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Hymenosporum

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Native Frangipani
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Pittosporaceae
Genus: Hymenosporum
R.Br. ex F.Muell.[3]
Species:
H. flavum
Binomial name
Hymenosporum flavum
Synonyms
  • Pittosporum flavum Hook.[2]

Hymenosporum is a monotypic genus in the family Pittosporaceae. The sole included species is Hymenosporum flavum, commonly known as native frangipani, which is a rainforest tree native to New Guinea, Queensland and New South Wales. Despite its common name, it is not closely related to the frangipani, but is related to the widespread genus Pittosporum.

Description

Hymenosporum flavum is a semi-deciduous tree up to 25 m (82 ft) high and a trunk diameter (DBH) to 45 cm (18 in).[4][5] The obovate leaves are simple, alternate, glossy green above and lighter below. They measure up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long by 4.5 cm (1.8 in) wide.[4][5][6] and are clustered towards the ends of the branches in pseudo-whorls.[4][5]

The very fragrant flowers are quite large, about 40 mm (1.6 in) diameter with a floral tube up to 28 mm (1.1 in) long.[4] They are initially functionally male, and coloured white with lemon tinges. Over a period of about 5 days the stigma begins to develop and the stamens curl away. At the same time the colour deepens until the fully functioning female flower is golden yellow with red/purple track lines in the throat.[4]

The fruit is a dehiscent, two-chambered capsule, black/brown, densely hairy and about 35 mm (1.4 in) wide and long.[4] Seeds are about 7 mm (0.28 in) long with a 4 mm (0.16 in) wing. They are numerous, and stacked together to fill each chamber.[4]

Phenology

Flowering occurs from early spring to early summer,[4][5] and the fruit ripen around May.[4]

Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1854 by the English botanist and illustrator William Jackson Hooker as Pittosporum flavum. In 1860 the German born Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus Hymenosporum in his work Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ.[7]

Etymology

The genus name Hymenosporum is derived from the Ancient Greek words humḗn, meaning membrane, and sporā́, meaning seed. It is a reference to the winged seeds.[8][5] The species epithet flavum is from the Latin flāvus, yellow, and refers to the flower colour.[5][4]

Distribution and habitat

The native range of Hymenosporum flavum is from New Guinea south through coastal Queensland to northeastern New South Wales.[4][6] It grows in rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest on various soils.[6][9]

Cultivation

Native frangipani is widely cultivated and usually grows to around 8 metres in height although it can grow to over 20 metres tall in the rainforest. It can be grown in shaded positions, but flowers best in full sun.[citation needed]

In Australia, the tree is commonly planted in suburban streets, in shopping boulevards and in walkways between tall buildings. It prefers a well-drained soil with a high organic content, but is highly adaptable. Very young seedlings are easily killed by frosts but if kept in a sheltered position until about 1–1.5 metres high, will thrive in cooler areas, as long as they have access to water during hot dry spells.[citation needed]

Hymenosporum flavum is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[10]

  • Flowering at Port Macquarie
    Flowering at Port Macquarie
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Leaves and flowers
    Leaves and flowers
  • Flowers close up
    Flowers close up
  • Seed capsules
    Seed capsules
  • Mature tree flowering
    Mature tree flowering
  • Flowers
    Flowers
  • Flowers start as white, then age to yellow and finally coppery orange
    Flowers start as white, then age to yellow and finally coppery orange

References

  1. ^ Jimbo, T. (2021). "Hymenosporum flavum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T196689337A197049548. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T196689337A197049548.en. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Hymenosporum R.Br. ex F.Muell.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cayzer, Lindy (2020). "Hymenosporum flavum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Hymenosporum flavum". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b c F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Hymenosporum flavum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  7. ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1825–1896). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. p. 77. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  8. ^ Cayzer, Lindy (2020). "Hymenosporum". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  9. ^ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System). Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  10. ^ Chladil, Mark; Sheridan, Jennifer. "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas" (PDF). www.fire.tas.gov.au. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund.
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