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Peperomia

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Gemena (talk | contribs) at 14:54, 7 July 2022 (Substituting all of Caribbean for Haiti & DomRep in the distribution table). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Peperomia
Peperomia trifolia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Subfamily: Piperoideae
Genus: Peperomia
Ruiz & Pav.
Species

Over 1,000, see List of Peperomia species

Peperomia is one of the two large genera of the family Piperaceae. It is estimated that there are at least over 1,000 species, occurring in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They are concentrated in northern South America and Central America, but are also found in Africa, southern Asia, and Oceania. The exact number is difficult to tell as some plants have been recorded several times with different names (c. 3,000 names have been used in publications) and new species continue to be discovered. Peperomias have adapted to many different environments and their appearance varies greatly. Some are epiphytes (growing on other plants) or lithophytes (growing on rock or in rock crevices), and many are xerophytes (drought-tolerant) either with thick succulent structures or with underground tubers (geophytes). Most species are compact perennial shrubs or vines.[1][2]

The genus name Peperomia was coined by Spanish botanists Ruiz López and Pavón Jiménez in 1794 after their travels in Peru and Chile.[3] Peperomia plants do not have a widely accepted common name and some argue that it is better to use the genus name, as is the case with genera such as Petunia and Begonia.[4] They are sometimes called radiator plants, a name possibly coined by L.H. Bailey because many of them enjoy bright and dry environments similar to a windowsill above a radiator.[3]

Description

Peperomias vary considerably in appearance (see gallery below) and there is no universally accepted method of categorising them, although three main groups can be distinguished.[1] Most species are compact and usually do not exceed 30 cm (12 in) in height.

First are plants with decorative foliage, which often grow in rain or clouds forests as epiphytes. They are adapted to living in small shady crevices on, for example, trees, with small root systems. As they do not have access to ground water they are typically succulent to a certain degree which in many species shows as thick, fleshy leaves, which have a waxy surface and are sometimes rippled. The leaves may be oval with the leafstalk at or near the center of the leaf blade, or they may be heart-shaped or lance-shaped; their size varies from 2.5–10 cm (1–4 in) long. They may be green or striped, marbled or bordered with pale green, red or gray, and the petioles of some kinds are red. They also enjoy high air humidity, warm temperatures, and grow all year round. Examples include P. argyreia, P. caperata, P. nitida, and P. obtusifolia.[1][2]

Second group consists of arid climate succulent peperomias, which are often found in high altitudes. They are adapted to withstanding a long warm season followed by a colder winter and very little rainfall. They store water both in their stout stems and in their succulent leaves, which typically form kind of tubes or balls, appearing U- or V-shaped in cross-section, often with epidermal windows on the top-side. P. columella, P. ferreyrae and P. nivalis fall into this category.[1][5]

The third group contains geophytic peperomias. These plants have leaves that fall off in the colder dry season, survive due to their underground tubers, and grow the leaves back as more rain falls. Examples include P. macrorhiza, P. peruviana, and P. umbilicata.[1][6] Currently just under 50 species of geophytic Peperomias are known, but new ones continue to be discovered.[7]

Peperomia flowers are typically unnoticeable, growing in cordlike spikes, although there are some exceptions such as P. fraseri. Most peperomia flowers seem odorless to humans but some carry a musty or even unpleasant odor, such as P. graveolens. The fruit is a berry that eventually dries out and shows the tiny pepper-like seed.[2]

Distribution

Peperomias are found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. Northern South America and Central America host the largest number of species, but peperomias can also be found in Africa, southern Asia, and Oceania. The exact number of peperomia species continues to change as new plants are discovered and some distinct plant names, perhaps catalogued in separate geographical regions, are realised to describe the same species.[8] Therefore the table below gives a only a rough overall impression of the worldwide distribution.

Distribution of peperomia species[8]
Area Taxa Examples of endemic species (based on POWO)
Peru 405 P. andina, P. dolabella, P. dolabriformis, P. macrorhiza, P. metallica, P. minuta, P. nivalis, P. rubescens, P. verschaffeltii
Colombia 259 P. abbreviatipes, P. cordata, P. dimota, P. reptilis, P. venosa
Ecuador 237 P. graveolens, P. albovittata, P. cuspidilimba, P. fagerlindii, P. rugosa
Costa Rica 155 P. barbulata, P. dyscrita, P. hammelii, P. incognita, P. vinasiana
Mexico 139 P. camptotricha, P. hobbitoides, P. oxycarpa, P. tuberosa, P. xalana
Brazil[9] 117 P. caperata, P. flexicaulis, P. griseoargentea, P. marmorata, P. nudifolia, P. ramboi
Caribbean Islands[10] 72 P. clusiifolia, P. cubensis, P. verticillata
Pacific Islands (other than mentioned)[11] 45 P. attenuata, P. mariannensis, P. tutuilana
Madagascar 42 P. ankaranensis, P. humbertii, P. mocquerysii
Hawaii[12] 22 P. cookiana, P. kipahuluensis, P. obovatilimba
Africa (continental) 21 P. fernandopoiana, P. kamerunana, P. molleri
Philippines 18 P. copelandii, P. elmeri, P. recurvata
Papuasia[13] 18 P. bismarckiana, P. peckelii, P. schlechteri
India[14] 11 P. ekakesara, P. emarginatifolia, P. thomsonii
Southeast Asia (Indo-China)[15] 7 P. masuthoniana, P. sirindhorniana, P. thorelii
Australia 5 P. bellendenkerensis, P. hunteriana, P. × enervis

Note that many peperomias are found in wide overlapping regions, for example everywhere in tropical America or Asia, and so have not been included in the species count for individual areas.

