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42 (film)

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42
LDT2R DCG6990
Theatrical release poster
Directed byBrian Helgeland
Written byBrian Helgeland
Produced byThomas Tull
Starring
CinematographyDon Burgess
Edited by
Music byMark Isham
Production
company
Distributed byWarner Bros. Pictures
Release date
  • April 12, 2013 (2013-04-12) (United States)
Running time
128 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$31–40 million[2][3]
Box office$97.5 million[3]

42 is a 2013 American biographical sports drama film produced by Howard Baldwin and distributed by Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. Written and directed by Brian Helgeland, 42 is based on baseball player Jackie Robinson, the first black athlete to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) during the modern era.[4] The title of the film is a reference to Robinson's jersey number,[5] which was universally retired across all MLB teams in 1997.[6] The ensemble cast includes Chadwick Boseman as Robinson, alongside Harrison Ford, Nicole Beharie, Christopher Meloni, André Holland, Lucas Black, Hamish Linklater, and Ryan Merriman in supporting roles.[7]

Spike Lee originally planned to write and direct a Jackie Robinson biopic in 1995, with the project set up at Turner Pictures. The studio aimed for a 1997 release to mark the 50th anniversary of Robinson breaking the color barrier. However, creative differences led to the project's collapse in 1996. In 1997, Lee signed a deal with Columbia Pictures, but the Jackie Robinson biopic was not revived. In 2004, Robert Redford took up the mantle as producer for a new biopic, planning to star as Branch Rickey. In 2011, Legendary Pictures announced a new Jackie Robinson film, with Brian Helgeland set to write and direct. The project involved input from Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson. Principal photography took place in Macon, Georgia and Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram as well as in Alabama and Chattanooga, Tennessee.[8]

42 was theatrically released in North America on April 12, 2013.[9] The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Boseman and Ford, and it grossed $97.5 million on a production budget of $31–40 million.

Plot

In the years following World War II, baseball grew in prominence, capturing the hearts of Americans as the national pastime. Yet, for African Americans, the pervasive specter of racism and the enforcement of Jim Crow laws remained barriers to equality. At this time, the Major Leagues were exclusively white, with 400 players on the roster.

In 1945, Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey meets with sportswriter Wendell Smith and scout Clyde Sukeforth regarding wanting to recruit a black baseball player for his team. Reviewing potential candidates, Wendell suggests Jackie Robinson of the Negro league's Kansas City Monarchs. Sukeforth approaches Robinson, leading to a meeting with Rickey. Rickey outlines the challenges Robinson would face while breaking the color line and emphasizes the need for restraint in responding to provocations. Robinson agrees to join the Dodgers under these terms. Robinson proposes to his girlfriend, Rachel, and she accepts. In Sanford, Florida, Robinson prepares for spring training with the Montreal Royals, the AAA affiliate of the Brooklyn farm system. After performing well his first season, he advances to the Dodgers and is trained as a first baseman in Panama City. Some Dodgers players draft a petition refusing to play with Robinson, but manager Leo Durocher rebuffs them. Word of the petition gets out to Rickey, who confides in Durocher. During a car ride, Wendell explains to a silent Robinson that he sits behind third base with his typewriter on his knees because black reporters are not allowed in the press box.

Durocher is suspended by Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler over his extramarital affair. Robinson signs with the team and plays on opening day; Burt Shotton later takes over as manager. Sometime later, Robinson and Rachel have a baby boy. During a game, Robinson faces relentless harassment, particularly from Philadelphia Phillies manager Ben Chapman, who taunts Robinson with racial epithets. In the dugout, Robinson angrily strikes his bat against the wall, overcome with emotion. Rickey steps in, telling him that Chapman expects him to stand up for himself. Robinson returns to the field, still facing Chapman's taunts, but his teammate Eddie Stanky steps in to defend him. Robinson scores the winning run. The next day, the Dodgers are disallowed access to a Philadelphia hotel they had reserved, leading to a confrontation between a player and Robinson. When Chapman's behavior toward Robinson generates negative press for the team, Phillies' general manager Herb Pennock requires Chapman to pose with Robinson for magazine photos. Dodgers shortstop Pee Wee Reese, after seeing several negative letters towards Robinson, sympathizes with Robinson. At a game in Cincinnati, Pee Wee makes a public show of solidarity, standing with his arm around Robinson's shoulders before a hostile crowd at Crosley Field, silencing them.

