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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Short description|Overview of culinary traditions of Ghana}}
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[[File:LocationGhana.svg|thumb|Location of [[Ghana]]]]
[[File:LocationGhana.svg|thumb|Location of [[Ghana]]]]


'''Ghanaian cuisines''' refer to the [[Meal|meals]] of the [[Ghanaian people]]. The main [[Dish (food)|dishes]] of Ghana are organized around starchy [[staple food|staple foods]], which goes with either [[sauce]] or [[soup]] accompanied with a source of [[protein]]. The main ingredients for the vast majority of soups and stews are; tomatoes, hot peppers and onions. Most Ghanaian soups and stews are red or orange in appearance as a result of the main ingredients used.
'''Ghanaian cuisine''' refers to the [[meal]]s of the [[Ghanaian people]]. The main [[Dish (food)|dishes]] of Ghana are centered around starchy [[staple food]]s, accompanied by either a [[sauce]] or [[soup]] as well as a source of [[protein]]. The primary ingredients for the vast majority of soups and stews are tomatoes, hot peppers, and onions. As a result of these main ingredients, most Ghanaian jollof rice, soups, and stews appear red or orange.

Ghanaian foods heavily rely on traditional [[Agriculture in Ghana|food crops grown in Ghana]], combined with crops introduced through colonial and globalized cuisine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alpern |first=Stanley B. |date=January 1992 |title=The European Introduction of Crops into West Africa in Precolonial Times |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/european-introduction-of-crops-into-west-africa-in-precolonial-times/95809ADC3EF8E2E3FE4E4D997AD6CE20 |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=19 |pages=13–43 |doi=10.2307/3171994 |issn=0361-5413}}</ref>


==Main staple foods==
==Main staple foods==
[[File:Ghanaian Banku cuisine dish food.jpg|right|thumb|{{center|Ghanaian-style ''[[Banku (dish)|banku]]''}}]]
[[File:Ghanaian Banku cuisine dish food.jpg|right|thumb|{{center|Ghanaian-style ''[[Banku (dish)|banku]]''}}]]
The typical [[staple food]]s in the southern part of [[Ghana]] include [[cassava]] and [[plantain (cooking)|plantain]]. In the northern part, the main staple foods include [[millet]] and [[sorghum]]. [[Yam (vegetable)|Yam]], maize and [[beans]] are used across Ghana as staple foods. [[Sweet potato]]es and [[Taro|cocoyam]] are also important in the Ghanaian [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] and [[cuisine]]. With the advent of [[globalization]], cereals such as rice and wheat have been increasingly incorporated into Ghanaian cuisine. The foods below represent Ghanaian dishes made out of these staple foods.
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=UNE Applied Nutrition Program |date=2019-07-01 |title=Food And Culture In Ghana |url=https://dune.une.edu/an_studedres/126 |journal=All Student-Created Educational Resources}}</ref> The typical [[staple food]]s in the southern part of [[Ghana]] include [[cassava]] and [[plantain (cooking)|plantain]]. In the north, the main staple foods include [[millet]] and [[sorghum]]. [[Yam (vegetable)|Yam]], [[maize]] and [[beans]] are also staple foods across Ghana. [[Sweet potato]]es and [[Taro|cocoyam]] are also important in the Ghanaian [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] and [[cuisine]]. With the advent of [[globalization]], cereals such as rice and wheat have been increasingly incorporated into Ghanaian cuisine notably in the form of bread.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://csirspace.foodresearchgh.site/handle/123456789/525 |title=Breadmaking in Ghana with special reference to composite flours |last=Andah |first=A. |date=1982 |publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),Food Research Institute, Ghana |language=en}}</ref> The foods below represent Ghanaian dishes made out of these staple foods.


===Foods made with maize===
===Foods made with maize===
*''[[Banku (dish)|Akple]]'', a traditional meal of the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], is made with corn flour and can be eaten with pepper sauces, stews or any soup. It is typically served with okra soup (''fetridetsi'') or herring stew (''abɔbitadi''). ''Akple'' is never prepared in the same way as ''[[Banku (dish)|banku]]''. An important distinguishing factor between the two products is that ''banku'' requires the use of a special preformulated watery material called "Slightly-Fermented Corn-Cassava Dough Mix", cooked to a soft solid consistency of "Corn-Cassava Dough AFLATA", en route to a soft form of ''Banku'' with further cooking, and the "Slightly-Fermented Corn-Cassava Dough Mix" is never 'the signature material' of any form of the ''Akple'' product.
*''[[Banku (dish)|Akple]]'', a traditional meal of the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], is made with corn flour and can be eaten with pepper sauces, stews, or any soup. It is typically served with okra soup (''fetridetsi'') or herring stew (''abɔbitadi''). ''Akple'' is never prepared in the same way as ''[[Banku (dish)|banku]]''. An important distinguishing factor between the two products is that ''banku'' requires the use of a special preformulated watery material called Slightly Fermented Corn-Cassava Dough Mix, cooked to a soft, solid consistency of corn-cassava dough, aflata, en route to a soft form of ''banku'' with further cooking, and the Slightly Fermented Corn-Cassava Dough Mix is never the signature material of any form of Akple product. A variety of akple, known as dzekple, is cooked with oil and meat, crab or fish.
*'"BA MI KU" (BANKU) is a mixture of cassava dough, corn dough, water and salt mashed in a cooking pot, steered on fire for 30 to 40 minutes depending on the heat level. One of the all-time best meals of the Dangme (Ada) clan of the Ga-Adangbe in Ghana, West Africa.
A variety of akple known as dzekple is cooked with oil and meat, crab or fish.

*''Banku'' was formulated by the [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga Dangme]] (or Ga) tribe of the [[Greater Accra Region]], as a slight deviation from the process of preparation of Ga-Kenkey, requiring a different manipulation of 'THE AFLATA' mixed with cassava dough, but unlike Ga-Kenkey it does not require the use of corn husk. One particular Major-Clan of the GaDangme (or Ga) tribe is credited with the original recipe of the ''banku'' meal even though it may be argued among the major clans.<ref>online reference, by J Dzeagu-Kudjodji and others; online publication : Banku, National of Ghana - EpersianFood ( Mar. 17, 2020 ) ; A grammatical sketch of Akra - or Ga-language ; etc.</ref> Sometimes only [[cornmeal|cornflour]] is used but in many areas cassava dough is cooked together with the fermented corn dough.Fanti
LEAF in Dangme language is "BA" hence the final product earns its name "BA MI KU" as it was wrapped in leaves in and shaped into a ball. It is usually enjoyed with different kinds of soup, stew, or grinded pepper, onion and tomato grinder together. One particular clan of the Ga-Dangme (Adangbe clan) tribe is credited with the original recipe for the meal ''banku'', a claim which may be argued among the other clans.<ref>online reference, by J Dzeagu-Kudjodji and others; online publication: Banku, National of Ghana - EpersianFood ( Mar. 17, 2020 ) ; A grammatical sketch of Akra - or Ga-language ; etc.</ref> Sometimes only [[cornmeal|corn flour]] is used, but in many areas, cassava dough is cooked together with fermented corn dough in different ratios.
*Kenkey which is wrapped with plantain leaves that give it a different texture. It is boiled for long periods into a consistent solid balls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ghanaian Foods made with maize - Ghfinder |url=https://ghfinder.com/ghanaian-foods-made-with-maize/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Fanti kenkey is wrapped in plantain leaves that give it a different texture. It is boiled for long periods into consistent solid balls.<ref name="ghfinder.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ghanaian Foods made with maize - Ghfinder |url=https://ghfinder.com/ghanaian-foods-made-with-maize/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817193634/https://ghfinder.com/ghanaian-foods-made-with-maize/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Banku cooked with cassava and corn dough mixture is called agbelimorkple by the Ewe people while the one without cassava dough mixture is known as Kutornu-kple (Cotonou banku)<ref>{{Cite web|title=How To Prepare Banku And Okro Stew In Ghana. » My Recipe Joint|url=https://myrecipejoint.com/prepare-banku/|website=My Recipe Joint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>
* Banku cooked with cassava and corn dough mixture is called ''agbelimorkple'' by the Ewe people while the one without cassava dough mixture is known as kutornu-kple (Cotonou banku)<ref>{{Cite web|title=How To Prepare Banku And Okro Stew In Ghana." My Recipe Joint|url=https://myrecipejoint.com/prepare-banku/|website=My Recipe Joint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>
*''Mmore'' is cooked fermented corn dough without cassava, prepared like ''banku'' among the [[Akan people]].
*''Mmore'' is cooked fermented corn dough without cassava, prepared like ''banku'' among the [[Akan people]].
*''[[Kenkey]]''/''komi''/''[[dokonu]]'' is fermented corn dough, wrapped in corn originating from the [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga]] who call it ''komi'' or Ga ''kenkey''. Another variety originating from the [[Fanti people]] is ''Fante dokono'' or ''Fanti kenkey'' which is wrapped with [[Cooking banana|plantain]] leaves that give it a different texture, flavour and colour as compared to the Ga ''kenkey''. Both are boiled for long periods into consistent solid balls.
*''[[Kenkey]]''/''komi''/''[[dokonu]]'' is fermented corn dough wrapped in corn, originating from the [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga people of the Ga-Adangbe]], who call it ''komi'' or Ga ''kenkey''. Another variety originating from the [[Fanti people]] is ''Fante dokono,'' or ''Fanti kenkey,'' which is wrapped with [[Cooking banana|plantain]] leaves that give it a different texture, flavor, and colour as compared to the Ga ''kenkey''. Both are boiled for long periods into consistent solid balls.
*''[[Tuo zaafi]]'' is a millet, sorghum or maize dish originating from Northern [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ghanaian Foods made with maize - Ghfinder |url=https://ghfinder.com/ghanaian-foods-made-with-maize/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Tuo zaafi'' is a millet, sorghum or maize dish originating from Northern [[Ghana]].<ref name="ghfinder.com"/>
*''Fonfom'' is a maize dish popular in south-western [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ghanaian Foods made with maize - Ghfinder |url=https://ghfinder.com/ghanaian-foods-made-with-maize/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''Fonfom'' is a maize dish popular in south-western [[Ghana]].<ref name="ghfinder.com"/>
* Abolo-prepared by steaming corn dough and sugar mixture is a delicacy among the Ewes. It is eaten with various soups or sauces.
* Abolo, which is prepared by steaming corn dough and sugar mixture is a delicacy among the Ewes. It is eaten with various soups or sauces.
* Yoroyoro is widely eaten across Dagbon and many parts of [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern Ghana]]. It is made by boiling maize till it is softened. The food is eaten with pepper and onions.
* Yoroyoro is widely eaten across Dagbon and many parts of [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern Ghana]]. It is made by boiling maize until it is softened. The food is eaten with pepper and onions.
* ''Nkyekyeraa'' is a Ghanaian dish made up of dry corn and few groundnuts, which is mostly found in the [[Bono Region|Bono]], [[Bono East Region|Bono East]] and [[Ahafo Region|Ahafo]] regions. It is usually wrapped in corn leaves or a fresh leaf and boiled till it becomes soft enough chewing easily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Biiya Mukusah |date=1 March 2024 |title=‘Nkyekyeraa’ - Most sought after corn meal |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-nkyekyeraa-most-sought-after-corn-meal.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Graphic Online}}</ref>


