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{{short description|US Federal regulation on unmanned aerial systems}}
{{short description|US Federal regulation on unmanned aerial systems}}
'''Remote ID''' is a regulation of the US [[Federal Aviation Administration]] that requires registered drones ([[unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aircraft systems]] or UAS) to broadcast certain identifying and location information during flight, akin to a digital [[vehicle registration plate|license plate]] for drones.<ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0">{{cite court |litigants=Brennan v. Dickson |vol=45 |reporter=F.4th |opinion=48 |court=D.C. Cir. |date=2022 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087/USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0}}</ref> Remote ID regulations are codified in the [[Code of Federal Regulations]].
'''Remote ID''' is a regulation of the US [[Federal Aviation Administration]] that requires registered drones ([[unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aircraft systems]] or UAS) to broadcast certain identifying and location information during flight, akin to a digital [[vehicle registration plate|license plate]] for drones.<ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0">{{cite court |litigants=Brennan v. Dickson |vol=45 |reporter=F.4th |opinion=48 |court=D.C. Cir. |date=2022 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087/USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0}}</ref> Remote ID regulations are codified in Part 89 the [[Code of Federal Regulations]].


Two types of remote ID are available to UAS operators that comply with Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft: standard remote identification and remote identification modules.<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-01-15/pdf/2020-28948.pdf "Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft"] (PDF). ''Fed. Reg''. 2021. pp.&nbsp;4404–4406. Retrieved October 27, 2023.</ref>
Two types of Remote ID are available: standard remote identification, and remote identification modules.<ref>"[https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-28948#h-49 Operating Requirements for Remote Identification]" section of the Remote ID regulation, {{Federal Register|86|4390}} (15 January 2021) at [https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-28948#h-49 pp.&nbsp;4404–4406].</ref> FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIAs) are defined geographic areas where unregistered drones can be flown without Remote ID equipment.<ref name="fria"/>


Remote ID information is meant to be broadcast to the public and readable by smart phones and similar devices.<ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/> [[ASTM International|ASTM]] Open Drone ID is a commonly implemented standard that defines broadcasts over [[Wi-Fi]] for longer ranges and [[Bluetooth]] for shorter ranges.
Remote ID information is meant to be broadcast to the public and readable by smart phones and similar devices.<ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/> [[ASTM International|ASTM]] Open Drone ID is a commonly implemented standard that defines broadcasts over [[Wi-Fi]] for longer ranges and [[Bluetooth]] for shorter ranges.
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[[file:remote-ID-Compliant-01.svg|thumb|Unofficial remote ID compliance label]]
[[file:remote-ID-Compliant-01.svg|thumb|Unofficial remote ID compliance label]]


The FAA classifies drones under 55 pounds as small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS).<ref>{{Code of Federal Regulations|14|107|3}}—Definitions</ref> These systems can operate either as limited recreational operations under the [[FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018]] or under Part 107 with more stringent requirements.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|49|44809}}—Exception for limited recreational operations of unmanned aircraft</ref>
The Federal Aviation Administration classifies UAS under 55 pounds as small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS).<ref>"[https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/appendix_3.html Appendix 3 Abbreviations/Acronyms]". ''Aeronautical Information Manual''. 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2023.</ref> These systems can operate in one of two ways—either as limited recreational operations, or under part 107 for commercial operations—but never both simultaneously. Compliance with one of the three remote identification methods is required. Standard remote identification hardware, which is factory-installed before sale, is one such method. Operators of sUAS without standard remote ID hardware can still comply by using a removable remote ID module, which can be added to any UAS in the operator's inventory as needed.


Remote ID compliance with one of the three methods is required. Standard remote identification hardware, which is factory-installed before sale, is one such method. Operators without standard hardware can still comply by using removable remote ID modules, which can be added to any UAS as needed. The third option is a FAA-Recognized Identification Area (FRIA) where drones can be flown without any remote ID equipment.
⚫
== FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIA) ==


⚫
== FAA-Recognized Identification Area (FRIA) ==
Amendment 19, published as 14 CFR Part 89 Subpart C<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Federal Register :: Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-89/subpart-C |access-date=October 23, 2023 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> on September 16, 2022, outlines FAA Recognized Identification Areas (FRIA), which are the only airspace where limited recreational operation of unregistered sUAS is permitted. Operators of sUAS were required to comply with 14 CFR Part 89 starting September 16, 2023 and all operators—both part 107-certified and limited recreational users—were required to be in Part 89 compliance by March 16, 2024.

FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIAs) are defined geographic areas where drones can be flown if they don't have Remote ID equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subpart C—FAA-Recognized Identification Areas |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-89/subpart-C |website=[[Code of Federal Regulations]]}}</ref><ref name="fria">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIAs) |url=https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id/fria |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |access-date=2025-01-05}}</ref>


== Broadcast specifications ==
== Broadcast specifications ==
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* [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] (BLE) for short range messages. BLE advertising packets are transmitted on channels 37, 38, and 39.
* [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] (BLE) for short range messages. BLE advertising packets are transmitted on channels 37, 38, and 39.


Open Drone ID defines an [[application layer]], including messages for identifiers, location, altitude, direction, speed, and other information.<ref name="Tutorial2022"/><ref name="Tsuboi2024">{{cite web |last=Tsuboi |first=Angelina |date=2024-10-23 |title=Drone Swarmer: Uncovering Vulnerabilities in Open Drone ID |url=https://medium.com/@angelinatsuboi/drone-swarmer-uncovering-vulnerabilities-in-open-drone-id-cdd8d1a23c2c |website=Medium |location= |publisher= |access-date=2025-01-04}}</ref> Projects such as the Open Drone ID Core C Library provide [[API|application programming interfaces]] (APIs) for applications.<ref name="clibrary">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=Open Drone ID Core C Library |url=https://github.com/opendroneid/opendroneid-core-c |website=GitHub |location=<!-- not stated --> |publisher=opendroneid |access-date=2025-01-04 |quote=Wi-Fi Beacon […] If any other channel than Channel 6 on 2.4 GHz or Channel 149 on 5 GHz is used, a faster transmission rate of 5 Hz is required.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=MAVLink Development Team |author-link=MAVLink |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=Open Drone ID |url=https://mavlink.io/en/services/opendroneid.html |website=MAVLink Developer Guide |location=<!-- not stated --> |publisher= |access-date=2025-01-04}}</ref>
Open Drone ID defines an [[application layer]], including messages for identifiers, location, altitude, direction, speed, and other information.<ref name="Tutorial2022"/><ref name="Tsuboi2024">{{cite web |last=Tsuboi |first=Angelina |date=2024-10-23 |title=Drone Swarmer: Uncovering Vulnerabilities in Open Drone ID |url=https://medium.com/@angelinatsuboi/drone-swarmer-uncovering-vulnerabilities-in-open-drone-id-cdd8d1a23c2c |website=Medium |location= |publisher= |access-date=2025-01-04}}</ref> [[Library (computing)|Libraries]] such as the Open Drone ID Core C Library provide [[API|application programming interfaces]] (APIs) for applications.<ref name="clibrary">{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=Open Drone ID Core C Library |url=https://github.com/opendroneid/opendroneid-core-c |website=GitHub |location=<!-- not stated --> |publisher=opendroneid |access-date=2025-01-04 |quote=Wi-Fi Beacon […] If any other channel than Channel 6 on 2.4 GHz or Channel 149 on 5 GHz is used, a faster transmission rate of 5 Hz is required.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=MAVLink Development Team |author-link=MAVLink |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=Open Drone ID |url=https://mavlink.io/en/services/opendroneid.html |website=MAVLink Developer Guide |location=<!-- not stated --> |publisher= |access-date=2025-01-04}}</ref> Product developers can then [[separation of concerns|focus]] on things like [[design]] and other aspects of the system.