In a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Enos Slaughter spikes Robinson on the back of the leg with his cleats. The Dodgers want revenge, but Robinson calms them and insists they focus on winning the game. Robinson's home run against Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller, who had earlier hit him in the head, helps the Dodgers clinch the National League pennant, sending them to the 1947 World Series. As word spreads of the Dodgers, the black community in Sanford erupts in cheers. Wendell documents Robinson's journey and achievements as Robinson confidently sprints toward home plate. An epilogue highlights Robinson's induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame alongside Rickey and Reese; Wendell Smith becoming the first African American member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America; and the widespread recognition of Robinson's impact, commemorated annually by all players wearing his number, 42, which remains retired across baseball. One boy inspired by Robinson, Ed Charles, later played for the 1969 World Series champion "Miracle Mets".

Cast

(L to R) Chadwick Boseman (pictured in 2016), Harrison Ford (2017), and André Holland (2019)
  • Maury Covington as a police officer who refuses to allow Robinson to play in Florida[11]

    • Background

    Negro leagues and major league prospects

    A black man in baseball uniform with the letters "K" and "C" on the chest
    Robinson during his stint in the Negro leagues with the Kansas City Monarchs

    In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues.[12] Robinson accepted a contract for $400 per month.[13][14] Despite playing well for the Monarchs, Robinson was frustrated with the experience. He had grown used to a structured playing environment in college, and the Negro leagues' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him.[15][16][17] In all, Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs, hitting .387 with five home runs, and registering 13 stolen bases.[18] He also appeared in the 1945 East–West All-Star Game, going hitless in five at-bats.[19]

    During the season, Robinson pursued potential major league interests. No black man had played in the major leagues since Moses Fleetwood Walker in 1884, but the Boston Red Sox nevertheless held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16.[20][21] The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore H. Y. Muchnick.[22] Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets.[23] He left the tryout humiliated,[20] and more than 14 years later, in July 1959, the Red Sox became the final major league team to integrate its roster.[24]

    Other teams, however, had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer. In the mid-1940s, Branch Rickey, club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers' roster. Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn's International League farm club, the Montreal Royals.[25] Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him.[26][27] August 28, 1945, Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily—a concern given Robinson's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military.[13] Robinson was aghast: "Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?"[27][28] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player "with guts enough not to fight back."[27][28] After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to "turn the other cheek" to racial antagonism, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month, equal to $10,155 today.[29][30][31] Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs, instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts not containing a reserve clause.[32] Among those with whom Rickey discussed prospects was Wendell Smith, writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, who, according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck, "influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson, for which he's never completely gotten credit."[33]

    Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1, 1945.[34] On October 23, it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season.[13][30][35] On the same day, with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present, Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals.[36] In what was later referred to as "The Noble Experiment",[13][37] Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s.[38][39] He was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues,[40] and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first.[41] Larry Doby, who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson, said, "One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player. The best was Josh Gibson. I think that's one of the reasons why Josh died so early—he was heartbroken."[42]

    Rickey's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs, and he went home to Pasadena. That September, he signed with Chet Brewer's Kansas City Royals, a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League.[43][44] Later that off-season, he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team, while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City.[45] On February 10, 1946, Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev. Karl Downs.[13][46][47]

    Minor leagues

    In 1946, Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach, Florida, for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League. Clay Hopper, the manager of the Royals, asked Rickey to assign Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate, but Rickey refused.[48]

    A black man in a baseball uniform with the words "Royals" and a baseball cap with the letter "M".
    Robinson with the Montreal Royals in July 1946, the year before he was called up to the Majors