===Foods made with rice===
===Foods made with rice===
*''[[Waakye]]''—[[rice and beans|a dish of rice and beans]] with a purple-brown color. The color comes from the [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] grass ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Bicolor_Sorghum_13168.php|title=Bicolor Sorghum|website=www.specialtyproduce.com|access-date=2018-03-22}}</ref> This side dish bears striking similarities to West Indian rice and peas. The rice is cooked and steamed with an indigenous leaf, coconut and a pulse such as [[black-eyed peas]] or [[kidney beans]].
*''[[Waakye]]''—[[rice and beans|a dish of rice and beans]] with a purple-brown color. The color comes from the [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] grass, ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Bicolor_Sorghum_13168.php|title=Bicolor Sorghum|website=www.specialtyproduce.com|access-date=2018-03-22}}</ref> This side dish bears striking similarities to West Indian rice and peas. The rice is cooked and steamed with an indigenous leaf, coconut, and a pulse such as [[black-eyed peas]] or [[kidney beans]].
*[[Omo tuo|''Omo Tuo'']]/Rice ball—sticky mashed rice, often eaten with groundnut or palm nut soup.
*[[Omo tuo|''Omo Tuo'']]/Rice ball—sticky mashed rice, often eaten with groundnut or palm nut soup.
*Plain rice—boiled rice accompanies many of the variety of red stews.
*Plain rice—boiled rice accompanies many of the variety of red stews.
*[[Jollof rice]]—rice cooked in a stew consisting of stock, tomatoes, spices, and meat boiled together. This dish originated from the [[Jolof Empire|Djolof]] traders from [[Senegal]] who settled in the [[Zongo settlements|Zongos]] before the colonial period. Adapted for local Ghanaian tastes, it is typically eaten with goat, lamb, chicken or beef that has been stewed, roasted or grilled.
*[[Jollof rice]]—rice cooked in a stew consisting of stock, tomatoes, spices, and meat boiled together. This dish originated from the [[Jolof Empire|Djolof]] traders from [[Senegal]] who settled in the [[Zongo settlements|Zongos]] before the colonial period. Adapted for local Ghanaian tastes, it is typically eaten with goat, lamb, chicken, or beef that has been stewed, roasted or grilled.
*Fried rice—Chinese-style [[fried rice]] adapted to Ghanaian tastes.
*Fried rice—Chinese-style [[fried rice]] adapted to Ghanaian tastes.
*[[Braised rice|''Angwa moo'']]—also referred to as "oiled rice". This is unlike [[fried rice]] which you cook the rice before frying. Oiled rice is cooked by first onion-frying the oil, then adding water after the onions have browned, giving the rice a different fragrance. The rice is then cooked in the water-oil mixture, to give the rice an oily feel when ready. It may be cooked with vegetables or minced meat, added to taste. It is mostly served with earthenware-ground pepper, with either tinned sardines or fried eggs complementing it.
*[[Braised rice|''Angwa moo'']]—also referred to as "oiled rice". This is unlike fried rice, in which the rice is cooked before frying. Oiled rice is cooked by first onion-frying the oil, then adding water after the onions have browned, giving the rice a different fragrance. The rice is then cooked in the water-oil mixture to give the rice an oily feel when ready. It may be cooked with vegetables or minced meat, added to taste. It is mostly served with earthenware-ground pepper, with either tinned sardines or fried eggs complementing it.
*[[Fried Rice Syndrome|Fried rice]] - Is one of the most immaculate serving of friend rice and shrimps you have ever seen before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afful |first=Aba |date=2016-09-29 |title=7 perfect Ghanaian rice dishes that are better than a boyfriend |url=https://yen.com.gh/79895-7-perfect-ghanaian-rice-dishes-better-boyfriend.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref>


===Foods made with cassava===
===Foods made with cassava===
*''[[Kokonte]]'' or ''abete—''from dried peeled cassava powder usually served alongside groundnut soup, consisting of a variety of meat such as [[tripe]], lamb, or smoked served.
*''[[Kokonte]]'' or ''abete—''from dried peeled cassava powder—is usually served alongside groundnut soup, consisting of a variety of meat such as [[tripe]], lamb, or smoked served.
*''[[Fufu]]—''pounded cassava and plantain, pounded [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]] and plantain, or pounded [[Taro|cocoyam/taro]]. This side dish is always accompanied by one of the many varieties of Ghanaian soups.
*''[[Fufu]]—''pounded cassava and plantains; pounded [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]] and plantain, or pounded [[Taro|cocoyam/taro]]. This side dish is always accompanied by one of the many varieties of Ghanaian soups.
*[[Garri|''Gari'']]—made from cassava. Often served with [[Red red]], a fish and black-eyed pea stew, or ''[[shito]]'' and fish.
*[[Garri|''Gari'']] is made from cassava. Often served with [[red red]], a fish and black-eyed pea stew, or ''[[shito]]'' and fish.
*''[[Attiéké]]'' or ''Akyeke—''made from cassava and popular among the [[Ahanta]], [[Nzema people|Nzema]] and Akan-speaking people of [[Ivory Coast]].
*''[[Attiéké]]'' or ''Akyeke—'' a culinary specialty of the lagoon people (Ebrié, Adjoukrou, Alladian, Abidji, Avikam, Ahizi, Attie) of southern Ivory Coast. It is popular among the [[Ahanta]], [[Nzema people|Nzema]] and Akan-speaking people of [[Ivory Coast]].
*''[[Plakali]]''—made from cassava and popular among the [[Ahanta]], [[Nzema people|Nzema]] and Akan-speaking people of Ivory Coast.
*''[[Plakali]]''—made from cassava and popular among the [[Ahanta]], [[Nzema people|Nzema]] and Akan-speaking people of Ivory Coast.
* Yakayake - made from steamed grated cassava is a favourite among the Ewe people.It is eaten with various stews or soups.
* Yakayake, made from steamed grated cassava is a favourite among the Ewe people.It is eaten with various stews or soups.