== History ==
== History ==


The [[FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012]] called on the FAA to create a system to regulate the operation of small civil (i.e. nongovernmental) drones to integrate them into the [[National Airspace System]].<ref>[[FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012]], {{USPL|112|95}}, §§ 332, 333.</ref><ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/><ref>General Counsel, Office of the Secretary of Transportation. (2023). [https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/State-Local-Regulation-of-Unmanned-Aircraft-Systems-Fact-Sheet.pdf ''State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft''<nowiki> [Fact Sheet]</nowiki>]. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 27, 2023</ref> The FAA then promulgated a comprehensive set of regulations for routine use of small, unmanned aircraft in 2016.<ref>14 CFR [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-107?toc=1 part 107].</ref><ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/> The [[FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016]] directed the FAA to develop the capacity to remotely locate drones in flight and contact their operators as needed to ensure regulatory compliance.<ref>[[FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016]], {{USPL|114|190}}, § 2202(a).</ref><ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/> In the [[FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018]], Congress made clear that recreational sUAS are generally subject to the same rules regarding registration and marking, remote identification, and "maintaining the safety and security of the national airspace system" as applied to other unmanned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems.<ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/>
The [[FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012]] called on the FAA to regulate small drones to integrate them into the [[National Airspace System]].<ref>[[FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012]], {{USPL|112|95}}, §§ 332, 333.</ref><ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/><ref>General Counsel, Office of the Secretary of Transportation. (2023). [https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/State-Local-Regulation-of-Unmanned-Aircraft-Systems-Fact-Sheet.pdf ''State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft''<nowiki> [Fact Sheet]</nowiki>]. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 27, 2023</ref> The FAA then promulgated a comprehensive set of regulations for the operation of small UAS (sUAS) in 2016.<ref>14 CFR [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-107?toc=1 part 107]. Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems, {{Federal Register|81|42064}} (28 June 2016).</ref><ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/> The [[FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016]] directed the FAA to develop the capacity to remotely locate drones in flight and contact their operators as needed to ensure regulatory compliance.<ref>[[FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016]], {{USPL|114|190}}, § 2202(a).</ref><ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/> And in the [[FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018]], Congress made clear that recreational sUAS are generally subject to the same rules regarding registration and marking, remote identification, and "maintaining the safety and security of the national airspace system" as applied to other unmanned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems.<ref name="USCOURTS-caDC-21-01087-0"/>

The final rule was published in the [[Federal Register]] on January 15, 2021.<ref>Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft, {{Federal Register|86|4390}} (15 January 2021).</ref> The effective date of the rule was March 16, 2021, with exception of amendatory instruction 19, while subpart C to Part 89 was effective September 16, 2022. Operators of sUAS were required to be in compliance by 16 September 2023 and the FAA ended its discretionary enforcement period 16 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=15 March 2024 |title=FAA Ends Discretionary Enforcement Policy on Drone Remote Identification |url=https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-ends-discretionary-enforcement-policy-drone-remote-identification |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |access-date=2025-01-05}}</ref>


⚫
''[[RaceDayQuads v. FAA]]'', also known as ''Brennan v. Dickson'', was a 2022 [[Federal judiciary of the United States|United States court case]] heard in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|DC Federal Court of Appeals]] in which the online store RaceDayQuads attempted to challenge the constitutionality and legality of the Federal Aviation Administration's remote ID ruling and decision to require that all unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in US airspace to continuously transmit the location of both the drone and its operator during all operations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rupprecht|first=Jonathan|date=2021-03-18|title=RaceDayQuads LLC v. FAA (Lawsuit Challenging Drone Remote Identification Regulations)|url=https://jrupprechtlaw.com/racedayquads-llc-v-faa-lawsuit-challenging-drone-remote-identification-regulations/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Drone Law and Drone Attorney Assistance|language=en-US}}</ref> The suit, filed by RaceDayQuads owner and CEO Tyler Brennan, was intended to "save the drone industry", including [[drone racing]] by using "FPV drones".<ref name="Racedayquads">{{Cite web|title=FAA Legal Battle - Challenging Remote ID|url=https://www.racedayquads.com/pages/faa-legal-battle-to-save-fpv|access-date=2021-05-26|website=RaceDayQuads|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=RaceDayQuads.com vs FAA court case in defense of all drone pilots and model aviators|url=https://www.suasnews.com/2021/03/racedayquads-com-vs-faa-court-case-in-defense-of-all-drone-pilots-and-model-aviators/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones|language=en-GB}}</ref> The suit ultimately failed at the DC Appeals Court, which in an opinion written by federal judge [[Cornelia Pillard]] sided with the FAA's arguments.
The final rule was published in the [[Federal Register]] on January 15, 2021.<ref>Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft, 86 Fed. Reg. 4390 (Vol. 86, No. 10, October 27, 2023). To be codified at 14 C.F.R. pts. 1, 11, 47, 48, 89, 91 & 107.</ref> The effective date of the rule was March 16, 2021, with exception of amendatory instruction 19, while subpart C to Part 89 was effective September 16, 2022.


