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42 (film)

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42
LDT2R DCG6990
Theatrical release poster
Directed byBrian Helgeland
Written byBrian Helgeland
Produced byThomas Tull
Starring
CinematographyDon Burgess
Edited by
Music byMark Isham
Production
company
Distributed byWarner Bros. Pictures
Release date
  • April 12, 2013 (2013-04-12) (United States)
Running time
128 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$31–40 million[2][3]
Box office$97.5 million[3]

42 is a 2013 American biographical sports drama film produced by Howard Baldwin and distributed by Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. Written and directed by Brian Helgeland, 42 is based on baseball player Jackie Robinson, the first black athlete to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) during the modern era.[4] The title of the film is a reference to Robinson's jersey number,[5] which was universally retired across all MLB teams in 1997.[6] The ensemble cast includes Chadwick Boseman as Robinson, alongside Harrison Ford, Nicole Beharie, Christopher Meloni, André Holland, Lucas Black, Hamish Linklater, and Ryan Merriman in supporting roles.[7]

Spike Lee originally planned to write and direct a Jackie Robinson biopic in 1995, with the project set up at Turner Pictures. The studio aimed for a 1997 release to mark the 50th anniversary of Robinson breaking the color barrier. However, creative differences led to the project's collapse in 1996. In 1997, Lee signed a deal with Columbia Pictures, but the Jackie Robinson biopic was not revived. In 2004, Robert Redford took up the mantle as producer for a new biopic, planning to star as Branch Rickey. In 2011, Legendary Pictures announced a new Jackie Robinson film, with Brian Helgeland set to write and direct. The project involved input from Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson. Principal photography took place in Macon, Georgia and Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram as well as in Alabama and Chattanooga, Tennessee.[8]

42 was theatrically released in North America on April 12, 2013.[9] The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Boseman and Ford, and it grossed $97.5 million on a production budget of $31–40 million.

Plot

In the years following World War II, baseball grew in prominence, capturing the hearts of Americans as the national pastime. Yet, for African Americans, the pervasive specter of racism and the enforcement of Jim Crow laws remained barriers to equality. At this time, the Major Leagues were exclusively white, with 400 players on the roster.

In 1945, Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey meets with sportswriter Wendell Smith and scout Clyde Sukeforth regarding wanting to recruit a black baseball player for his team. Reviewing potential candidates, Wendell suggests Jackie Robinson of the Negro league's Kansas City Monarchs. Sukeforth approaches Robinson, leading to a meeting with Rickey. Rickey outlines the challenges Robinson would face while breaking the color line and emphasizes the need for restraint in responding to provocations. Robinson agrees to join the Dodgers under these terms. Robinson proposes to his girlfriend, Rachel, and she accepts. In Sanford, Florida, Robinson prepares for spring training with the Montreal Royals, the AAA affiliate of the Brooklyn farm system. After performing well his first season, he advances to the Dodgers and is trained as a first baseman in Panama City. Some Dodgers players draft a petition refusing to play with Robinson, but manager Leo Durocher rebuffs them. Word of the petition gets out to Rickey, who confides in Durocher. During a car ride, Wendell explains to a silent Robinson that he sits behind third base with his typewriter on his knees because black reporters are not allowed in the press box.

Durocher is suspended by Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler over his extramarital affair. Robinson signs with the team and plays on opening day; Burt Shotton later takes over as manager. Sometime later, Robinson and Rachel have a baby boy. During a game, Robinson faces relentless harassment, particularly from Philadelphia Phillies manager Ben Chapman, who taunts Robinson with racial epithets. In the dugout, Robinson angrily strikes his bat against the wall, overcome with emotion. Rickey steps in, telling him that Chapman expects him to stand up for himself. Robinson returns to the field, still facing Chapman's taunts, but his teammate Eddie Stanky steps in to defend him. Robinson scores the winning run. The next day, the Dodgers are disallowed access to a Philadelphia hotel they had reserved, leading to a confrontation between a player and Robinson. When Chapman's behavior toward Robinson generates negative press for the team, Phillies' general manager Herb Pennock requires Chapman to pose with Robinson for magazine photos. Dodgers shortstop Pee Wee Reese, after seeing several negative letters towards Robinson, sympathizes with Robinson. At a game in Cincinnati, Pee Wee makes a public show of solidarity, standing with his arm around Robinson's shoulders before a hostile crowd at Crosley Field, silencing them.

In a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Enos Slaughter spikes Robinson on the back of the leg with his cleats. The Dodgers want revenge, but Robinson calms them and insists they focus on winning the game. Robinson's home run against Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller, who had earlier hit him in the head, helps the Dodgers clinch the National League pennant, sending them to the 1947 World Series. As word spreads of the Dodgers, the black community in Sanford erupts in cheers. Wendell documents Robinson's journey and achievements as Robinson confidently sprints toward home plate. An epilogue highlights Robinson's induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame alongside Rickey and Reese; Wendell Smith becoming the first African American member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America; and the widespread recognition of Robinson's impact, commemorated annually by all players wearing his number, 42, which remains retired across baseball. One boy inspired by Robinson, Ed Charles, later played for the 1969 World Series champion "Miracle Mets".

Cast

(L to R) Chadwick Boseman (pictured in 2016), Harrison Ford (2017), and André Holland (2019)
  • Maury Covington as a police officer who refuses to allow Robinson to play in Florida[11]

    • Background

    Negro leagues and major league prospects

    A black man in baseball uniform with the letters "K" and "C" on the chest
    Robinson during his stint in the Negro leagues with the Kansas City Monarchs

    In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues, which Robinson accepted.[12][13] In the mid-1940s, Branch Rickey, club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers' roster. Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn's International League farm club, the Montreal Royals.[14] Robinson was aghast after questions by Rickey: "Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?"[15][16] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player "with guts enough not to fight back."[15][16] Among those with whom Rickey discussed prospects was Wendell Smith, writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier.[17]

    Minor leagues

    A black man in a baseball uniform with the words "Royals" and a baseball cap with the letter "M".
    Robinson with the Montreal Royals in July 1946, the year before he was called up to the Majors

    In 1946, Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach, Florida, for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League. In racially segregated Florida, he was not allowed at the team hotel, and instead lodged at the home of Joe and Dufferin Harris, a politically active African-American couple who introduced the Robinsons to civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune.[18][19][20] Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility, scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson. In Sanford, Florida, the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there.[21][22] Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach's City Island Ballpark on March 17, 1946, in an exhibition game against the team's parent club, the Dodgers. Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s.[23]

    Two white men in baseball uniform with back to camera watch a black baseball player take batting practice
    Robinson (holding bats) playing in Montreal

    Major leagues

    Breaking the color barrier (1947)

    In 1947, Robinson made his debut as a Dodger wearing uniform number 42 on April 11, 1947, in a preseason exhibition game against the New York Yankees at Ebbets Field.[24] Robinson became the first player since 1884 to openly break the major league baseball color line. Robinson's promotion met a generally positive, although mixed, reception among newspapers and white major league players.[25] Amidst the signing of a petition among the team in which they refuse to play with Robinson, Dodgers manager Leo Durocher informed the team, "I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays."[26]

    On April 22, 1947, during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a "nigger" from their dugout.[27] However, Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them."[28] In 1947 or 1948, Reese is said to have put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Boston or Cincinnati.[29][30] The Brooklyn Dodgers won the National League pennant and went on to face the Yankees in the 1947 World Series. Robinson appeared in all seven games.[31]

    Production

    Development

    (L to R) Spike Lee (pictured in 2024) and Brian Helgeland (2013)

    Spike Lee planned to write and direct Jackie Robinson based on the life of Robinson and had it set up at Turner Pictures under his 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks in 1995. The studio wanted to release it in 1997 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Robinson's breaking of the color barrier, and courted Denzel Washington to star,[32] but the project fell apart in 1996 over creative differences. In March 1997, Lee found favor with Columbia Pictures, who signed him to a three-year first-look deal. Columbia President Amy Pascal reflected that it would bring "enormous potential for Spike to reach audiences that are not traditionally associated with Spike Lee movies."[33] The project eventually fell apart due to lack of finance,[34] but in 2004 Robert Redford set up a separate biopic as producer with Deep River Productions, as well as his own production company, Wildwood Productions. Redford also intended to co-star as Branch Rickey,[35] and Howard Baldwin joined as producer the following year.[36] In June 2011, it was announced that Legendary Pictures would develop and produce a Jackie Robinson biopic with Brian Helgeland on board to write and direct, under a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Legendary collaborated with Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, to ensure the authenticity of her husband's story. She had previously been involved with Redford's project.[37][38]

    Casting

    When asked about Robinson and Rachel, Hegeland emphasized the importance that the actors "be accepted at once by the audience." He found it tricky for "someone famous to play someone else famous".[39] Filmmaker Brian Helgeland reflected on casting Chadwick Boseman in his first lead role for 42. Helgeland recounted that his introduction to Boseman came through casting director Victoria Thomas, who brought Boseman in early during auditions for the role of Jackie Robinson.[40]

    Filming

    In the spring of 2012, Engel Stadium in Chattanooga, Tennessee, served as a stand-in for Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York, for the production of 42.[41] Filming at the stadium began on April 21, 2012. It was filmed also in Macon, Georgia and Birmingham, Alabama. Some interior scenes were shot at Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram, Georgia.[42] Designer Richard Hoover chose Engel Field as a substitute for Ebbets Field, with the production in Tennessee. Some were shot at historic Rickwood Field in Birmingham, which also served as the set for game-action scenes at Forbes Field, Roosevelt Stadium, and Shibe Park, as well as itself in the film's opening. The filming of 42 was a significant economic boost for Chattanooga, with an estimated $5 million injected into the local economy.[41] Filming in Chattanooga marked the longest-running and largest-budget production the city had hosted at that time, surpassing previous Hollywood projects such as Water for Elephants and Deliverance.[41] Extras, many of whom were local residents, filled roles as players and other period-specific figures. Despite the long hours, the experience was a source of excitement and inspiration for many, including aspiring actor and director Brandon Boston, who noted the valuable learning opportunities the film set provided. While filming wrapped in Chattanooga on May 25, 2012, the green screen setup around Engel Stadium remained in place for several more weeks in case additional shots were needed.[41]

    When Boseman first got the role, he expressed self pressure from the fact that Robinson's widow Rachel Robinson had still been alive; he wanted to "do right by the family." Boseman and baseball coaches watched tape footage of Robinson. Boseman also had routine baseball practice.[43][44] Boseman's deep character study enabled him to note when his stunt double was playing Robinson incorrectly, and he insisted on doing his own stunts,[45][46] but former minor league player Jasha Balcom was Boseman's stunt double for some scenes.[47] Using old photographs and stadium blueprints, Ebbets Field, Shibe Park, The Polo Grounds, Crosley Field, Sportsman's Park, and Forbes Field were recreated for the film using digital imagery.[48] Inflatable people were used in the stands for reference for the visual effects team. They were all replaced with individual fans that were shot individually against a blue screen. Home base and the infield were moved. The scoreboard and outfield ads were recreated, and the rest of the field was green-screened so the stands could be added.[39]

    Release

    Box office

    42 grossed $95 million in the United States and $2.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $97.5 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3][49]

    The film earned $27.3 million for its opening weekend, the best-ever debut for a baseball-themed film.[50] It then made $17.7 million and $10.7 million on its second and third weekends, finishing second and third, respectively.[51]

    Home media

    42 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 16, 2013. This release sold 1.3 million units ($18 million), becoming the 33rd highest-grossing DVD of 2013 in the United States.[52]

    Awards

    After Boseman's death in August 2020, several theater chains, including AMC and Regal, re-released the film in September.[53]

    Boseman and Ford received nominations for various awards, including Best Supporting Actor (Harrison Ford),[54][55] Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Ford),[56] and Most Promising Performer (Chadwick Boseman).[57]

    Reception

    External videos
    video icon White House student workshop about 42 hosted by Michelle Obama with Rachel Robinson, Chadwick Boseman, Harrison Ford, Brian Helgeland, and Thomas Tull, April 2, 2013, C-SPAN

    Critical response

    On Rotten Tomatoes, 42 holds an approval rating of 81% based on 197 reviews, with an average rating of 6.90/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "42 is an earnest, inspirational, and respectfully told biography of an influential American sports icon, though it might be a little too safe and old-fashioned for some."[58] On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[59] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[60][61][50]

    Richard Roeper wrote, "This is a competent but mostly unexceptional film about a most extraordinary man."[62] Lisa Kennedy, of the Denver Post, lauded the film, saying "This story inspires and entertains with a vital chapter in this nation's history."[63][64] Conversely, Peter Rainer, of The Christian Science Monitor, criticized the film as "TV-movie-of-the-week dull.... Robinson's ordeal is hammered home to the exclusion of virtually everything else in his life."[65]

    The film's actors were generally praised, with Owen Gleiberman saying of Ford, "He gives an ingeniously stylized cartoon performance, his eyes atwinkle, his mouth a rubbery grin, his voice all wily Southern music, though with that growl of Fordian anger just beneath it".[66] The Hollywood Reporter commented that Boseman "has the necessary appeal, proves convincing as an athlete and is expressive in spite of the fact that the man he's playing must mostly keep his true feelings bottled up."[67]

    Jackie Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, was involved in the production of the film and has praised the end result, saying, "It was important to me because I wanted it to be an authentic piece. I wanted to get it right. I didn't want them to make him an angry black man or some stereotype, so it was important for me to be in there. ... I love the movie. I'm pleased with it. It's authentic and it's also very powerful."[68]

    In 2020, Boseman told Essence Magazine that he spoke with Rachel Robinson while preparing for the role. "When you’re doing a character, you want to know the full landscape. You want to know them spiritually, mentally and physically. So I asked her: were there any physical things that he did that stood out. We sat down for hours and talked about his personality and what his tendencies were," he recalled of their meeting. "The way he stood, and the way he held his hands in the backfield…all of those physical things I tried to do."[69]

    In a 2023 interview with James Hibberd of The Hollywood Reporter, Ford said Branch Rickey is one of his roles he is most proud of.[70]

    Historical inaccuracies and omissions

    Robinson and Rachel Isum became engaged in 1943, while he was still in the United States Army and before he began his professional baseball career, unlike in the film, where he proposes after signing the contract with the Dodgers.[71]

    The Dodgers 1947 spring training was in Havana, Cuba, not in Panama, as shown in the film.[72]

    The suspension of Leo Durocher was not directly as a result of his affair with Laraine Day, but largely because of his association with "known gamblers."[73]

    The scene of Robinson breaking his bat in the dugout tunnel is not based in fact. Both Rachel Robinson and Ralph Branca, film consultant and Dodger pitcher in the dugout that day, say it did not happen. Director Helgeland concurs, explaining that his justification for including the scene was that he felt "there was no way Robinson could have withstood all that abuse without cracking at least once, even if it was in private."[74]

    Red Barber would not have broadcast Dodger away games from the opposing team's ballpark in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, as shown in the film. Radio broadcasts of away games in this era were recreated back at the studio from a pitch-by-pitch summary transmitted over telegraph wire from the stadium where the game was being played.[75][76]

    In the film, Wendell Smith is said to have been the first black member of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). In reality, Sam Lacy was the first, having joined in 1948.[77]

    Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller threw left-handed, not right-handed as in the film. His first-inning pitch hit Robinson on the left wrist, not his head, and he claimed it was a routine brushback pitch without racist intent. There was no fight on the mound afterwards.[78] The climactic scene in which Robinson hit a home run to clinch the National League pennant for the Dodgers came in the top of the fourth inning of the game and did not secure the victory or the pennant (it made the score 1–0, and the Dodgers eventually won 4–2). The Dodgers achieved a tie for the pennant on that day, before winning the pennant the next day.[79]

    See also

    References

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    2. ^ "42 (2013) – Financial Information". The Numbers.
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    4. ^ "42 Star Chadwick Boseman on Playing Jackie Robinson, Copying His Baseball Moves, and Being Stood Up by the President". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
    5. ^ "Film on baseball icon gets it right". Boston Herald. April 11, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
    6. ^ "Each club's last player to wear iconic No. 42". MLB.com. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
    7. ^ Fordin, Spencer (December 9, 2011) Jackie Robinson movie to star Ford, Boseman. Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved on April 23, 2013.
    8. ^ "Review: "42" (***½)". georgiaentertainmentnews.com. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
    9. ^ Calcaterra, Craig (June 4, 2012) The Jackie Robinson movie “42″ to open next April 15. Hardballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved on April 23, 2013.
    10. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Drill: Where you've seen '42' actors before". The Drill. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
    11. ^ "Atlantic Beach actor has small role on big screen in '42'". The Florida Times Union. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
    12. ^ Eig, p. 17.
    13. ^ Robinson, Jackie (1972), p. 24.
    14. ^ Povich, Shirley (March 28, 1997). "The Ball Stayed White, but the Game Did Not". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
    15. ^ a b Schwartz, Larry (2007). "Jackie changed face of sports". ESPN. Archived from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
    16. ^ a b Robinson, Jackie (1972), p. 33.
    17. ^ Moore, Joseph Thomas (1988). Pride and Prejudice: The Biography of Larry Doby. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-275-92984-8.
    18. ^ Lamb, p. 93.
    19. ^ Robinson, Jackie (1972), p. 41.
    20. ^ "A Field of Dreams: The Jackie Robinson Ballpark" (PDF). Teaching with Historic Places. National Park Service. 2016. pp. 18–20. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
    21. ^ Lamb, p. 88.
    22. ^ Robinson, Jackie (1972), pp. 42–43.
    23. ^ Vasile, Sarah (February 10, 2023). "Before Jackie Robinson, This Forgotten Man Broke Baseball's Color Barrier". Sports Illustrated.
    24. ^ Weiner, Steven. "April 11, 1947: Jackie Robinson debuts in a Dodgers uniform at Ebbets Field". Society for American Baseball Research.
    25. ^ "How media covered Jackie Robinson's Debut". USA Today. Associated Press. January 31, 2019.
    26. ^ Kirwin, p. 198.
    27. ^ Williams and Sielski, p. 9.
    28. ^ Newman, Mark (April 13, 2007). "1947: A time for change". MLB.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
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    30. ^ Posnanski, Joe (April 27, 2016). "The Embrace". NBC Sports. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
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    33. ^ Cox, Dan (March 2, 1997). "40 Acres & A Mule to Col". Variety. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
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    35. ^ McNary, Dave (July 5, 2004). "Duo in Deep with Par". Variety. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
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    37. ^ McNary, Dave (June 1, 2011). "Jackie Robinson biopic takes flight". Variety. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
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    43. ^ "In '42,' A Young Star Suits Up For A Hero's Role". stlpr. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
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    46. ^ Chadwick Boseman on Portraying Jackie Robinson in '42'. Retrieved May 8, 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
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    48. ^ Fine, Marshall (April 7, 2013). "Film wizard Richard Hoover turns Chattanooga's Engel Stadium into Brooklyn's Ebbets Field in 42". New York Daily News. Mortimer Zuckerman. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
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    50. ^ a b Smith, Grady (April 14, 2013). "Box office report: '42' knocks it out of the park with $27.3 million; 'Oblivion' huge overseas". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 14, 2013. the latest release to earn a rare "A+" CinemaScore grade, signifying exemplary word-of-mouth among ticket-buyers.
    51. ^ "42".
    52. ^ "Top-Selling DVDs in the United States 2013". Retrieved October 20, 2024.
    53. ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (September 1, 2020). "Chadwick Boseman's Jackie Robinson Pic '42' To Play This Weekend In Celebration Of Actor's Work". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
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    61. ^ Snider, Eric (April 23, 2013). "Eric D. Snider's Movie Column: What Is a 'Cinemascore'?". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Almost as widely reported yet perhaps more revealing: it earned a rare A+ CinemaScore from audiences.
    62. ^ Roeper, Richard (April 12, 2013). 42 Review. Richard Roeper & the Movies. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
    63. ^ Kennedy, Lisa (April 12, 2013). "Movie review: "42" gives baseball great Jackie Robinson, but also heroism, its due". The Denver Post. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
    64. ^ Korsgaard, Sean CW (April 12, 2013). 42 Archived October 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Korsgaard's Commentary. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
    65. ^ Rainer, Peter (April 12, 2013). "'42' is a dull treatment of Jackie Robinson's story". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
    66. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (April 29, 2013). "42". Entertainment Weekly.
    67. ^ McCarthy, Tom (April 9, 2013). "42: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
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    70. ^ Hibberd, James (February 8, 2023). "Harrison Ford: "I Know Who the F*** I Am"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
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    73. ^ "Leo Durocher – Society for American Baseball Research".
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    77. ^ Litsky, Frank (May 12, 2003). "Sam Lacy, 99; Fought Racism as Sportswriter". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
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    79. ^ "MLB Stats, Standings, Scores, History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
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