===Foods made with beans===
===Foods made with beans===
A deviation to the starch and stew combination are [[Red red]] and ''[[tubaani]],'' primarily based on vegetable protein (beans). Red red is a popular Ghanaian bean and fish stew served with fried ripe plantain and often accompanied with ''gari'', fish and pulses. It earns its name from the [[palm oil]] that tints the bean stew and the bright orange color of the fried ripe plantain. ''Tubaani'' is a boiled bean cake, called ''[[moin moin]]'' in [[Nigeria]].
A deviation from the starch and stew combination are [[Red red]] and ''[[tubaani]],'' primarily based on vegetable protein (beans). Red red is a popular Ghanaian bean and fish stew served with fried ripe plantains and often accompanied with ''gari'', fish, and pulses. It earns its name from the [[palm oil]] that tints the bean stew and the bright orange color of the fried, ripe plantains. ''Tubaani'' is a boiled bean cake, called ''[[moin moin]]'' in [[Nigeria]].

* [[Koose]]
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===Foods made with yam===
===Foods made with yam===
[[File:Ampesie 101.jpg|thumb|Locally made ''ampesie'' (plantain and garden eggs stew)]]
[[File:Ampesie 101.jpg|thumb|Locally made ''ampesie'' (plantain and garden eggs stew)]]
*''Ampesie—''boiled yam. It may also be made with plantain, cocoyam, potatoes, yams or cassava. This side dish is traditionally eaten with fish stew containing tomatoes, oil and spices.
*''Ampesie—''boiled yam. It may also be made with plantains, cocoyams, potatoes, yams or cassava. This side dish is traditionally eaten with fish stew containing tomatoes, oil, and spices.
*''Yam fufu—[[fufu]]'' made with yam instead of cassava or plantain or cocoyam, this soft dough is traditionally eaten with Ghanaian soup. It is popular in Northern and southeastern Ghana.
*''Yam fufu—[[fufu]]'' made with yam instead of cassava, plantains, or cocoyam—is traditionally eaten with Ghanaian soup. It is popular in Northern and southeastern Ghana.
*''[[Mpoto Mpoto|Mpotompoto]]'' (yam casserole or porridge)—slices of yam cooked with much water and pepper, onions, tomatoes, salt and preferred seasoning.
*''[[Mpoto Mpoto|Mpotompoto]]'' (yam casserole or porridge)—slices of yam cooked with much water and pepper, onions, tomatoes, salt and preferred seasoning.
*Yam balls - This super sweet delicacy, yam balls, takes the form of scotch eggs, but in this case, it's got the fillings of meat pie, spring rolls, samosa, shawarma.
*Yam balls - This super sweet delicacy takes the form of scotch eggs, but in this case, it has the fillings of meat pie, spring rolls, samosa, or shawarma.
*Fried Yam - Deep-fried yam can be served with a variety of stews and pepper sauces. The chips are fried such that the outside is crispy and the inside is wet, blissful, and yummy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.facebook.com/primenewsghana |date=2021-12-08 |title=Recipe Wednesday: 8 incredible dishes you can make with yam this Christmas |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/lifestyle/recipe-wednesday-8-incredible-dishes-you-can-make-with-yam.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Prime News Ghana |language=en-us}}</ref>
*Fried Yam - Deep-fried yam can be served with a variety of stews and pepper sauces. The chips are fried such that the outside is crispy and the inside is wet, blissful, and yummy.<ref name="primenewsghana.com">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=Recipe Wednesday: 8 incredible dishes you can make with yam this Christmas |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/lifestyle/recipe-wednesday-8-incredible-dishes-you-can-make-with-yam.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Prime News Ghana |language=en-us}}</ref>
*Roasted Yam - This is one of the most popular street snacks. The white yam with brown bark is used to make this dish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.facebook.com/primenewsghana |date=2021-12-08 |title=Recipe Wednesday: 8 incredible dishes you can make with yam this Christmas |url=https://www.primenewsghana.com/lifestyle/recipe-wednesday-8-incredible-dishes-you-can-make-with-yam.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Prime News Ghana |language=en-us}}</ref>
*Roasted Yam: This is one of the most popular street snacks. The white yam with brown bark is used to make this dish.<ref name="primenewsghana.com"/>


==Soups and stews==
==Soups and stews==
Most Ghanaian side dishes are served with a [[stew]], soup or ''mako'' (a spicy condiment made from raw red and green [[chili pepper|chilies]], onions and tomatoes ([[pepper sauce]])). Ghanaian stews and soups are quite sophisticated, with liberal and delicate use of exotic ingredients, a wide variety of flavours, spices and textures.
Most Ghanaian side dishes are served with a [[stew]], soup, or ''mako'' (a spicy condiment made from raw red and green [[chili pepper|chilies]], onions, and tomatoes ([[pepper sauce]])). Ghanaian stews and soups are quite sophisticated, with a liberal and delicate use of exotic ingredients and a wide variety of flavours, spices and textures.


Vegetables such as palm nuts, peanuts, [[Taro|cocoyam]] leaves, [[Corchorus|''ayoyo'']], [[spinach]], wild [[Edible mushroom|mushroom]], [[okra]], garden eggs ([[eggplant]]), tomatoes and various types of pulses are the main ingredients in Ghanaian soups and stews and in the case of [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], may double as the main protein ingredient.
Vegetables such as palm nuts, peanuts, [[Taro|cocoyam]] leaves, [[Corchorus|''ayoyo'']], [[spinach]], wild [[Edible mushroom|mushroom]], [[okra]], garden eggs ([[eggplant]]), tomatoes, and various types of pulses are the main ingredients in Ghanaian soups and stews and in the case of [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], may double as the main protein ingredient.


Beef, pork, goat, lamb, chicken, smoked turkey, [[tripe]], dried [[snail]]s, and fried fish are common sources of protein in Ghanaian soups and stews, sometimes mixing different types of meat and occasionally fish into one soup. Soups are served as a main course rather than a starter. It is also common to find smoked meat, fish and seafood in Ghanaian soups and stews.
Beef, pork, goat, lamb, chicken, smoked turkey, [[tripe]], dried [[Snails as food|snails]], and fried fish are common sources of protein in Ghanaian soups and stews, sometimes mixing different types of meat and occasionally fish into one soup. Soups are served as a main course rather than a starter. It is also common to find smoked meat, fish and seafood in Ghanaian soups and stews.


[[File:Koobi.jpeg|thumbnail|230px|right |{{center|Koobi is dried [[tilapia]] that has been [[Salting (food)|salted]]}}]] They include crab, [[shrimp]], [[Common periwinkle|periwinkles]], octopus, [[snails]], grubs, [[Duck (food)|duck]], [[offal]], and [[pig's trotters]]. Also [[oysters]].
[[File:Koobi.jpeg|thumbnail|230px|right |{{center|Koobi is dried [[tilapia]] that has been [[Salting (food)|salted]]}}]] They include crabs, [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]], [[Common periwinkle|periwinkles]], octopus, [[Snails as food|snails]], grubs, [[Duck (food)|duck]], [[offal]], and [[pig's trotters]]. Also [[oysters]].
Meat, mushrooms and seafood may be [[smoked]], salted or dried for flavour enhancement and preservation. [[Salted fish|Salt fish]] is widely used to flavour fish based stews. Spices such as [[thyme]], garlic, onions, [[ginger]], [[Capiscum|peppers]], [[curry]], [[basil]], [[nutmeg]], [[dawadawa|sumbala]], [[prekese|''Tetrapleura tetraptera'']] (''[[prekese]]'') and [[bay leaf]] are delicately used to achieve the exotic and spicy flavours that characterize Ghanaian cuisine.
Meat, mushrooms, and seafood may be [[smoked]], salted, or dried for flavour enhancement and preservation. [[Salted fish|Salt fish]] is widely used to flavour fish-based stews. Spices such as [[thyme]], garlic, onions, [[ginger]], [[Capiscum|peppers]], [[curry]], [[basil]], [[nutmeg]], [[dawadawa|sumbala]], [[prekese|''Tetrapleura tetraptera'']] (''[[prekese]]'') and [[bay leaf]] are delicately used to achieve the exotic and spicy flavours that characterize Ghanaian cuisine.