The [[FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024]] directed the FAA to review the Remote ID rule to determine whether unmanned aircraft manufacturers and operators can meet the intent of the rule through alternative means of compliance, including through network-based remote identification.<ref>[[FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024]], {{USPL|118|63}}, § [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/118/public/63?link-type=uslm#d4122e46972 907].</ref>
=== Legal challenge ===
{{main|RaceDayQuads v. FAA}}
⚫
''RaceDayQuads, LLC v. FAA'', also known as ''Brennan v. Dickson'', was a 2022 [[Federal judiciary of the United States|United States court case]] heard in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|DC Federal Court of Appeals]] in which the online store RaceDayQuads attempted to challenge the constitutionality and legality of the Federal Aviation Administration's remote ID ruling and decision to require that all unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in US airspace to continuously transmit the location of both the drone and its operator during all operations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rupprecht|first=Jonathan|date=2021-03-18|title=RaceDayQuads LLC v. FAA (Lawsuit Challenging Drone Remote Identification Regulations)|url=https://jrupprechtlaw.com/racedayquads-llc-v-faa-lawsuit-challenging-drone-remote-identification-regulations/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Drone Law and Drone Attorney Assistance|language=en-US}}</ref> The suit, filed by RaceDayQuads owner and CEO Tyler Brennan, was intended to "save the drone industry", including [[drone racing]] by using "FPV drones".<ref name="Racedayquads">{{Cite web|title=FAA Legal Battle - Challenging Remote ID|url=https://www.racedayquads.com/pages/faa-legal-battle-to-save-fpv|access-date=2021-05-26|website=RaceDayQuads|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=RaceDayQuads.com vs FAA court case in defense of all drone pilots and model aviators|url=https://www.suasnews.com/2021/03/racedayquads-com-vs-faa-court-case-in-defense-of-all-drone-pilots-and-model-aviators/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones|language=en-GB}}</ref> The suit ultimately failed at the DC Appeals Court, which in an opinion written by federal judge [[Cornelia Pillard]] sided with the FAA's arguments.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 39: Line 41:
== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id Remote ID] webpage of the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]
* [https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id Remote ID] webpage of the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]
** [https://faa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=8f274117010f4eb1a50f64c1719be12b Map of FAA-Recognized Identification Areas] (FRIAs)
* [https://faadronezone-access.faa.gov/ FAADroneZone] website of the FAA
* [https://faadronezone-access.faa.gov/ FAADroneZone] website of the FAA
** [https://udds-faa.opendata.arcgis.com/ UAS Data Delivery System]
* [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-89?toc=1 Part 89—Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft] in the [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]]
* [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-89?toc=1 Part 89—Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft] in the [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]]
* [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-107?toc=1 Part 107—Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems] in the CFR
* [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-F/part-107?toc=1 Part 107—Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems] in the CFR

Latest revision as of 01:27, 8 January 2025

Remote ID is a regulation of the US Federal Aviation Administration that requires registered drones (unmanned aircraft systems or UAS) to broadcast certain identifying and location information during flight, akin to a digital license plate for drones.[1] Remote ID regulations are codified in Part 89 the Code of Federal Regulations.

Two types of Remote ID are available: standard remote identification, and remote identification modules.[2] FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIAs) are defined geographic areas where unregistered drones can be flown without Remote ID equipment.[3]

Remote ID information is meant to be broadcast to the public and readable by smart phones and similar devices.[1] ASTM Open Drone ID is a commonly implemented standard that defines broadcasts over Wi-Fi for longer ranges and Bluetooth for shorter ranges.

Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS)

[edit]
Unofficial remote ID compliance label

The FAA classifies drones under 55 pounds as small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS).[4] These systems can operate either as limited recreational operations under the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 or under Part 107 with more stringent requirements.[5]

Remote ID compliance with one of the three methods is required. Standard remote identification hardware, which is factory-installed before sale, is one such method. Operators without standard hardware can still comply by using removable remote ID modules, which can be added to any UAS as needed. The third option is a FAA-Recognized Identification Area (FRIA) where drones can be flown without any remote ID equipment.

FAA-Recognized Identification Area (FRIA)

[edit]

FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIAs) are defined geographic areas where drones can be flown if they don't have Remote ID equipment.[6][3]

Broadcast specifications

[edit]

Remote ID information is meant to be broadcast to the public and readable by smart phones and similar devices.[1] The ASTM F3411 standard for very-low-level UAS specifies Open Drone ID broadcasts with common consumer electronics:[7]

Open Drone ID defines an application layer, including messages for identifiers, location, altitude, direction, speed, and other information.[7][8] Libraries such as the Open Drone ID Core C Library provide application programming interfaces (APIs) for applications.[9][11] Product developers can then focus on things like design and other aspects of the system.