    Robinson's presence was controversial in racially segregated Florida. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel, and instead lodged at the home of Joe and Dufferin Harris, a politically active African-American couple who introduced the Robinsons to civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.[49][50][51] Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility, scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson. In Sanford, Florida, the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there; as a result, Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach.[52][53] In Jacksonville, the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day, by order of the city's Parks and Public Property director.[54][55] In DeLand, a scheduled day game was postponed, ostensibly because of issues with the stadium's electrical lighting.[56][57] The Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach.[58][59] Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach's City Island Ballpark on March 17, 1946, in an exhibition game against the team's parent club, the Dodgers. Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s.[60]

    Two white men in baseball uniform with back to camera watch a black baseball player take batting practice
    Robinson (holding bats) playing in Montreal

    Later in spring training, after some less-than-stellar performances, Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base, allowing him to make shorter throws to first base.[61] Robinson's performance soon rebounded. On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Royals, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs.[62] Pitching against Robinson was Warren Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California. During Robinson's first at bat, the Jersey City catcher, Dick Bouknight, demanded that Sandel throw at Robinson, but Sandel refused. Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat, Robinson ended up with four hits in his five at bats; his first hit was a three-run home run in the game's third inning.[63] He also scored four runs, drove in three, and stole two bases in the Royals' 14–1 victory.[64] Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage, and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player.[65] Robinson's presence on the field was a boon to attendance; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946, an astounding figure by International League standards.[66] In the fall of 1946, following the baseball season, Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short-lived Los Angeles Red Devils.[67][68]

    Major leagues

    Breaking the color barrier (1947)

    In 1947, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues six days before the start of the season. With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman.[27] Robinson made his debut as a Dodger wearing uniform number 42 on April 11, 1947, in a preseason exhibition game against the New York Yankees at Ebbets Field with 24,237 in attendance.[69] On April 15, Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, more than 14,000 of whom were black.[70] Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 5–3 victory.[71] Robinson became the first player since 1884 to openly break the major league baseball color line. Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town.[41] Robinson's promotion met a generally positive, although mixed, reception among newspapers and white major league players.[66][72] Racial tension persisted in the Dodger clubhouse.[73] Despite this, Dodgers manager Leo Durocher informed the team, "I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays."[74]

    Robinson was also derided by opposing teams.[75] According to a press report, the St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike if Robinson played and spread the walkout across the entire National League.[76] Existence of the plot was said to have been leaked by the Cardinals' team physician, Robert Hyland, to a friend, the New York Herald Tribune's Rud Rennie.[77] The Woodward article made national headlines. After it was published, National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended.[77][78][79][80] Woodward's article received the E. P. Dutton Award in 1947 for Best Sports Reporting.[77] The Cardinals players denied that they were planning to strike, and Woodward later told author Roger Kahn that Frick was his true source; writer Warren Corbett said that Frick's speech "never happened".[76] Regardless, the report led to Robinson receiving increased support from the sports media. Even The Sporting News, a publication that had backed the color line, came out against the idea of a strike.[76]

    Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents. At one time, he received a seven-inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter.[81] On April 22, 1947, during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a "nigger" from their dugout and yelled that he should "go back to the cotton fields".[82]

    However, Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players. Robinson named Lee "Jeep" Handley, who played for the Phillies at the time, as the first opposing player to wish him well.[83] Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them."[84] In 1947 or 1948, Reese is said to have put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Boston or Cincinnati.[85][86] A statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, 2005, depicts Reese with his arm around Robinson.[87]

    Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers, with a batting average of .297, an on-base percentage of .383, and a .427 slugging percentage. He had 175 hits (scoring 125 runs) including 31 doubles, 5 triples, and 12 home runs, driving in 48 runs for the year. Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits, with 28, and in stolen bases, with 29.[88] His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949).[89] That year, the Brooklyn Dodgers won the National League pennant and went on to face the Yankees in the 1947 World Series. Robinson became the first black player to play in the World Series. He appeared in all seven games.[90]

    Production

    Development

    (L to R) Spike Lee (pictured in 2024) and Brian Helgeland (2013)

