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Remote ID

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Int21h (talk | contribs) at 20:52, 5 January 2025 (→FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIA): ce reword). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Remote ID is a regulation of the US Federal Aviation Administration that requires registered drones (unmanned aircraft systems or UAS) to broadcast certain identifying and location information during flight, akin to a digital license plate for drones.[1] Remote ID regulations are codified in the Code of Federal Regulations.

Two types of remote ID are available to UAS operators that comply with Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft: standard remote identification and remote identification modules.[2]

Remote ID information is meant to be broadcast to the public and readable by smart phones and similar devices.[1] ASTM Open Drone ID is a commonly implemented standard that defines broadcasts over Wi-Fi for longer ranges and Bluetooth for shorter ranges.

Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS)

Unofficial remote ID compliance label

The Federal Aviation Administration classifies UAS under 55 pounds as small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS).[3] These systems can operate in one of two ways—either as limited recreational operations, or under part 107 for commercial operations—but never both simultaneously. Compliance with one of the three remote identification methods is required. Standard remote identification hardware, which is factory-installed before sale, is one such method. Operators of sUAS without standard remote ID hardware can still comply by using a removable remote ID module, which can be added to any UAS in the operator's inventory as needed.

FAA-Recognized Identification Areas (FRIA)

Amendment 19, published as 14 CFR Part 89 Subpart C[4] on September 16, 2022, outlines FAA Recognized Identification Areas (FRIA), which are the only airspace where limited recreational operation of unregistered sUAS is permitted. Operators of sUAS were required to comply with 14 CFR Part 89 starting September 16, 2023 and all operators—both part 107-certified and limited recreational users—were required to be in Part 89 compliance by March 16, 2024.

Broadcast specifications

Remote ID information is meant to be broadcast to the public and readable by smart phones and similar devices.[1] The ASTM F3411 standard for very-low-level UAS specifies Open Drone ID broadcasts with common consumer electronics:[5]

Open Drone ID defines an application layer, including messages for identifiers, location, altitude, direction, speed, and other information.[5][6] Projects such as the Open Drone ID Core C Library provide application programming interfaces (APIs) for applications.[7][9]

History

The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 called on the FAA to create a system to regulate the operation of small civil (i.e. nongovernmental) drones to integrate them into the National Airspace System.[10][1][11] The FAA then promulgated a comprehensive set of regulations for routine use of small, unmanned aircraft in 2016.[12][1] The FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 directed the FAA to develop the capacity to remotely locate drones in flight and contact their operators as needed to ensure regulatory compliance.[13][1] In the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, Congress made clear that recreational sUAS are generally subject to the same rules regarding registration and marking, remote identification, and "maintaining the safety and security of the national airspace system" as applied to other unmanned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems.[1]

The final rule was published in the Federal Register on January 15, 2021.[14] The effective date of the rule was March 16, 2021, with exception of amendatory instruction 19, while subpart C to Part 89 was effective September 16, 2022.

Main article: RaceDayQuads v. FAA

RaceDayQuads, LLC v. FAA, also known as Brennan v. Dickson, was a 2022 United States court case heard in the DC Federal Court of Appeals in which the online store RaceDayQuads attempted to challenge the constitutionality and legality of the Federal Aviation Administration's remote ID ruling and decision to require that all unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in US airspace to continuously transmit the location of both the drone and its operator during all operations.[15] The suit, filed by RaceDayQuads owner and CEO Tyler Brennan, was intended to "save the drone industry", including drone racing by using "FPV drones".[16][17] The suit ultimately failed at the DC Appeals Court, which in an opinion written by federal judge Cornelia Pillard sided with the FAA's arguments.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Brennan v. Dickson, 45 F.4th 48 (D.C. Cir. 2022).
  2. ^ "Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft" (PDF). Fed. Reg. 2021. pp. 4404–4406. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  3. ^ "Appendix 3 Abbreviations/Acronyms". Aeronautical Information Manual. 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  4. ^ "Federal Register :: Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft". Federal Register. 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Kais Belwafi; Ruba Alkadi; Sultan A. Alameri; Hussam Al-Hamadi; Abdulhadi Shoufan (2022). "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles' Remote Identification: A Tutorial and Survey". IEEE Access. 10: 87577–87601. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3199909. ISSN 2169-3536. Wikidata Q125618419.
  6. ^ a b Tsuboi, Angelina (2024-10-23). "Drone Swarmer: Uncovering Vulnerabilities in Open Drone ID". Medium. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  7. ^ a b "Open Drone ID Core C Library". GitHub. opendroneid. Retrieved 2025-01-04. Wi-Fi Beacon […] If any other channel than Channel 6 on 2.4 GHz or Channel 149 on 5 GHz is used, a faster transmission rate of 5 Hz is required.
  8. ^ EP patent 3369083B1 
  9. ^ MAVLink Development Team. "Open Drone ID". MAVLink Developer Guide. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  10. ^ FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Pub. L. 112–95 (text) (PDF), §§ 332, 333.
  11. ^ General Counsel, Office of the Secretary of Transportation. (2023). State and Local Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft [Fact Sheet]. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 27, 2023
  12. ^ 14 CFR part 107.
  13. ^ FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016, Pub. L. 114–190 (text) (PDF), § 2202(a).
  14. ^ Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft, 86 Fed. Reg. 4390 (Vol. 86, No. 10, October 27, 2023). To be codified at 14 C.F.R. pts. 1, 11, 47, 48, 89, 91 & 107.
  15. ^ Rupprecht, Jonathan (2021-03-18). "RaceDayQuads LLC v. FAA (Lawsuit Challenging Drone Remote Identification Regulations)". Drone Law and Drone Attorney Assistance. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  16. ^ "FAA Legal Battle - Challenging Remote ID". RaceDayQuads. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  17. ^ "RaceDayQuads.com vs FAA court case in defense of all drone pilots and model aviators". sUAS News - The Business of Drones. 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
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