[[Palm oil]], coconut oil, [[shea butter]], [[palm kernel oil]] and [[peanut oil]] are important Ghanaian oils used for cooking or frying and may sometimes not be substituted for in certain Ghanaian dishes. For example, using palm oil in [[okro]] stew, ''eto'', ''fante fante'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191215220509/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/search?q=fante+fante BetumiBlog: Search results for fante fante<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ''red red'' or ''Gabeans'', ''egusi'' stew and ''mpihu/mpotompoto'' (similar to [[Poi (food)|poi]]).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723054350/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/search?q=mpihu BetumiBlog: Search results for mpihu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Coconut oil, palm kernel oil and shea butter have lost their popularity for cooking in Ghana due to the introduction of refined oils and negative [[Media of Ghana|Ghanaian media]] adverts targeted at those oils. They are now mostly used in few [[Traditional architecture|traditional homes]], for soap making and by commercial ([[street food]]) food vendors as a cheaper substitute to refined cooking oils.
[[Palm oil]], coconut oil, [[shea butter]], [[palm kernel oil]], and [[peanut oil]] are important Ghanaian oils used for cooking or frying and may sometimes not be substituted for in certain Ghanaian dishes. For example, using palm oil in [[okro]] stew, ''eto'', ''fante fante'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191215220509/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/search?q=fante+fante BetumiBlog: Search results for fante fante<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ''red red'' or ''Gabeans'', ''egusi'' stew, and ''mpihu/mpotompoto'' (similar to [[Poi (food)|poi]]).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723054350/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/search?q=mpihu BetumiBlog: Search results for mpihu<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and shea butter have lost their popularity for cooking in Ghana due to the introduction of refined oils and negative [[Media of Ghana|Ghanaian media]] advertisements targeted at those oils. They are now mostly used in a few [[Traditional architecture|traditional homes]], for soap making, and by commercial ([[street food]]) food vendors as a cheaper substitute to refined cooking oils.


Common Ghanaian soups are [[Peanut|groundnut]] soup,<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://archive.today/20121130153926/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/search?q=peanut+butter+soup BetumiBlog: Search results for peanut butter soup<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Lightsoup|light (tomato) soup]],<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ''kontomire'' ([[taro]] leaves) soup, [[Palm Nut Soup|palm nut soup]],<ref>[http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghanaian-gourmet-recipe-49-continued.html BetumiBlog: Ghanaian Gourmet-Recipe No. 49, continued: Palmnut Soup] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012125031/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghanaian-gourmet-recipe-49-continued.html |date=12 October 2016 }}. Betumiblog.blogspot.com (4 November 2010). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> [[Corchorus|''ayoyo'']] soup and [[okra]] soup.
Common Ghanaian soups are [[Peanut|groundnut]] soup,<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://archive.today/20121130153926/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/search?q=peanut+butter+soup BetumiBlog: Search results for peanut butter soup<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Lightsoup|light (tomato) soup]],<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ''kontomire'' ([[taro]] leaves) soup, [[Palm Nut Soup|palm nut soup]],<ref>[http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghanaian-gourmet-recipe-49-continued.html BetumiBlog: Ghanaian Gourmet-Recipe No. 49, continued: Palmnut Soup] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012125031/http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghanaian-gourmet-recipe-49-continued.html |date=12 October 2016 }}. Betumiblog.blogspot.com (4 November 2010). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> [[Corchorus|''ayoyo'']] soup and [[okra]] soup.
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Ghanaian tomato stew or [[gravy]] is a stew that is often served with rice or ''[[waakye]]''. Other vegetable stews are made with ''kontomire'', garden eggs, ''[[egusi]]'' (pumpkin seeds), [[spinach]], okra, etc.
Ghanaian tomato stew or [[gravy]] is a stew that is often served with rice or ''[[waakye]]''. Other vegetable stews are made with ''kontomire'', garden eggs, ''[[egusi]]'' (pumpkin seeds), [[spinach]], okra, etc.
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Among the Ewes, some soups are prepared with gboma (solanum macrocarpa) and also yevugboma (European gboma. Water leaf) or ademe (jute mallow). These are eaten with the various varieties of akple or abolo (steamed corn dough) or yakayake (steamed cassava dough).
Among the Ewes, some soups are prepared with gboma (Solanum macrocarpa) and also yevugboma (European gboma). Water leaf) or [[Jute mallow|ademe (jute mallow)]]. These are eaten with the various varieties of akple, abolo (steamed corn dough) or yakayake (steamed cassava dough).


==Breakfast==
==Breakfast==
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[[File:Making of local porridge called koko.jpg|thumb|Making of koko (local porridge)]]
[[File:Making of local porridge called koko.jpg|thumb|Making of koko (local porridge)]]
Most of the dishes mentioned above are served during lunch and supper in modern Ghana. However, those engaged in manual labour and a large number of urban dwellers still eat these foods for breakfast and will usually buy them from the streets.
Most of the dishes mentioned above are served during lunch and supper in modern Ghana. However, those engaged in manual labour and a large number of urban dwellers still eat these foods for breakfast and will usually buy them from the streets.
Another popular breakfast is called [[hausa koko]] (northern porridge). It is usually prepared in Northern Ghana, sweet, and often eaten with [[koose]] or bread with groundnuts.
Another popular breakfast is called [[hausa koko]] (northern porridge). It is usually prepared in Northern Ghana, is sweet, and often eaten with [[koose]] or bread with groundnuts.


In large Ghanaian cities, working-class people would often take fruit, tea, chocolate drink, [[oat]]s, rice porridge/cereal (locally called rice water) or ''kooko'' (fermented maize porridge) and ''koose/[[akara]]'' or ''maasa'' (beans, ripe plantain and maize meal fritters).<ref name="kokoking1">[http://www.kokoking.com.gh/food.php Kokoking: Food and nutrition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005172437/http://www.kokoking.com.gh/food.php |date=5 October 2016 }}. {{cite web |url=http://www.kokoking.com.gh |title=KOKO KING :: Purveyors of Fine Foods |access-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003042247/http://kokoking.com.gh/ |archive-date=3 October 2013 |df=dmy }}. Retrieved 11 October 2013.</ref> Other breakfast foods include grits, ''tombrown'' (roasted maize porridge), and millet [[porridge]].<ref name="kokoking1"/>
In large Ghanaian cities, working-class people would often take fruit, tea, chocolate drinks, [[oat]]s, rice porridge or cereal (locally called rice water) or ''kooko'' (fermented maize porridge), and ''koose/[[akara]]'' or ''maasa'' (beans, ripe plantain and maize meal fritters).<ref name="kokoking1">[http://www.kokoking.com.gh/food.php Kokoking: Food and nutrition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005172437/http://www.kokoking.com.gh/food.php |date=5 October 2016 }}. {{cite web |url=http://www.kokoking.com.gh |title=KOKO KING :: Purveyors of Fine Foods |access-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003042247/http://kokoking.com.gh/ |archive-date=3 October 2013 |df=dmy }}. Retrieved 11 October 2013.</ref> Other breakfast foods include grits, ''tombrown'' (roasted maize porridge), and millet [[porridge]].<ref name="kokoking1"/>


Bread is an important feature in Ghanaian breakfast and [[baking|baked]] foods. Ghanaian bread, which is known for its good quality, is baked with [[wheat flour]] and sometimes cassava flour is added for an improved texture. There are four major types of bread in Ghana. They are tea bread (similar to the [[baguette]]), sugar bread (which is a sweet bread), brown (whole wheat) bread, and butter bread. Rye bread, oat bread and malt bread are also quite common.<ref>[http://www.betumi.com/2007/03/ghanas-tea-bread-secrets-ive-probably.html BetumiBlog: Ghana's Tea Bread Secrets] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065056/http://www.betumi.com/2007/03/ghanas-tea-bread-secrets-ive-probably.html |date=24 April 2016 }}. Betumi.com (5 March 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref>
Bread is an important feature in Ghanaian breakfasts and [[baking|baked]] foods. Ghanaian bread, which is known for its good quality, is baked with [[wheat flour]] and sometimes cassava flour is added for an improved texture. There are four major types of bread in Ghana. They are tea bread (similar to the [[baguette]]), sugar bread (which is a sweet bread), brown (whole wheat) bread, and butter bread. Rye bread, oat bread and malt bread are also quite common.<ref>[http://www.betumi.com/2007/03/ghanas-tea-bread-secrets-ive-probably.html BetumiBlog: Ghana's Tea Bread Secrets] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065056/http://www.betumi.com/2007/03/ghanas-tea-bread-secrets-ive-probably.html |date=24 April 2016 }}. Betumi.com (5 March 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref>


==Sweet foods==
==Sweet foods==
[[File:Ghanaian Delicacy- Etor.jpg|thumb|260px|right|''[[Etor]]'' is a popular dish in south Ghana, prepared with plantain or with yam boiled and mashed, and mixed with palm oil. Groundnuts (peanuts) and eggs are used to garnish the dish.]]
[[File:Ghanaian Delicacy- Etor.jpg|thumb|260px|right|''[[Etor]]'' is a popular dish in south Ghana, prepared with plantain or with yam boiled and mashed, and mixed with palm oil. Groundnuts (peanuts) and eggs are used to garnish the dish.]]