Peperomias and humans

Horticulture

Peperomias are often grown for their ornamental foliage and many species are considered easy to grow in homes and greenhouses. Several species have been given the Award of Garden Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society.[16] Most species need airy, well-draining substrate and want to dry out to some extent or even completely between waterings. A typical reason for losing a peperomia is through root rot caused by over-watering.[1]

The tropical, decorative foliage plants, typically enjoy shadier conditions with more humidity. Some might even require a terrarium or a bottle garden to maintain high humidity. The arid climate succulent types should be treated similarly to cacti and other succulents: they can tolerate more light and will survive a dry cold period, during which they are watered only seldomly. The geophytic peperomias are used to experiencing a cold resting period once a year.[1]

Peperomias are largely considered non-toxic and are often recommended for households with children or animals.[17][18]

Food and medicine

Many peperomias are herbs in the sense that their leaves carry a spicy flavour and, when crushed, emit a strong odour. Because of this some species, such as Peperomia pellucida are used in salads and cooking, or to flavour drinks.[19][4] Some, including Peperomia inaequalifolia and Peperomia congona, are also used in herbal medicine as digestives, for their anti-inflammatory and wound-healing qualities, or as drops against otitis and conjunctivitis.[20] While such folk medicine usage is common in Peru and elsewehere the possible medicinal qualities of peperomias remain poorly investigated, although there has been a growing interest for the subject recently.[21] For the moment, it is advised that people should not try to eat the peperomias sold as houseplants.[22]

Propagation

These plants can be propagated by seeds, by cuttings, or by dividing. Peperomia cuttings of many species root easily.[23]

Plants can be divided and repotted. They are removed and separated into smaller pieces, each with a few roots attached. Leaf or stem cuttings can also be taken in the spring or summer. The lower leaves of the shoots are removed and a cut is made below the bottom node (joint). They are then laid on a bench for an hour or two to allow a protective callus tissue to form over the cuts. They are then inserted in a propagating case with bottom heat of 21–24 °C (70–75 °F). It is best not to seal the top completely, as the plants are semi-succulent in nature and excessive humidity is detrimental. When enough roots have formed, cuttings can be planted in 75 mm (3 in) pots or in hanging baskets.

Examples of tropical, decorative foliage types

Examples of arid climate succulent types

Examples of geophytic Peperomias

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Mathieu, G. "Internet Peperomia Reference". Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Rowley & Rauh (2001). "Pep for plantsmen – Part 1, Scrutinizing Peperomia". British Cactus & Succulent Journal. 19 (3): 151–155. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b Crawford, Bruce. "Peperomia: Foliage for the Holidays". Rutgers University. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b Heiser, Charles Bixler (1985). Of Plants and People. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 155–162. ISBN 0-8061-1931-4.
  5. ^ Rowley & Rauh (2002). "Pep for plantsmen – Part 3, the window-leaved peperomias". British Cactus & Succulent Journal. 20 (1): 43–49. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  6. ^ Rowley & Rauh (2001). "Pep for plantsmen – Part 2, the geophytic peperomias". British Cactus & Succulent Journal. 19 (4): 200–205. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  7. ^ Mathieu, G. "Focus on new geophytic Peperomias". Internet Peperomia Reference. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  8. ^ a b Mathieu, G. "Focus on how many Peperomias?". Internet Peperomia Reference. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  9. ^ Carvalho-Silva, M; Guimarães, EF; Câmar, PEAS (2013). "New Species of Peperomia (Piperaceae) from Brazil". Systematic Botany. 38 (3): 571–575. doi:10.1600/036364413X670412.
  10. ^ "Peperomia in Caribbean Islands". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  11. ^ "Peperomia in Pacific Islands". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  12. ^ "Peperomia in Hawaii". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  13. ^ "Peperomia in Papuasia". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  14. ^ Thomas, A; Jameson, J (2022). "Peperomia albertiae (Piperaceae), a new species from India". Kew Bulletin. 77 (1): 341–346. doi:10.1007/S12225-022-10006-7.
  15. ^ "Peperomia in Indo-China". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Award of Garden Merit (AGM)". The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  17. ^ "Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List - Cats". American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Safe Plants For Early Childhood Services". Aussie Childcare Network. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  19. ^ "Peperomia". Eat The Weeds. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  20. ^ Pino, Guillermo (2010). "Alte und neue Namen der sukkulenten Arznei-Peperomias aus Peru". Avonia. 28 (2): 39–54.
  21. ^ Gutierrez, Y.; Yamaguchi, L.; de Moraes, M.; Jeffrey, C.; Kato, M. (2016). "Natural products from Peperomia: occurrence, biogenesis and bioactivity". Phytochemistry Reviews. 15: 1009–1033. doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9461-5.
  22. ^ Dei, Laure. "Ask A Master Gardener – Peperomia: An Easy Growing Houseplant". University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  23. ^ R.W. Henley; L.S. Osborne; A.R. Chase. "Peperomia Production Guide". University of Florida, IFAS. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
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