James Abegglen

James Christian Abegglen (1926–2007) was a university professor in management and economics, the author and co-author of ten books on Japan. He was one of the founders of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 1963, and the first representative director of its Tokyo branch, founded in 1966. His academic interests centered on Japanese enterprises and economic systems and their priority to the Western capitalism.

Life

He was born in Michigan. After graduation from Harvard and the University of Chicago, he served in the Third Marine Division to fight at Guadalcanal Island and Iwo Jima.　As World War II ended, he left in 1945 for Hiroshima as a member of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS). He visited Japan again in 1955 as a researcher of the Ford Foundation, to study Japanese industrial organization and personnel practices.

Abegglen lived permanently in Japan with his Japanese wife after 1982 and took Japanese nationality in 1997.

Academic career

He served successively as professor and director of the Graduate School of Comparative Culture at Sophia University, Chairperson of Asia Advisory Service K.K., and dean emeritus of Globis University in 2006. He taught "Management of Japanese Enterprises" at that school until his death from cancer on May 2, 2007.

Work

His book as a result of the research, The Japanese Factory published in 1958, pointed out the following features of employment and the strength of their mechanism in Japanese corporations:

• Lifetime employment: Employment extends over the whole working life of the employee
• Seniority-based wages: Compensation is determined by the number of years of employment in the company
• Periodic hiring: Employing young people fresh out of school
• In-company training: Employing workers based on personal qualities rather than job suitability, providing on-the-job training after hire
• Enterprise union: one labor union for each enterprise

Those employment practices, in strong contrast with the West, often at first startled and intrigued people in the United States, thus his book became a best-seller.

Abegglen was widely regarded as a reliable guide to Japan by Western business interests in the post-war era. Critics like Eamonn Fingleton argue, however, that he "regarded his principal function as doing public relations on behalf of the Japanese establishment," that he misled Western leaders and the Western public about the openness of Japanese markets, and that he kept his change of nationality secret.

Published works

• The Japanese Factory (1958)
• Big Business in America (1955)
• Kaisha, the Japanese Corporation (1985)
• Sea Change: Pacific Asia as the New World Industrial Center (Free Press: 1994)
• 21st Century Japanese Management: New Systems, Lasting Values (Palgrave Macmillan: 2006)