    Spike Lee planned to write and direct Jackie Robinson based on the life of Robinson and had it set up at Turner Pictures under his 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks in 1995. The studio wanted to release it in 1997 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Robinson's breaking of the color barrier, and courted Denzel Washington to star,[91] but the project fell apart in 1996 over creative differences. In March 1997, Lee found favor with Columbia Pictures, who signed him to a three-year first-look deal. Columbia President Amy Pascal reflected that it would bring "enormous potential for Spike to reach audiences that are not traditionally associated with Spike Lee movies."[92] The project eventually fell apart due to lack of finance,[93] but in 2004 Robert Redford set up a separate biopic as producer with Deep River Productions, as well as his own production company, Wildwood Productions. Redford also intended to co-star as Branch Rickey,[94] and Howard Baldwin joined as producer the following year.[95] In June 2011, it was announced that Legendary Pictures would develop and produce a Jackie Robinson biopic with Brian Helgeland on board to write and direct, under a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Legendary collaborated with Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, to ensure the authenticity of her husband's story. She had previously been involved with Redford's project.[96][97]

    Casting

    When asked about Robinson and Rachel, Hegeland emphasized the importance that the actors "be accepted at once by the audience." He found it tricky for "someone famous to play someone else famous".[98] Filmmaker Brian Helgeland reflected on casting Chadwick Boseman in his first lead role for 42. Helgeland recounted that his introduction to Boseman came through casting director Victoria Thomas, who brought Boseman in early during auditions for the role of Jackie Robinson.[99]

    Filming

    42 was filmed primarily in Macon, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Some interior scenes were shot at Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram, Georgia.[100] Designer Richard Hoover chose Engel Field as a substitute for Ebbets Field, with the production in Tennessee. Engel Stadium in Chattanooga, while some were shot at historic Rickwood Field in Birmingham, which also served as the set for game-action scenes at Forbes Field, Roosevelt Stadium, and Shibe Park, as well as itself in the film's opening. Using old photographs and stadium blueprints, Ebbets Field, Shibe Park, The Polo Grounds, Crosley Field, Sportsman's Park, and Forbes Field were recreated for the film using digital imagery.[101] When Boseman first got the role, he expressed self pressure from the fact that Robinson's widow Rachel Robinson had still been alive; he wanted to "do right by the family." Boseman and baseball coaches watched tape footage of Robinson. Boseman also had routine baseball practice.[102] [103] Inflatable people were used in the stands for reference for the visual effects team. They were all replaced with individual fans that were shot individually against a blue screen. Home base and the infield were moved. The scoreboard and outfield ads were recreated, and the rest of the field was green-screened so the stands could be added.[98] Boseman's deep character study enabled him to note when his stunt double was playing Robinson incorrectly, and he insisted on doing his own stunts,[104][105] but former minor league player Jasha Balcom was Boseman's stunt double for some scenes.[106]

    Release

    Box office

    42 grossed $95 million in the United States and $2.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $97.5 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3][107]

    The film earned $27.3 million for its opening weekend, the best-ever debut for a baseball-themed film.[108] It then made $17.7 million and $10.7 million on its second and third weekends, finishing second and third, respectively.[109]

    Home media

    42 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 16, 2013. This release sold 1.3 million units ($18 million), becoming the 33rd highest-grossing DVD of 2013 in the United States.[110]

    Awards

    After Boseman's death in August 2020, several theater chains, including AMC and Regal, re-released the film in September.[111]

    Boseman and Ford received nominations for various awards, including Best Supporting Actor (Harrison Ford),[112][113] Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Ford),[114] and Most Promising Performer (Chadwick Boseman).[115]

    Reception

    External videos
    video icon White House student workshop about 42 hosted by Michelle Obama with Rachel Robinson, Chadwick Boseman, Harrison Ford, Brian Helgeland, and Thomas Tull, April 2, 2013, C-SPAN

    Critical response

    On Rotten Tomatoes, 42 holds an approval rating of 81% based on 197 reviews, with an average rating of 6.90/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "42 is an earnest, inspirational, and respectfully told biography of an influential American sports icon, though it might be a little too safe and old-fashioned for some."[116] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[117] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[118][119][108]

    Richard Roeper wrote, "This is a competent but mostly unexceptional film about a most extraordinary man."[120] Lisa Kennedy, of the Denver Post, lauded the film, saying "This story inspires and entertains with a vital chapter in this nation's history."[121][122] Conversely, Peter Rainer, of The Christian Science Monitor, criticized the film as "TV-movie-of-the-week dull.... Robinson's ordeal is hammered home to the exclusion of virtually everything else in his life."[123]

