cros

See also: crôs, cróṡ, cròs, and cros-

English

Noun

cros

1. plural of cro

Irish

Alternative forms

• crois

Etymology

From Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (“cross”). Doublet of croch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɾˠɔsˠ/

Noun

cros f (genitive singular croise, nominative plural crosa)

1. cross
2. crosspiece
3. trial, affliction
4. prohibition

Declension

Declension of cros (second declension)

bare forms case singular plural nominative cros crosa vocative a chros a chrosa genitive croise cros dative cros crois (archaic, dialectal) crosa forms with the definite article case singular plural nominative an chros na crosa genitive na croise na gcros dative leis an gcros leis an gcrois (archaic, dialectal) don chros don chrois (archaic, dialectal) leis na crosa

Derived terms

• airgead croise
• bata croise
• comhartha na croise
• cosa croise (“stilts”)
• Cros Dhearg (“Red Cross”)
• cros-
• crosach
• crosáil
• crosaire
• crosán
• crosdealbhach
• crosdiabhal
• crosóg
• crúbchrois
• Cumann na Croise Deirge (“the Red Cross Society”)
• fíor na croise (“the sign of the cross”)
• lochta croise (“rood-loft”)
• maide croise (“crutch”)
• píosa croise (“coin engraved with cross; florin”)
• trasna croise (“cross-arm of cross”)
• Turas na Croise (“the Stations of the Cross”)

 

Verb

cros (present analytic crosann, future analytic crosfaidh, verbal noun crosadh, past participle crosta)

1. cross
2. traverse
3. prohibit, forbid
4. contradict

Conjugation

conjugation of cros (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	crosaim	crosann tú; crosair†	crosann sé, sí	crosaimid	crosann sibh	crosann siad; crosaid†	a chrosann; a chrosas / a gcrosann*	crostar
	past	chros mé; chrosas	chros tú; chrosais	chros sé, sí	chrosamar; chros muid	chros sibh; chrosabhair	chros siad; chrosadar	a chros / ar chros*	crosadh
	past habitual	chrosainn / gcrosainn‡‡	chrostá / gcrostᇇ	chrosadh sé, sí / gcrosadh sé, s퇇	chrosaimis; chrosadh muid / gcrosaimis‡‡; gcrosadh muid‡‡	chrosadh sibh / gcrosadh sibh‡‡	chrosaidís; chrosadh siad / gcrosaidís‡‡; gcrosadh siad‡‡	a chrosadh / a gcrosadh*	chrostaí / gcrosta퇇
future		crosfaidh mé; crosfad	crosfaidh tú; crosfair†	crosfaidh sé, sí	crosfaimid; crosfaidh muid	crosfaidh sibh	crosfaidh siad; crosfaid†	a chrosfaidh; a chrosfas / a gcrosfaidh*	crosfar
conditional		chrosfainn / gcrosfainn‡‡	chrosfá / gcrosfᇇ	chrosfadh sé, sí / gcrosfadh sé, s퇇	chrosfaimis; chrosfadh muid / gcrosfaimis‡‡; gcrosfadh muid‡‡	chrosfadh sibh / gcrosfadh sibh‡‡	chrosfaidís; chrosfadh siad / gcrosfaidís‡‡; gcrosfadh siad‡‡	a chrosfadh / a gcrosfadh*	chrosfaí / gcrosfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go gcrosa mé; go gcrosad†	go gcrosa tú; go gcrosair†	go gcrosa sé, sí	go gcrosaimid; go gcrosa muid	go gcrosa sibh	go gcrosa siad; go gcrosaid†	—	go gcrostar
	past	dá gcrosainn	dá gcrostá	dá gcrosadh sé, sí	dá gcrosaimis; dá gcrosadh muid	dá gcrosadh sibh	dá gcrosaidís; dá gcrosadh siad	—	dá gcrostaí
imperative		crosaim	cros	crosadh sé, sí	crosaimis	crosaigí; crosaidh†	crosaidís	—	crostar
verbal noun		crosadh
past participle		crosta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of cros

radical	lenition	eclipsis
cros	chros	gcros

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cros”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cros”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “cros”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

Lombard

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kruːs/ (Milanese)

Noun

cros f

1. cross

Middle English

Noun

cros

1. Alternative form of cross

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• cross

Etymology

From Latin crux. Doublet of croch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kros]

Noun

cros f (genitive croisse or cruisse, nominative plural crossa)

1. (geometry) cross (geometrical figure)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	crosL, cross	croisL, croiss	crosaH, crossa
Vocative	crosL, cross	croisL, croiss	crosaH, crossa
Accusative	croisN, croiss	croisL, croiss	crosaH, crossa
Genitive	croiseH, croisse, cruisse	crosL, cross	crosN, cross
Dative	croisL, croiss	crosaib, crossaib	crosaib, crossaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Quotations

• c. 800, anonymous author, “The St. Gall incantations”, in Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, editors, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, volume II (overall work in English), Cambridge University Press, published 1903, page 249:

  do·bir cros dit ṡailiu for óchtar do chinn

  you put a cross of your spittle on the top of your head

• c. 800, anonymous author, “The rubrics in the Stowe missal”, in Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, editors, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, volume II (overall work in English), Cambridge University Press, published 1903, page 254:

  is hi tór{r}und cruisse suidigthir huile forsin méis

  in the form of a cross is all set on the paten

Descendants

• Irish: cros, crois
• Manx: crosh
• Scottish Gaelic: crois, cros
• → Old Norse: kross, *kors
  • Danish: kors
  • Faroese: krossur
  • Icelandic: kross
  • Norwegian Bokmål: kors
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross
  • Swedish: kors
  • → Old English: cros
    • Middle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce
      • English: cross
        • → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
      • Scots: cross, cros

Mutation

Mutation of cros

radical	lenition	nasalization
cros	chros	cros pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cros”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Piedmontese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krus/

Noun

cros f

1. cross

Derived terms

• crosié
• crosiera

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French cross.

Noun

cros n (plural crosuri)

1. cross-country

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	cros	crosul		crosuri	crosurile
genitive-dative	cros	crosului		crosuri	crosurilor
vocative	crosule			crosurilor