There are many sweet local foods which have been marginalized due to their low demand and long preparation process. Ghanaian sweet foods (or confectionery) may be fried, [[barbecue]]d, [[boil]]ed, [[Roasting|roasted]], [[baking|baked]] or [[steame]]d.
There are many sweet local foods that have been marginalized due to their low demand and long preparation process. Ghanaian sweet foods (or confectionery) may be fried, [[barbecue]]d, [[boil]]ed, [[Roasting|roasted]], [[baking|baked]] or [[steame]]d.


Fried sweet foods include cubed and spiced ripe plantain (''kelewele'') sometimes served with peanuts. ''[[Koose]]'' made from peeled beans (and its close twin ''[[acarajé]]'' or ''[[akara]]'' made from beans which are not peeled), ''maasa'',<ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-masa Breads, Cakes and Pastries] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323011419/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-masa |date=23 March 2012 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-massa Snacks Maasa (Sweet Millet Fritters)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921104708/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-massa |date=21 September 2012 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> ''pinkaaso'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131107145213/http://www.flickr.com/photos/42267524%40N00/3922141303/in/photostream/ selling pinkaso and kose | Flickr – Photo Sharing!]. Flickr (16 September 2009). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> and ''bofrot''/[[Puff-puff]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvXOiWVAFm4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/qvXOiWVAFm4 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Alternative Bofroat (Ghanaian Doughnuts) |website=YouTube |access-date=24 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (made from [[wheat flour]]); ''waakye''<ref>[http://www.betumi.com/2006/11/kuli-kuli-is-calling-me-to_116327607898827345.html BetumiBlog] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191931/http://www.betumi.com/2006/11/kuli-kuli-is-calling-me-to_116327607898827345.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Betumi.com (11 November 2006). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> ''dzowey'' and ''nkate'' cake (made from peanuts);<ref>[http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-make-ghanaian-peanut-brittle-0127968/ How To Make Ghanaian Peanut Brittle | Guide (4 Steps) "Wonder How To] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412084037/http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-make-ghanaian-peanut-brittle-0127968/ |date=12 April 2012 }}. Wonderhowto.com (9 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> ''kaklo'' and ''tatale''<ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-tatale Plantain Cakes (Tatale) Recipe from Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814135429/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-tatale |date=14 August 2011 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> (ripe plantain [[fritter]]s); ''kube'' cake and ''kube'' toffee (made from coconut); ''bankye krakro'', ''gari'' biscuit,<ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-gari-biscuits Gari Biscuits Recipe from Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103014218/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-gari-biscuits |date=3 January 2012}}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.foodbycountry.com/Germany-to-Japan/Ghana.html Food in Ghana – Ghanaian Food, Ghanaian Cuisine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027220306/http://www.foodbycountry.com/Germany-to-Japan/Ghana.html |date=27 October 2016 }}. Foodbycountry.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> and ''krakye ayuosu'' (made from cassava); condensed milk, [[toffee]], plantain chips (or [[fried plantain]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NxJdDj5Vtc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/1NxJdDj5Vtc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=How It's Made 02 Plantain Chips |website=YouTube |access-date=24 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and ''wagashi''<ref>[http://bsas.org.uk/downloads/mexico/117.pdf Ghana foods] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402092340/http://bsas.org.uk/downloads/mexico/117.pdf |date=2 April 2012 }}. ''bsas.org.uk''.</ref> (fried [[farmer's cheese]]) are fried Ghanaian savory foods (confectionery).
Fried sweet foods include cubed and spiced ripe plantains (''kelewele'') sometimes served with peanuts. ''[[Koose]]'' made from peeled beans (and its close twin ''[[acarajé]]'' or ''[[akara]]'' made from beans that are not peeled), ''maasa'',<ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-masa Breads, Cakes and Pastries] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323011419/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-masa |date=23 March 2012 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-massa Snacks Maasa (Sweet Millet Fritters)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921104708/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-massa |date=21 September 2012 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> ''pinkaaso'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131107145213/http://www.flickr.com/photos/42267524%40N00/3922141303/in/photostream/ selling pinkaso and kose | Flickr – Photo Sharing!]. Flickr (16 September 2009). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> and ''bofrot''/[[Puff-puff]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvXOiWVAFm4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/qvXOiWVAFm4 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Alternative Bofroat (Ghanaian Doughnuts) |website=YouTube |access-date=24 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (made from [[wheat flour]]); ''waakye''<ref>[http://www.betumi.com/2006/11/kuli-kuli-is-calling-me-to_116327607898827345.html BetumiBlog] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191931/http://www.betumi.com/2006/11/kuli-kuli-is-calling-me-to_116327607898827345.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. Betumi.com (11 November 2006). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> ''dzowey'' and ''nkate'' cake (made from peanuts);<ref>[http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-make-ghanaian-peanut-brittle-0127968/ How To Make Ghanaian Peanut Brittle | Guide (4 Steps) "Wonder How To] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412084037/http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-make-ghanaian-peanut-brittle-0127968/ |date=12 April 2012 }}. Wonderhowto.com (9 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> ''kaklo'' and ''tatale''<ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-tatale Plantain Cakes (Tatale) Recipe from Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814135429/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-tatale |date=14 August 2011 }}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> (ripe plantain [[fritter]]s); ''kube'' cake and ''kube'' toffee (made from coconut); ''bankye krakro'', ''gari'' biscuit,<ref>[http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-gari-biscuits Gari Biscuits Recipe from Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103014218/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-gari-biscuits |date=3 January 2012}}. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.foodbycountry.com/Germany-to-Japan/Ghana.html Food in Ghana – Ghanaian Food, Ghanaian Cuisine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027220306/http://www.foodbycountry.com/Germany-to-Japan/Ghana.html |date=27 October 2016 }}. Foodbycountry.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> and ''krakye ayuosu'' (made from cassava); condensed milk, [[toffee]], plantain chips (or [[fried plantain]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NxJdDj5Vtc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/1NxJdDj5Vtc |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=How It's Made 02 Plantain Chips |website=YouTube |access-date=24 August 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and ''wagashi''<ref>[http://bsas.org.uk/downloads/mexico/117.pdf Ghana foods] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402092340/http://bsas.org.uk/downloads/mexico/117.pdf |date=2 April 2012 }}. ''bsas.org.uk''.</ref> (fried [[farmer's cheese]]) are fried Ghanaian savory foods (confectionery).


[[Kebab]]s are popular [[barbecue]]s and can be made from beef, goat, pork, [[soy flour]], [[sausage]]s and [[guinea fowl]]. Other [[Roasting|roasted]] savoury foods include roasted plantain, maize, yam and [[Taro|cocoyam]].
[[Kebab]]s are popular [[barbecue|barbecue food]]s and can be made from beef, goat, pork, [[soy flour]], [[sausage]]s, and [[guinea fowl]]. Other [[Roasting|roasted]] savoury foods include roasted plantains, maize, yam and [[Taro|cocoyam]].


Steamed fresh maize, ''yakeyake'', ''kafa'', ''akyeke'', ''tubani, [[moin moin|moimoi]]'' (bean cake), ''emo dokonu'' ([[rice cake]]) and ''esikyire dokonu'' (sweetened ''kenkey'') are all examples of steamed and boiled foods whilst sweet bread, (plantain cake), and meat pie similar to [[Jamaican patty|Jamaican patties]] and [[empanada]]s are baked savoury foods. ''[[Aprapransa]]'', ''eto'' (mashed yam) and ''atadwe'' milk ([[tiger nut]] juice) are other savory foods. [[Garri|''Gari'']] soakings is a modern favorite. It is a blend of ''gari'' (dried, roasted cassava), sugar, groundnut (peanut) and milk.
Steamed fresh maize, ''yakeyake'', ''kafa'', ''akyeke'', ''tubani, [[moin moin|moimoi]]'' (bean cake), ''emo dokonu'' ([[rice cake|rice]] cake), and ''esikyire dokonu'' (sweetened ''kenkey'') are all examples of steamed and boiled foods, while sweet bread (plantain cake), meat pie similar to [[Jamaican patty|Jamaican patties]], and [[empanada]]s are baked savoury foods. ''[[Aprapransa]]'', ''eto'' (mashed yam), and ''atadwe'' milk ([[tiger nut]] juice) are other savory foods. [[Garri|''Gari'']] soakings are a modern favorite. It is a blend of ''gari'' (dried, roasted cassava), sugar, groundnut (peanut) and milk.
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==Beverages==
==Beverages==
[[File:Ghanaian Beverages and Drinks in Ghana Store.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|Ghanaian beverages at a convenience store in Ghana}}]]
[[File:Ghanaian Beverages and Drinks in Ghana Store.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|Ghanaian beverages at a convenience store in Ghana}}]]
In southern Ghana, Ghanaian drinks such as ''[[asaana]]'' (made from fermented maize) are common. Along [[Lake Volta]] and in southern Ghana, [[palm wine]] extracted from the [[palm tree]] can be found, but it ferments quickly and then it is used to distill [[akpeteshie]] (a local gin). ''Akpeteshie'' can be distilled from molasses too. In addition, a beverage can be made from ''kenkey'' and [[refrigerate]]d into what is in Ghana known as [[ice kenkey]]. In northern Ghana, bisaab/[[sorrel]], ''toose'' and ''lamujee'' (a spicy sweetened drink) are common non-alcoholic beverages whereas ''pitoo'' (a local beer made of fermented millet) is an alcoholic beverage.
In southern Ghana, Ghanaian drinks such as ''[[asaana]]'' (made from fermented maize) are common. Along [[Lake Volta]] and in southern Ghana, [[palm wine]] extracted from the [[palm tree]] can be found, but it ferments quickly, and then it is used to distill [[akpeteshie]] (a local gin). ''Akpeteshie'' can be distilled from molasses too. In addition, a beverage can be made from ''kenkey'' and [[refrigerate]]d into what is in Ghana known as [[ice kenkey]]. In northern Ghana, bisaap/[[sorrel]], ''toose,'' and ''lamujee'' (a spicy sweetened drink) are common non-alcoholic beverages whereas ''pitoo'' (a local beer made of fermented millet) is an alcoholic beverage.


In urban areas of Ghana drinks may include fruit juice, [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] drinks, fresh coconut water, [[yogurt]], [[ice cream]], [[carbonate]]d drinks, [[malt]] drinks and [[soy milk]].<ref>[http://www.fanmilk-gh.net/ Fan Milk Limited |] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908193502/http://www.fanmilk-gh.net/ |date=8 September 2016 }}. Fanmilk-gh.net (30 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.dic.com.gh/div-prog/coca-cola.html THE DIVESTITURE IMPLEMENTATION OF GHANA : The Divestiture Program] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202235606/http://www.dic.com.gh/div-prog/coca-cola.html |date=2 February 2012 }}. Dic.com.gh. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> In addition, Ghanaian distilleries produce alcoholic beverages from cocoa, malt, [[sugar cane]], local medicinal herbs and tree barks. They include [[bitters]], [[liqueur]], dry [[gin]]s, beer, and [[aperitif]]s.<ref>[http://www.kasaprekogh.com/cms/our-brands/brand-viewer.html Kasapreko Company Limited produces alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages – an Accra, Ghana manufacturing company] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903031159/http://www.kasaprekogh.com/cms/our-brands/brand-viewer.html |date=3 September 2011 }}. Kasaprekogh.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://aami.org.gh/membership/members/-ghana-brewery-ltd Guinness Ghana Brewery Ltd. | Association of Alcohol Manufacturers and Importers]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. AAMI. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref>
In urban areas of Ghana, drinks may include fruit juice, [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] drinks, fresh coconut water, [[yogurt]], [[ice cream]], [[carbonate]]d drinks, [[malt]] drinks, and [[soy milk]].<ref>[http://www.fanmilk-gh.net/ Fan Milk Limited |] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908193502/http://www.fanmilk-gh.net/ |date=8 September 2016 }}. Fanmilk-gh.net (30 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.dic.com.gh/div-prog/coca-cola.html THE DIVESTITURE IMPLEMENTATION OF GHANA : The Divestiture Program] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202235606/http://www.dic.com.gh/div-prog/coca-cola.html |date=2 February 2012 }}. Dic.com.gh. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref> In addition, Ghanaian distilleries produce alcoholic beverages from cocoa, malt, [[sugar cane]], local medicinal herbs, and tree barks. They include [[bitters]], [[liqueur]], dry [[gin]]s, beer, and [[aperitif]]s.<ref>[http://www.kasaprekogh.com/cms/our-brands/brand-viewer.html Kasapreko Company Limited produces alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages – an Accra, Ghana manufacturing company] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903031159/http://www.kasaprekogh.com/cms/our-brands/brand-viewer.html |date=3 September 2011 }}. Kasaprekogh.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://aami.org.gh/membership/members/-ghana-brewery-ltd Guinness Ghana Brewery Ltd. | Association of Alcohol Manufacturers and Importers]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. AAMI. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</ref>


==Street foods in Ghana==
==Street foods in Ghana==
[[Street food]] is very popular in both rural and urban areas of Ghana. Most Ghanaian families eat at least three times a week from street food vendors, from whom all kinds of foods can be bought, including staple foods such as ''[[kenkey]]'', [[red red]] and ''[[waakye]]''. Other savoury foods such as raw steak, boiled corn cob, ''[[Puff-puff|boflot]]'' (ball-float) and roasted plantain are sold mainly by street food vendors.
[[Street food]] is very popular in both rural and urban areas of Ghana. Many Ghanaian families patronize street food vendors, from whom all kinds of foods can be bought, including staple foods such as ''[[kenkey]]'', [[red red]] and ''[[waakye]]''. Other savoury foods, such as meat kebabs, boiled corn cob, ''[[Puff-puff|boflot]]/bofrot'' (puff-puff), and roasted plantain are sold mainly by street food vendors.


[[Ice kenkey]] is a popular chilled dessert sold by street vendors in open-air markets.<ref name="food-control">{{cite journal |first1=Amy |last1=Atter |first2=Hayford |last2=Ofori |first3=George Anabila |last3=Anyebuno |first4=Michael |last4=Amoo-Gyasi |first5=Wisdom Kofi |last5=Amoa-Awua |year=2015 |title=Safety of a street vended traditional maize beverage, ice-kenkey, in Ghana |journal=Food Control |volume=55 |pages=200–205 |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.043}}</ref>
[[Ice kenkey]] is a popular chilled dessert sold by street vendors in open-air markets.<ref name="food-control">{{cite journal |first1=Amy |last1=Atter |first2=Hayford |last2=Ofori |first3=George Anabila |last3=Anyebuno |first4=Michael |last4=Amoo-Gyasi |first5=Wisdom Kofi |last5=Amoa-Awua |year=2015 |title=Safety of a street vended traditional maize beverage, ice-kenkey, in Ghana |journal=Food Control |volume=55 |pages=200–205 |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.043}}</ref>
Line 142: Line 151:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
There are a some cookbooks which concentrate on Ghanaian food, including the following:
There are some cookbooks which concentrate on Ghanaian food, including the following:


* {{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Fran |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896840053 |title=The Ghana cookbook |year=2018 |others=Barbara Baeta |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-1343-3 |location=New York |oclc=896840053}}
* {{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Fran |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896840053 |title=The Ghana cookbook |year=2018 |others=Barbara Baeta |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-1343-3 |location=New York |oclc=896840053}}
* Adjonyoh, Zoe (2021). Zoe's Ghana kitchen. New York: Voracious. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0316335034</nowiki>


==External links==
==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q1072146|c=Category:Ghanaian cuisine|n=no|b=Cuisine of Ghana|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|q=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/food/ Ghanaian food on Ghanaweb.com]
* [http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/food/ Ghanaian food on Ghanaweb.com]



Latest revision as of 23:14, 18 October 2024

Vegetable side dishes in a Ghanaian restaurant including diced pineapple with sliced garlic and taro leaf salad.
Location of Ghana

Ghanaian cuisine refers to the meals of the Ghanaian people. The main dishes of Ghana are centered around starchy staple foods, accompanied by either a sauce or soup as well as a source of protein. The primary ingredients for the vast majority of soups and stews are tomatoes, hot peppers, and onions. As a result of these main ingredients, most Ghanaian jollof rice, soups, and stews appear red or orange.

Ghanaian foods heavily rely on traditional food crops grown in Ghana, combined with crops introduced through colonial and globalized cuisine.[1]

Main staple foods

[edit]
Ghanaian-style banku

[2] The typical staple foods in the southern part of Ghana include cassava and plantain. In the north, the main staple foods include millet and sorghum. Yam, maize and beans are also staple foods across Ghana. Sweet potatoes and cocoyam are also important in the Ghanaian diet and cuisine. With the advent of globalization, cereals such as rice and wheat have been increasingly incorporated into Ghanaian cuisine notably in the form of bread.[3] The foods below represent Ghanaian dishes made out of these staple foods.

Foods made with maize

[edit]
  • Akple, a traditional meal of the Ewe, is made with corn flour and can be eaten with pepper sauces, stews, or any soup. It is typically served with okra soup (fetridetsi) or herring stew (abɔbitadi). Akple is never prepared in the same way as banku. An important distinguishing factor between the two products is that banku requires the use of a special preformulated watery material called Slightly Fermented Corn-Cassava Dough Mix, cooked to a soft, solid consistency of corn-cassava dough, aflata, en route to a soft form of banku with further cooking, and the Slightly Fermented Corn-Cassava Dough Mix is never the signature material of any form of Akple product. A variety of akple, known as dzekple, is cooked with oil and meat, crab or fish.
  • '"BA MI KU" (BANKU) is a mixture of cassava dough, corn dough, water and salt mashed in a cooking pot, steered on fire for 30 to 40 minutes depending on the heat level. One of the all-time best meals of the Dangme (Ada) clan of the Ga-Adangbe in Ghana, West Africa.

LEAF in Dangme language is "BA" hence the final product earns its name "BA MI KU" as it was wrapped in leaves in and shaped into a ball. It is usually enjoyed with different kinds of soup, stew, or grinded pepper, onion and tomato grinder together. One particular clan of the Ga-Dangme (Adangbe clan) tribe is credited with the original recipe for the meal banku, a claim which may be argued among the other clans.[4] Sometimes only corn flour is used, but in many areas, cassava dough is cooked together with fermented corn dough in different ratios.

  • Fanti kenkey is wrapped in plantain leaves that give it a different texture. It is boiled for long periods into consistent solid balls.[5]
  • Banku cooked with cassava and corn dough mixture is called agbelimorkple by the Ewe people while the one without cassava dough mixture is known as kutornu-kple (Cotonou banku)[6]
  • Mmore is cooked fermented corn dough without cassava, prepared like banku among the Akan people.
  • Kenkey/komi/dokonu is fermented corn dough wrapped in corn, originating from the Ga people of the Ga-Adangbe, who call it komi or Ga kenkey. Another variety originating from the Fanti people is Fante dokono, or Fanti kenkey, which is wrapped with plantain leaves that give it a different texture, flavor, and colour as compared to the Ga kenkey. Both are boiled for long periods into consistent solid balls.
  • Tuo zaafi is a millet, sorghum or maize dish originating from Northern Ghana.[5]
  • Fonfom is a maize dish popular in south-western Ghana.[5]
  • Abolo, which is prepared by steaming corn dough and sugar mixture is a delicacy among the Ewes. It is eaten with various soups or sauces.
  • Yoroyoro is widely eaten across Dagbon and many parts of Northern Ghana. It is made by boiling maize until it is softened. The food is eaten with pepper and onions.
  • Nkyekyeraa is a Ghanaian dish made up of dry corn and few groundnuts, which is mostly found in the Bono, Bono East and Ahafo regions. It is usually wrapped in corn leaves or a fresh leaf and boiled till it becomes soft enough chewing easily.[7]

Foods made with rice

[edit]
  • Waakyea dish of rice and beans with a purple-brown color. The color comes from the indigenous grass, Sorghum bicolor.[8] This side dish bears striking similarities to West Indian rice and peas. The rice is cooked and steamed with an indigenous leaf, coconut, and a pulse such as black-eyed peas or kidney beans.
  • Omo Tuo/Rice ball—sticky mashed rice, often eaten with groundnut or palm nut soup.
  • Plain rice—boiled rice accompanies many of the variety of red stews.
  • Jollof rice—rice cooked in a stew consisting of stock, tomatoes, spices, and meat boiled together. This dish originated from the Djolof traders from Senegal who settled in the Zongos before the colonial period. Adapted for local Ghanaian tastes, it is typically eaten with goat, lamb, chicken, or beef that has been stewed, roasted or grilled.
  • Fried rice—Chinese-style fried rice adapted to Ghanaian tastes.
  • Angwa moo—also referred to as "oiled rice". This is unlike fried rice, in which the rice is cooked before frying. Oiled rice is cooked by first onion-frying the oil, then adding water after the onions have browned, giving the rice a different fragrance. The rice is then cooked in the water-oil mixture to give the rice an oily feel when ready. It may be cooked with vegetables or minced meat, added to taste. It is mostly served with earthenware-ground pepper, with either tinned sardines or fried eggs complementing it.

Foods made with cassava

[edit]
  • Kokonte or abete—from dried peeled cassava powder—is usually served alongside groundnut soup, consisting of a variety of meat such as tripe, lamb, or smoked served.
  • Fufupounded cassava and plantains; pounded yam and plantain, or pounded cocoyam/taro. This side dish is always accompanied by one of the many varieties of Ghanaian soups.
  • Gari is made from cassava. Often served with red red, a fish and black-eyed pea stew, or shito and fish.
  • Attiéké or Akyeke— a culinary specialty of the lagoon people (Ebrié, Adjoukrou, Alladian, Abidji, Avikam, Ahizi, Attie) of southern Ivory Coast. It is popular among the Ahanta, Nzema and Akan-speaking people of Ivory Coast.
  • Plakali—made from cassava and popular among the Ahanta, Nzema and Akan-speaking people of Ivory Coast.
  • Yakayake, made from steamed grated cassava is a favourite among the Ewe people.It is eaten with various stews or soups.

Foods made with beans

[edit]

A deviation from the starch and stew combination are Red red and tubaani, primarily based on vegetable protein (beans). Red red is a popular Ghanaian bean and fish stew served with fried ripe plantains and often accompanied with gari, fish, and pulses. It earns its name from the palm oil that tints the bean stew and the bright orange color of the fried, ripe plantains. Tubaani is a boiled bean cake, called moin moin in Nigeria.

Foods made with yam

[edit]
Locally made ampesie (plantain and garden eggs stew)
  • Ampesie—boiled yam. It may also be made with plantains, cocoyams, potatoes, yams or cassava. This side dish is traditionally eaten with fish stew containing tomatoes, oil, and spices.
  • Yam fufu—fufu made with yam instead of cassava, plantains, or cocoyam—is traditionally eaten with Ghanaian soup. It is popular in Northern and southeastern Ghana.
  • Mpotompoto (yam casserole or porridge)—slices of yam cooked with much water and pepper, onions, tomatoes, salt and preferred seasoning.
  • Yam balls - This super sweet delicacy takes the form of scotch eggs, but in this case, it has the fillings of meat pie, spring rolls, samosa, or shawarma.
  • Fried Yam - Deep-fried yam can be served with a variety of stews and pepper sauces. The chips are fried such that the outside is crispy and the inside is wet, blissful, and yummy.[9]
  • Roasted Yam: This is one of the most popular street snacks. The white yam with brown bark is used to make this dish.[9]

Soups and stews

[edit]

Most Ghanaian side dishes are served with a stew, soup, or mako (a spicy condiment made from raw red and green chilies, onions, and tomatoes (pepper sauce)). Ghanaian stews and soups are quite sophisticated, with a liberal and delicate use of exotic ingredients and a wide variety of flavours, spices and textures.

Vegetables such as palm nuts, peanuts, cocoyam leaves, ayoyo, spinach, wild mushroom, okra, garden eggs (eggplant), tomatoes, and various types of pulses are the main ingredients in Ghanaian soups and stews and in the case of pulses, may double as the main protein ingredient.

Beef, pork, goat, lamb, chicken, smoked turkey, tripe, dried snails, and fried fish are common sources of protein in Ghanaian soups and stews, sometimes mixing different types of meat and occasionally fish into one soup. Soups are served as a main course rather than a starter. It is also common to find smoked meat, fish and seafood in Ghanaian soups and stews.

Koobi is dried tilapia that has been salted

They include crabs, shrimp, periwinkles, octopus, snails, grubs, duck, offal, and pig's trotters. Also oysters.

Meat, mushrooms, and seafood may be smoked, salted, or dried for flavour enhancement and preservation. Salt fish is widely used to flavour fish-based stews. Spices such as thyme, garlic, onions, ginger, peppers, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, Tetrapleura tetraptera (prekese) and bay leaf are delicately used to achieve the exotic and spicy flavours that characterize Ghanaian cuisine.

Palm oil, coconut oil, shea butter, palm kernel oil, and peanut oil are important Ghanaian oils used for cooking or frying and may sometimes not be substituted for in certain Ghanaian dishes. For example, using palm oil in okro stew, eto, fante fante,[10] red red or Gabeans, egusi stew, and mpihu/mpotompoto (similar to poi).[11] Coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and shea butter have lost their popularity for cooking in Ghana due to the introduction of refined oils and negative Ghanaian media advertisements targeted at those oils. They are now mostly used in a few traditional homes, for soap making, and by commercial (street food) food vendors as a cheaper substitute to refined cooking oils.

Common Ghanaian soups are groundnut soup,[12] light (tomato) soup,[12] kontomire (taro leaves) soup, palm nut soup,[13] ayoyo soup and okra soup.

Ghanaian tomato stew or gravy is a stew that is often served with rice or waakye. Other vegetable stews are made with kontomire, garden eggs, egusi (pumpkin seeds), spinach, okra, etc.

Among the Ewes, some soups are prepared with gboma (Solanum macrocarpa) and also yevugboma (European gboma). Water leaf) or ademe (jute mallow). These are eaten with the various varieties of akple, abolo (steamed corn dough) or yakayake (steamed cassava dough).

Breakfast

[edit]
A bowl of tombrown with sausages, croissant pancakes, potatoes and an egg.
Making of koko (local porridge)

Most of the dishes mentioned above are served during lunch and supper in modern Ghana. However, those engaged in manual labour and a large number of urban dwellers still eat these foods for breakfast and will usually buy them from the streets. Another popular breakfast is called hausa koko (northern porridge). It is usually prepared in Northern Ghana, is sweet, and often eaten with koose or bread with groundnuts.

In large Ghanaian cities, working-class people would often take fruit, tea, chocolate drinks, oats, rice porridge or cereal (locally called rice water) or kooko (fermented maize porridge), and koose/akara or maasa (beans, ripe plantain and maize meal fritters).[14] Other breakfast foods include grits, tombrown (roasted maize porridge), and millet porridge.[14]

Bread is an important feature in Ghanaian breakfasts and baked foods. Ghanaian bread, which is known for its good quality, is baked with wheat flour and sometimes cassava flour is added for an improved texture. There are four major types of bread in Ghana. They are tea bread (similar to the baguette), sugar bread (which is a sweet bread), brown (whole wheat) bread, and butter bread. Rye bread, oat bread and malt bread are also quite common.[15]

Sweet foods

[edit]
Etor is a popular dish in south Ghana, prepared with plantain or with yam boiled and mashed, and mixed with palm oil. Groundnuts (peanuts) and eggs are used to garnish the dish.

There are many sweet local foods that have been marginalized due to their low demand and long preparation process. Ghanaian sweet foods (or confectionery) may be fried, barbecued, boiled, roasted, baked or steamed.

Fried sweet foods include cubed and spiced ripe plantains (kelewele) sometimes served with peanuts. Koose made from peeled beans (and its close twin acarajé or akara made from beans that are not peeled), maasa,[16][17] pinkaaso,[18] and bofrot/Puff-puff[19] (made from wheat flour); waakye[20] dzowey and nkate cake (made from peanuts);[21] kaklo and tatale[22] (ripe plantain fritters); kube cake and kube toffee (made from coconut); bankye krakro, gari biscuit,[23][24] and krakye ayuosu (made from cassava); condensed milk, toffee, plantain chips (or fried plantain)[25] and wagashi[26] (fried farmer's cheese) are fried Ghanaian savory foods (confectionery).

Kebabs are popular barbecue foods and can be made from beef, goat, pork, soy flour, sausages, and guinea fowl. Other roasted savoury foods include roasted plantains, maize, yam and cocoyam.

Steamed fresh maize, yakeyake, kafa, akyeke, tubani, moimoi (bean cake), emo dokonu (rice cake), and esikyire dokonu (sweetened kenkey) are all examples of steamed and boiled foods, while sweet bread (plantain cake), meat pie similar to Jamaican patties, and empanadas are baked savoury foods. Aprapransa, eto (mashed yam), and atadwe milk (tiger nut juice) are other savory foods. Gari soakings are a modern favorite. It is a blend of gari (dried, roasted cassava), sugar, groundnut (peanut) and milk.

Beverages

[edit]
Ghanaian beverages at a convenience store in Ghana

In southern Ghana, Ghanaian drinks such as asaana (made from fermented maize) are common. Along Lake Volta and in southern Ghana, palm wine extracted from the palm tree can be found, but it ferments quickly, and then it is used to distill akpeteshie (a local gin). Akpeteshie can be distilled from molasses too. In addition, a beverage can be made from kenkey and refrigerated into what is in Ghana known as ice kenkey. In northern Ghana, bisaap/sorrel, toose, and lamujee (a spicy sweetened drink) are common non-alcoholic beverages whereas pitoo (a local beer made of fermented millet) is an alcoholic beverage.

In urban areas of Ghana, drinks may include fruit juice, cocoa drinks, fresh coconut water, yogurt, ice cream, carbonated drinks, malt drinks, and soy milk.[27][28] In addition, Ghanaian distilleries produce alcoholic beverages from cocoa, malt, sugar cane, local medicinal herbs, and tree barks. They include bitters, liqueur, dry gins, beer, and aperitifs.[29][30]

Street foods in Ghana

[edit]

Street food is very popular in both rural and urban areas of Ghana. Many Ghanaian families patronize street food vendors, from whom all kinds of foods can be bought, including staple foods such as kenkey, red red and waakye. Other savoury foods, such as meat kebabs, boiled corn cob, boflot/bofrot (puff-puff), and roasted plantain are sold mainly by street food vendors.

Ice kenkey is a popular chilled dessert sold by street vendors in open-air markets.[31]

Kosua ne meko (eggs with pepper) is a street food sold mostly by street vendors.[32]

Common Ghanaian dishes

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Alpern, Stanley B. (January 1992). "The European Introduction of Crops into West Africa in Precolonial Times". History in Africa. 19: 13–43. doi:10.2307/3171994. ISSN 0361-5413.
  2. ^ UNE Applied Nutrition Program (1 July 2019). "Food And Culture In Ghana". All Student-Created Educational Resources.
  3. ^ Andah, A. (1982). Breadmaking in Ghana with special reference to composite flours (Report). Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),Food Research Institute, Ghana.
  4. ^ online reference, by J Dzeagu-Kudjodji and others; online publication: Banku, National of Ghana - EpersianFood ( Mar. 17, 2020 ) ; A grammatical sketch of Akra - or Ga-language ; etc.
  5. ^ a b c "Ghanaian Foods made with maize - Ghfinder". 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  6. ^ "How To Prepare Banku And Okro Stew In Ghana." My Recipe Joint". My Recipe Joint. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  7. ^ Ali, Biiya Mukusah (1 March 2024). "'Nkyekyeraa' - Most sought after corn meal". Graphic Online. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Bicolor Sorghum". www.specialtyproduce.com. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Recipe Wednesday: 8 incredible dishes you can make with yam this Christmas". Prime News Ghana. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  10. ^ BetumiBlog: Search results for fante fante
  11. ^ BetumiBlog: Search results for mpihu
  12. ^ a b BetumiBlog: Search results for peanut butter soup
  13. ^ BetumiBlog: Ghanaian Gourmet-Recipe No. 49, continued: Palmnut Soup Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Betumiblog.blogspot.com (4 November 2010). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  14. ^ a b Kokoking: Food and nutrition Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. "KOKO KING :: Purveyors of Fine Foods". Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  15. ^ BetumiBlog: Ghana's Tea Bread Secrets Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Betumi.com (5 March 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  16. ^ Breads, Cakes and Pastries Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  17. ^ Snacks Maasa (Sweet Millet Fritters) Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  18. ^ selling pinkaso and kose | Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Flickr (16 September 2009). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  19. ^ "Alternative Bofroat (Ghanaian Doughnuts)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  20. ^ BetumiBlog Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Betumi.com (11 November 2006). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  21. ^ How To Make Ghanaian Peanut Brittle | Guide (4 Steps) "Wonder How To Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Wonderhowto.com (9 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  22. ^ Plantain Cakes (Tatale) Recipe from Ghana Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  23. ^ Gari Biscuits Recipe from Ghana Archived 3 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Celtnet.org.uk (9 September 2007). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  24. ^ Food in Ghana – Ghanaian Food, Ghanaian Cuisine Archived 27 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Foodbycountry.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  25. ^ "How It's Made 02 Plantain Chips". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  26. ^ Ghana foods Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. bsas.org.uk.
  27. ^ Fan Milk Limited | Archived 8 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Fanmilk-gh.net (30 June 2011). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  28. ^ THE DIVESTITURE IMPLEMENTATION OF GHANA : The Divestiture Program Archived 2 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Dic.com.gh. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  29. ^ Kasapreko Company Limited produces alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages – an Accra, Ghana manufacturing company Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Kasaprekogh.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  30. ^ Guinness Ghana Brewery Ltd. | Association of Alcohol Manufacturers and Importers[permanent dead link]. AAMI. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  31. ^ Atter, Amy; Ofori, Hayford; Anyebuno, George Anabila; Amoo-Gyasi, Michael; Amoa-Awua, Wisdom Kofi (2015). "Safety of a street vended traditional maize beverage, ice-kenkey, in Ghana". Food Control. 55: 200–205. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.043.
  32. ^ "Kosua ne Meko (Eggs With Pepper Relish) Recipe". NYT Cooking. Retrieved 26 August 2023.

Further reading

[edit]

There are some cookbooks which concentrate on Ghanaian food, including the following:

[edit]