History

[edit]

The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 called on the FAA to regulate small drones to integrate them into the National Airspace System.[12][1][13] The FAA then promulgated a comprehensive set of regulations for the operation of small UAS (sUAS) in 2016.[14][1] The FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 directed the FAA to develop the capacity to remotely locate drones in flight and contact their operators as needed to ensure regulatory compliance.[15][1] And in the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, Congress made clear that recreational sUAS are generally subject to the same rules regarding registration and marking, remote identification, and "maintaining the safety and security of the national airspace system" as applied to other unmanned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems.[1]

The final rule was published in the Federal Register on January 15, 2021.[16] The effective date of the rule was March 16, 2021, with exception of amendatory instruction 19, while subpart C to Part 89 was effective September 16, 2022. Operators of sUAS were required to be in compliance by 16 September 2023 and the FAA ended its discretionary enforcement period 16 March 2024.[17]

RaceDayQuads v. FAA, also known as Brennan v. Dickson, was a 2022 United States court case heard in the DC Federal Court of Appeals in which the online store RaceDayQuads attempted to challenge the constitutionality and legality of the Federal Aviation Administration's remote ID ruling and decision to require that all unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in US airspace to continuously transmit the location of both the drone and its operator during all operations.[18] The suit, filed by RaceDayQuads owner and CEO Tyler Brennan, was intended to "save the drone industry", including drone racing by using "FPV drones".[19][20] The suit ultimately failed at the DC Appeals Court, which in an opinion written by federal judge Cornelia Pillard sided with the FAA's arguments.

The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 directed the FAA to review the Remote ID rule to determine whether unmanned aircraft manufacturers and operators can meet the intent of the rule through alternative means of compliance, including through network-based remote identification.[21]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Brennan v. Dickson, 45 F.4th 48 (D.C. Cir. 2022).
  2. ^ "Operating Requirements for Remote Identification" section of the Remote ID regulation, 86 FR 4390 (15 January 2021) at pp. 4404–4406.
  3. ^ a b "FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIAs)". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  4. ^ 14 CFR 107.3—Definitions
  5. ^ 49 U.S.C. § 44809—Exception for limited recreational operations of unmanned aircraft
  6. ^ "Subpart C—FAA-Recognized Identification Areas". Code of Federal Regulations.
  7. ^ a b Kais Belwafi; Ruba Alkadi; Sultan A. Alameri; Hussam Al-Hamadi; Abdulhadi Shoufan (2022). "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles' Remote Identification: A Tutorial and Survey". IEEE Access. 10: 87577–87601. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3199909. ISSN 2169-3536. Wikidata Q125618419.
  8. ^ a b Tsuboi, Angelina (2024-10-23). "Drone Swarmer: Uncovering Vulnerabilities in Open Drone ID". Medium. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  9. ^ a b "Open Drone ID Core C Library". GitHub. opendroneid. Retrieved 2025-01-04. Wi-Fi Beacon […] If any other channel than Channel 6 on 2.4 GHz or Channel 149 on 5 GHz is used, a faster transmission rate of 5 Hz is required.
  10. ^ EP patent 3369083B1 
  11. ^ MAVLink Development Team. "Open Drone ID". MAVLink Developer Guide. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  12. ^ FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Pub. L. 112–95 (text) (PDF), §§ 332, 333.
  13. ^ General Counsel, Office of the Secretary of Transportation. (2023). State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft [Fact Sheet]. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 27, 2023
  14. ^ 14 CFR part 107. Operation and Certification of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 81 FR 42064 (28 June 2016).
  15. ^ FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016, Pub. L. 114–190 (text) (PDF), § 2202(a).
  16. ^ Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft, 86 FR 4390 (15 January 2021).
  17. ^ "FAA Ends Discretionary Enforcement Policy on Drone Remote Identification". Federal Aviation Administration. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
  18. ^ Rupprecht, Jonathan (2021-03-18). "RaceDayQuads LLC v. FAA (Lawsuit Challenging Drone Remote Identification Regulations)". Drone Law and Drone Attorney Assistance. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  19. ^ "FAA Legal Battle - Challenging Remote ID". RaceDayQuads. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  20. ^ "RaceDayQuads.com vs FAA court case in defense of all drone pilots and model aviators". sUAS News - The Business of Drones. 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  21. ^ FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024, Pub. L. 118–63 (text) (PDF), § 907.
[edit]
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