    The film's actors were generally praised, with Owen Gleiberman saying of Ford, "He gives an ingeniously stylized cartoon performance, his eyes atwinkle, his mouth a rubbery grin, his voice all wily Southern music, though with that growl of Fordian anger just beneath it".[124] The Hollywood Reporter commented that Boseman "has the necessary appeal, proves convincing as an athlete and is expressive in spite of the fact that the man he's playing must mostly keep his true feelings bottled up."[125]

    Jackie Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, was involved in the production of the film and has praised the end result, saying, "It was important to me because I wanted it to be an authentic piece. I wanted to get it right. I didn't want them to make him an angry black man or some stereotype, so it was important for me to be in there. ... I love the movie. I'm pleased with it. It's authentic and it's also very powerful."[126]

    In 2020, Boseman told Essence Magazine that he spoke with Rachel Robinson while preparing for the role. "When you’re doing a character, you want to know the full landscape. You want to know them spiritually, mentally and physically. So I asked her: were there any physical things that he did that stood out. We sat down for hours and talked about his personality and what his tendencies were," he recalled of their meeting. "The way he stood, and the way he held his hands in the backfield…all of those physical things I tried to do."[127]

    In a 2023 interview with James Hibberd of The Hollywood Reporter, Ford said Branch Rickey is one of his roles he is most proud of.[128]

    Historical inaccuracies and omissions

    Robinson and Rachel Isum became engaged in 1943, while he was still in the United States Army and before he began his professional baseball career, unlike in the film, where he proposes after signing the contract with the Dodgers.[129]

    The Dodgers 1947 spring training was in Havana, Cuba, not in Panama, as shown in the film.[130]

    The suspension of Leo Durocher was not directly as a result of his affair with Laraine Day, but largely because of his association with "known gamblers."[131]

    The scene of Robinson breaking his bat in the dugout tunnel is not based in fact. Both Rachel Robinson and Ralph Branca, film consultant and Dodger pitcher in the dugout that day, say it did not happen. Director Helgeland concurs, explaining that his justification for including the scene was that he felt "there was no way Robinson could have withstood all that abuse without cracking at least once, even if it was in private."[132]

    Red Barber would not have broadcast Dodger away games from the opposing team's ballpark in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, as shown in the film. Radio broadcasts of away games in this era were recreated back at the studio from a pitch-by-pitch summary transmitted over telegraph wire from the stadium where the game was being played.[133][134]

    In the film, Wendell Smith is said to have been the first black member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). In reality, Sam Lacy was the first, having joined in 1948.[135]

    Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller threw left-handed, not right-handed as in the film. His first-inning pitch hit Robinson on the left wrist, not his head, and he claimed it was a routine brushback pitch without racist intent. There was no fight on the mound afterwards.[136] The climactic scene in which Robinson hit a home run to clinch the National League pennant for the Dodgers came in the top of the fourth inning of the game and did not secure the victory or the pennant (it made the score 1–0, and the Dodgers eventually won 4–2). The Dodgers achieved a tie for the pennant on that day, before winning the pennant the next day.[137]

    See also

    References

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    5. ^ "Film on baseball icon gets it right". Boston Herald. April 11, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
    6. ^ "Each club's last player to wear iconic No. 42". MLB.com. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
    7. ^ Fordin, Spencer (December 9, 2011) Jackie Robinson movie to star Ford, Boseman. Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved on April 23, 2013.
    8. ^ "Review: "42" (***½)". georgiaentertainmentnews.com. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
    9. ^ Calcaterra, Craig (June 4, 2012) The Jackie Robinson movie “42″ to open next April 15. Hardballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved on April 23, 2013.
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    13. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference Gale Group was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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    20. ^ a b Bryant, p. 31.
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    34. ^ Rampersad, pp. 127–128.
    35. ^ Lamb, p. 43.
    36. ^ Rampersad, p. 129.
    37. ^ Tygiel (1983), p. 79.
    38. ^ Lamb, p. 6.
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