 (kanrobai)
- 金糸梅 (kinshibai)
- 金梅 (kinbai)
- 金露梅 (kinrōbai)
- 駆梅 (kubai)
- 検梅 (kenbai)
- 紅梅 (kōbai)
- 黄梅 (kōbai)
- 車輪梅 (sharinbai)
- 松竹梅 (shōchikubai)
- 早梅 (sōbai)
- 探梅 (tanbai)
- 茶梅 (chabai, Chinese name for camellia)
- 入梅 (nyūbai)
- 白梅 (hakubai)
- 盆梅 (bonbai, “plum bonsai”)
- 野梅 (yabai)
- 楊梅 (yōbai)
- 落梅 (rakubai)
- 利休梅 (Rikyū-bai, “Exochorda racemosa”)
- 老梅 (rōbai)
- 﨟梅, 蠟梅, 臘梅 (rōbai)
Proper noun
edit- a surname
References
edit- ^ “梅”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
- ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “梅”, in 字通 (Jitsū)[2] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 1133 (paper), page 617 (digital)
- ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, , page 685 (paper), page 355 (digital)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄆᆡ (moy) (Yale: moy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
edit梅 (eumhun 매화나무 매 (maehwanamu mae))
- hanja form? of 매 (“Prunus mume, a fruit tree”)
- hanja form? of 매 (“plum blossom, a blossom of this tree”)
- hanja form? of 매 (“a Korean surname”)
Compounds
editReferences
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Old Japanese
editEtymology
editPossibly a shift from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).[1][2]
Noun
edit梅 (ume2) (kana うめ)
- the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
Usage notes
edit- Also used phonetically as 借音 (shakuon) for ⟨me2⟩.
Quotations
editFor quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Vietnamese
editHan character
editCompounds
edit- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
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- CJK Compatibility Ideographs block
- Unspecified script characters
- CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement block
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Taishanese hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
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- Middle Chinese hanzi
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- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Taishanese proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Northern Min proper nouns
- Eastern Min proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Teochew proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 梅
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Chinese short forms
- Chinese surnames
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
- zh:Prunus genus plants
- zh:Laurel family plants
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fourth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading まい
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading まい
- Japanese kanji with goon reading め
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading め
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ばい
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading ばい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading うめ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading め
- Japanese terms spelled with 梅 read as うめ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 梅
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese short forms
- ja:Card games
- Japanese terms with historical senses
- Japanese colloquialisms
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese given names
- Japanese female given names
- Japanese surnames
- Japanese terms read with irregular kanji readings
- Japanese terms with archaic senses
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- Japanese terms spelled with 梅 read as ばい
- Japanese terms read with kan'on
- Japanese affixes
- ja:Prunus genus plants
- ja:Female people
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Old Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Old Japanese lemmas
- Old Japanese nouns
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters