Climate of Brazil: Difference between revisions
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Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate [[rainfall]] of between {{convert|1000|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The [[Amazon region]] is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than {{convert|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year and reaching as high as {{convert|3000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]] is different to that of [[Manaus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22241/2317-9430/rtg|title=Revista Tocantinense de Geografia|publisher=Universidade Federal do Tocantins|doi=10.22241/2317-9430/rtg}}</ref> |
Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate [[rainfall]] of between {{convert|1000|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The [[Amazon region]] is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than {{convert|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per year and reaching as high as {{convert|3000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]] is different to that of [[Manaus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22241/2317-9430/rtg|title=Revista Tocantinense de Geografia|publisher=Universidade Federal do Tocantins|doi=10.22241/2317-9430/rtg}}</ref> |
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[[Snow in Brazil|Snowfalls on the high plateau]] of the mountains of the states of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and it is possible, but very rare, in the states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Minas Gerais]], and [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in [[Vacaria]] on 7 August 1879, when more than {{convert|2|m|in|abbr=off}} of snow accumulated on the ground.<ref>[http://www.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/swf/especial_neve/index.html Especial A Neve e os gaúchos] Zero Hora, visto em 03/08/2011.</ref> Snow has been recorded in [[Curitiba]] during several years,<ref>{{cite web |title=SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA |url=http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display |publisher=Mundomanz|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712081521/http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1 |publisher=Weather Underground|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235705/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> but has not accumulated since 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povo |first=Gazeta do |title=Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gazeta do Povo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215003926/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
[[Snow in Brazil|Snowfalls on the high plateau]] of the mountains of the states of [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and it is possible, but very rare, in the states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Minas Gerais]], and [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in [[Vacaria]] on 7 August 1879, when more than {{convert|2|m|in|abbr=off}} of snow accumulated on the ground.<ref>[http://www.clicrbs.com.br/zerohora/swf/especial_neve/index.html Especial A Neve e os gaúchos] Zero Hora, visto em 03/08/2011.</ref> Snow has been recorded in [[Curitiba]] during several years,<ref>{{cite web |title=SYNOP: SUMMARIZED DATA FOR CURITIBA |url=http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display |publisher=Mundomanz|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712081521/http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/byind?countr=BRASIL&ind=83840&year=2013&month=07&day=24&n_days=3&time=all&l=1&trans=PA&action=display|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=METAR: Weather History for Curitiba, Brazil |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1 |publisher=Weather Underground|access-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235705/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/SBCT/2013/7/23/DailyHistory.html?theprefset=SHOWMETAR&theprefvalue=1|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> but has not accumulated since 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povo |first=Gazeta do |title=Curitiba amanhecia branca de neve em 17 de julho de 1975. Relembre em fotos |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Gazeta do Povo |language=pt-BR |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215003926/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/curitiba/neve-curitiba-1975/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Snow has also occurred in [[Porto Alegre]], but is very rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2014/01/porto-alegre-registra-granizo-em-dia-mais-quente-de-2014-diz-meteorologia.html|title=Porto Alegre registra granizo em dia mais quente de 2014, diz meteorologia|date=18 January 2014|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014451/http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2014/01/porto-alegre-registra-granizo-em-dia-mais-quente-de-2014-diz-meteorologia.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2012/06/frio-se-intensifica-no-rs-e-porto-alegre-pode-ter-neve-nesta-quinta.html|title=Frio se intensifica no RS e Porto Alegre pode ter neve nesta quinta|date=4 June 2012|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014248/http://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2012/06/frio-se-intensifica-no-rs-e-porto-alegre-pode-ter-neve-nesta-quinta.html|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example [[Quixeramobim, Ceará|Quixeramobim]] receives only 499 mm of rain annually.<ref>Wernstadt, Frederick L.; ''World Climatic Data''; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; p. 102.</ref> The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than {{convert|40|°C|°F}} are common. However, the [[sertão]], a region of [[desert|semidesert vegetation]] used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, [[Campo Grande]] has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|title=Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219202048/http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|title=Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063220/https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sant’Anna Neto|first=João Lima|last2=Andrade|first2=Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação|date=2012|title=Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil|url=https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|journal=Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança|issue=19|pages=33–42|doi=10.14195/1647-7723_19_4|issn=1647-7723|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063320/https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season. |
High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example [[Quixeramobim, Ceará|Quixeramobim]] receives only 499 mm of rain annually.<ref>Wernstadt, Frederick L.; ''World Climatic Data''; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; p. 102.</ref> The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than {{convert|40|°C|°F}} are common. However, the [[sertão]], a region of [[desert|semidesert vegetation]] used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, [[Campo Grande]] has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|title=Análise das precipitações em alguns municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219202048/http://www.sbmet.org.br/cbmet2010/artigos/549_52925.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|title=Campo Grande climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Campo Grande weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063220/https://en.climate-data.org/south-america/brazil/mato-grosso-do-sul/campo-grande-3912/|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sant’Anna Neto|first=João Lima|last2=Andrade|first2=Vicentina Socorro da Anunciação|date=2012|title=Extremo climático e riscos na cidade de Campo Grande-MS/Brasil|url=https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|journal=Territorium: Revista Portuguesa de riscos, prevenção e segurança|issue=19|pages=33–42|doi=10.14195/1647-7723_19_4|issn=1647-7723|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063320/https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/node/106201?hdl=35857|archive-date=2019-02-20|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season. |
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Revision as of 11:20, 30 July 2022
The climate in Brazil varies considerably from mostly tropical north (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones south of the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26' S latitude).
Temperatures
Temperatures below the equator are high, averaging above 25 °C (77 °F), but not reaching the summer extremes of up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the temperate zones. There is little seasonal variation near the equator other than the rainfall frequency. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from 13 °C (55 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F). The highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) in Nova Maringá, Mato Grosso state, on 4 and 5 November 2020.[1] The lowest temperature officially recorded in Brazil was −14 °C (7 °F) in Caçador, Santa Catarina state, on 11 June 1952.[2] However, the summit of Morro da Igreja, a mountain situated in the municipality of Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, recorded a temperature of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 30 June 1996 unofficially.[3] There are frosts south of the Tropic of Capricorn during the winter (June–September).
Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the country's population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or polar fronts. Some coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador can get extremely hot, with temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) in heat waves. For example, Rio reached 43.2 °C (110 °F) on 26 December 2012.[4] However, plateau cities such as São Paulo, Brasília and Belo Horizonte have mild climates, and the southern cities of Porto Alegre and Curitiba have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer due to the average elevation of 934.6 metres (3,066 ft), Porto Alegre has a hot summer, with an average elevation of only 10 metres (33 ft).
Despite the popular image of the Amazon Rainforest as a region of hot, humid region, temperatures of more than 35 °C (95 °F) are unusual. The annual average temperature in the region is 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F), with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. Even so, on occasions polar air massed influence the climate, causing the temperature to drop below 18 °C (64.4 °F).[5] The rainforest town of Cruzeiro do Sul has recorded temperatures below 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) twice.[6] The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38 °C (100 °F) are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F). Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from 19 to 21 °C (66 to 70 °F). South of Rio the seasons are more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the annual average falling between 17 and 19 °C (63 and 66 °F). The cities of Belo Horizonte and Brasília have moderate temperatures, usually between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), because of their elevation of 852 metres (2,795 ft)[7] and 1,172 metres (3,845 ft) respectively. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with average temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F), but enjoy constant trade winds. The cities of São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre are known to have a subtropical climate, which is within contrast with central and northern Brazil. Furthermore, it is to note that the winters often are more similar to that of Florida, and temperatures seldom fall below freezing in winter.[8]
Precipitation
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Precipitation levels vary widely throughout Brazil. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39 and 59 in) a year, with most of the rain falling in the summer (between December and April) south of the Equator. The Amazon region is notoriously humid, with rainfall generally more than 2,000 mm (79 in) per year and reaching as high as 3,000 mm (118 in) in parts of the western Amazon and near Belém. It is less widely known that, despite high annual precipitation, the Amazon forest has a three- to five-month dry season, the timing of which varies according to location north or south of the equator. For example, the dry season in Boa Vista is different to that of Manaus.[9]
Snowfalls on the high plateau of the mountains of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná and it is possible, but very rare, in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Mato Grosso do Sul. The greatest snowfall recorded in the country occurred in Vacaria on 7 August 1879, when more than 2 metres (79 inches) of snow accumulated on the ground.[10] Snow has been recorded in Curitiba during several years,[11][12] but has not accumulated since 1975.[13] Snow has also occurred in Porto Alegre, but is very rare.[14][15]
High and relatively regular levels of precipitation in the Amazon contrast sharply with the dryness of the semiarid Northeast, where rainfall is highly erratic and there are severe droughts in cycles averaging seven years. The Northeast is the driest part of the country, with erratic rainfall and crops struggling to grow. For example Quixeramobim receives only 499 mm of rain annually.[16] The region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than 40 °C (104 °F) are common. However, the sertão, a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) of rain per year, with a pronounced dry season in the middle of the year. For example, Campo Grande has a dry season from June to September and a wet season for the rest of the year.[17][18] In the wet season in cities like Campo Grande, flooding can be a problem because of intense rains that can happen in a short period.[19] The South and areas of the East are without a distinct dry season.
Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of Belém, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain fall every year. For example, Belém receives 3,084 millimetres (121.4 in) of rainfall annually.[20] The warm weather lets many plants grow here. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39 and 59 in) a year, most of it coming between December and April.
Extreme weather
Because the South Atlantic basin is generally not a favorable environment for their development, Brazil has only rarely experienced tropical cyclones. The country's coastal population centers are considered less burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the United States and Asia.
Hurricane Catarina is the first and only South Atlantic tropical cyclone to have reached hurricane strength, and impacted Santa Catarina as a Category 2 storm in 2004.[21][22][23] It reached sustained wind speeds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a pressure of 972 millibars.[24] At least 2,000 people became homeless as a result of the storm.[23]
Other weaker subtropical cyclones can also cause damage. In 2020, the front associated with Subtropical Storm Kurumí played a role in damaging floods and mudslides, with heavy rainfall. Large amounts of rain fell in Greater Belo Horizonte, triggering a landslide which killed three people and left one person missing.[25] Later that year, Subtropical Storm Mani affected the state of Espírito Santo, with landslides leaving over 400 people homeless.[26] In 2021, Subtropical Storm Ubá killed fifteen people and caused flooding and damage.[27][28][29] Over 30 municipalities in Bahia decreed a state of emergency because of the storm.[30] In May 2022, Subtropical Storm Yakecan killed two people in Brazil and Uruguay.[31][32] Because of severed power cables, over 220,000 people were affected by power cuts as a result of the storm.[33]
Climate change
Climate change in Brazil is mainly the climate of Brazil getting hotter and drier. The greenhouse effect of excess carbon dioxide and methane emissions makes the Amazon rainforest hotter and drier, resulting in more wildfires in Brazil. Parts of the rainforest risk becoming savanna.
Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions per person are higher than the global average, and Brazil is among the countries which emit a large amount of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gas emissions by Brazil are almost 3% of the annual world total,[34] firstly due to cutting down trees in the Amazon rainforest, which emitted more carbon dioxide in the 2010s than it absorbed,[35] and secondly from large cattle farms, where cows belch methane. In the Paris Agreement, Brazil promised to reduce its emissions, but the Bolsonaro government between 2019 and 2022 has been criticized for doing too little to limit climate change or adapt to climate change.[36]Examples
| Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana, 1991–2020, extremes 1887–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
0.8 (33.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 292.1 (11.50) |
257.7 (10.15) |
229.1 (9.02) |
87.0 (3.43) |
66.3 (2.61) |
59.7 (2.35) |
48.4 (1.91) |
32.3 (1.27) |
83.3 (3.28) |
127.2 (5.01) |
143.9 (5.67) |
231.3 (9.11) |
1,658.3 (65.29) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17 | 14 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 110 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76.9 | 75.0 | 76.6 | 74.6 | 75.0 | 73.5 | 70.8 | 68.2 | 71.3 | 73.7 | 73.7 | 73.9 | 73.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139.1 | 153.5 | 161.6 | 169.3 | 167.6 | 160.0 | 169.0 | 173.1 | 144.5 | 157.9 | 152.8 | 145.1 | 1,893.5 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010)[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[44] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rio de Janeiro (Saúde station, 1961—1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.9 (105.6) |
41.8 (107.2) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
42.8 (109.0) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.2 (109.8) |
43.2 (109.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 137.1 (5.40) |
130.4 (5.13) |
135.8 (5.35) |
94.9 (3.74) |
69.8 (2.75) |
42.7 (1.68) |
41.9 (1.65) |
44.5 (1.75) |
53.6 (2.11) |
86.5 (3.41) |
97.8 (3.85) |
134.2 (5.28) |
1,069.4 (42.10) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 11 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 93 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 79.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 211.9 | 201.3 | 206.4 | 181.0 | 186.3 | 175.1 | 188.6 | 184.8 | 146.2 | 152.1 | 168.5 | 179.6 | 2,181.8 |
| Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Brasília (1991–2020, extremes 1961–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
3.2 (37.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 206.0 (8.11) |
179.5 (7.07) |
226.0 (8.90) |
145.2 (5.72) |
26.9 (1.06) |
3.3 (0.13) |
1.5 (0.06) |
16.3 (0.64) |
38.1 (1.50) |
141.8 (5.58) |
253.1 (9.96) |
241.1 (9.49) |
1,478.8 (58.22) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16 | 14 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 18 | 109 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74.7 | 74.2 | 76.1 | 72.2 | 65.4 | 58.8 | 51.0 | 43.5 | 46.4 | 58.8 | 74.5 | 76.0 | 64.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 159.6 | 158.9 | 168.7 | 200.8 | 237.9 | 247.6 | 268.3 | 273.5 | 225.7 | 191.3 | 138.3 | 145.0 | 2,415.6 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[54][55][56][57][58][59][60] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[61] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Manaus (1981–2010, extremes 1872–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
37.8 (100.0) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.1 (100.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.9 (87.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.1 (89.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 287.0 (11.30) |
295.1 (11.62) |
300.0 (11.81) |
319.0 (12.56) |
246.9 (9.72) |
118.3 (4.66) |
75.4 (2.97) |
64.3 (2.53) |
76.3 (3.00) |
104.1 (4.10) |
169.2 (6.66) |
245.6 (9.67) |
2,301.2 (90.60) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 19 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 155 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86.4 | 86.0 | 86.9 | 86.8 | 85.6 | 83.1 | 80.2 | 78.4 | 77.2 | 78.1 | 80.7 | 84.2 | 82.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 112.7 | 93.4 | 95.8 | 107.3 | 144.2 | 186.8 | 218.5 | 215.7 | 183.8 | 158.1 | 140.0 | 118.5 | 1,774.8 |
| Source 1: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) (climatological normals from 1981-2010;[62] (temperature extremes: 1961-present).[63][64] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[65] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Fortaleza (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1849–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.7 (99.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.8 (92.8) |
36.7 (98.1) |
39.6 (103.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.5 (76.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 156.4 (6.16) |
187.0 (7.36) |
336.9 (13.26) |
385.0 (15.16) |
229.0 (9.02) |
130.0 (5.12) |
69.7 (2.74) |
20.0 (0.79) |
13.6 (0.54) |
9.5 (0.37) |
9.8 (0.39) |
37.1 (1.46) |
1,584 (62.36) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 16 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 118 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78.4 | 80.4 | 83.0 | 85.1 | 82.6 | 79.9 | 76.9 | 73.3 | 71.7 | 72.0 | 72.7 | 74.4 | 77.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 220.4 | 183.0 | 172.7 | 152.8 | 211.9 | 219.2 | 254.2 | 288.5 | 287.1 | 294.2 | 287.7 | 274.2 | 2,845.9 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[66][67][68][69][70][71][72] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[73] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Belo Horizonte (1991–2020, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.4 (95.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
33.8 (92.8) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.8 (94.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.7 (83.7) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.3 (81.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 330.9 (13.03) |
177.7 (7.00) |
197.5 (7.78) |
82.3 (3.24) |
28.1 (1.11) |
11.4 (0.45) |
5.4 (0.21) |
10.6 (0.42) |
49.2 (1.94) |
110.1 (4.33) |
236.0 (9.29) |
339.1 (13.35) |
1,578.3 (62.14) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 92 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69.3 | 66.2 | 68.6 | 66.3 | 64.3 | 62.6 | 58.4 | 54.0 | 55.3 | 59.9 | 68.5 | 71.0 | 63.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 182.6 | 190.8 | 190.0 | 201.5 | 215.4 | 223.8 | 236.6 | 244.8 | 211.2 | 204.4 | 164.7 | 162.0 | 2,427.8 |
| Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[74][75][76][77][78][79][80] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[81] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Curitiba (Elevation: 923.5 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1885–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.3 (93.7) |
34.8 (94.6) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 218.3 (8.59) |
166.2 (6.54) |
147.0 (5.79) |
95.7 (3.77) |
113.5 (4.47) |
94.1 (3.70) |
108.3 (4.26) |
74.0 (2.91) |
141.4 (5.57) |
138.7 (5.46) |
124.4 (4.90) |
154.2 (6.07) |
1,575.8 (62.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 117 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81.2 | 81.3 | 82.2 | 82.5 | 83.4 | 82.3 | 80.4 | 77.1 | 80.8 | 81.7 | 79.2 | 79.6 | 81.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 160.5 | 151.3 | 163.1 | 155.5 | 148.8 | 141.3 | 162.1 | 173.0 | 124.3 | 136.7 | 163.5 | 164.7 | 1,844.8 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 12 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 9 |
| Source: INMET,[82][83] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[84] and Weather Atlas (UV index)[85] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Porto Alegre (1981–2010, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.2 (102.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.1 (100.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.3 (104.5) |
40.3 (104.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.5 (86.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 110.1 (4.33) |
106.5 (4.19) |
92.2 (3.63) |
107.3 (4.22) |
118.8 (4.68) |
141.3 (5.56) |
141.3 (5.56) |
117.4 (4.62) |
141.5 (5.57) |
138.3 (5.44) |
110.9 (4.37) |
99.6 (3.92) |
1,425.2 (56.11) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 107 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72.9 | 74.8 | 75.3 | 77.6 | 81.0 | 82.7 | 80.7 | 77.8 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 72.1 | 70.9 | 76.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 227.2 | 195.2 | 202.4 | 166.0 | 146.9 | 115.6 | 131.4 | 145.3 | 145.8 | 178.0 | 215.2 | 232.4 | 2,101.4 |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[86][87] | |||||||||||||
See also
- Effects of global warming
- Climate change in Brazil
- Geography of Brazil
- Regional effects of global warming
References
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