Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

Tigray People's Liberation Front

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by GreenC bot (talk | contribs) at 20:08, 26 August 2024 (Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per citations per WP:USURPURL and WP:JUDI). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Woyane" redirects here. For the original (1943) movement, see Woyane rebellion.

Tigray People's Liberation Front
ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ
AbbreviationTPLF
ChairmanDebretsion Gebremichael
Deputy ChairmanFetlework Gebregziabher
SpokesmanGetachew Reda[1]
Founded18 February 1975
HeadquartersMekelle
NewspaperWeyin (ወይን)
Membership (1991)100,000
Ideology
Historical:
Political positionLeft-wing[15][16][17]
Historical:
Far-left[18]
National affiliationEPRDF (1988–2019)
CEFF (2019–2020)
UFEFCF (2021–2022)
Regional affiliationTigray Defense Forces
ColorsRed and Gold
House of Peoples' Representatives
0 / 547
Council of Tigray Regional State' Representatives
0 / 190
Party flag

The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF; Template:Lang-ti), also known as the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, is a left-wing ethnic nationalist,[2][19][20][5] paramilitary group,[21] and the former ruling party of Ethiopia.[22][23] It was classified as a terrorist organization by the Ethiopian government from May 2021 until its removal from the list in March 2023.[24][25] In older and less formal texts and speech it is known as Woyane (Template:Lang-ti) or Weyané (Amharic: ወያኔ).[26]

This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

According to official figures, the TPLF was founded on February 18, 1975, in Dedebit, northwestern Tigray.[27] Within 16 years, it grew from about a dozen men to become the most powerful armed "liberation" movement in Ethiopia.[28] From 1988 to 2018, it led a political coalition, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). It fought a 15-year-long war against the Derg regime, which was overthrown on 28 May 1991.

The TPLF, with the support of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), overthrew the government of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) on May 28, 1991, and installed a new government that remained in power[29] until the TPLF was removed from federal government control on 2 April 2018.[30][31]

On 18 January 2021, the National Election Board of Ethiopia terminated the party's registration, citing acts of violence and rebellion committed by the party's leadership against the Federal government in 2020, as well as a lack of representation.[32][22] On 6 May 2021, the Ethiopian House of Peoples' Representatives formally approved a parliamentary resolution designating the TPLF as a terrorist organization.[25]

On 2 November 2022, the African Union brokered a deal in Pretoria, South Africa, between the two parties to end the Tigray War.[33] As per the peace agreement, the TPLF began disarming in January 2023.[34][35]

History

Origins

The TPLF is considered to be the product of the marginalization of Tigrayans within Ethiopia after Menelik II of Shewa became emperor in 1889. The Tigrayan traditional elite and peasantry had a strong regional identity and a resentment due to their own perception of the decline of Tigray.[36] It was popularly referred to as Woyane, for evoking memories of the armed revolt of 1942–43 (the First Woyane) against the re-establishment of imperial rule after Italian occupation remained alive and provided an important reference for the new generations of educated Tigrayan nationalists.[37]

At Haile Selassie I University (now Addis Ababa University), Tigrayan students had formed the Political Association of Tigrayans (PAT) in 1972 and the Tigrayan University Students' Association (TUSA) beginning in the early 1960s. These student groups evolved into a radical nationalist group that operated in Tigray after the start of the Ethiopian revolution in 1974, and began calling for Tigrayan independence, forming the Tigray Liberation Front (TLF). Meanwhile, a Marxist current emerged in TUSA that advocated national self-determination for Tigray within a revolutionary, democratic Ethiopia.[38]

While the multinational leftist movements prioritized class struggle over national self-determination for the Ethiopian nationalities, the Marxists of the TUSA argued for self-determination as the starting point for the final socialist revolution because of the existing inequalities among the Ethiopian nationalities.[39]

1974–1977

In February 1974, the Marxists within TUSA welcomed the Ethiopian Revolution but opposed the Derg (a military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991), as they were convinced that it would neither lead a genuine socialist revolution nor correctly resolve the Ethiopian nationality question. Two days after the Derg took power, on 14 September 1974, seven leaders of this trend established the Association of Progressives of the Tigray Nation (Template:Lang-ti, Maḥbär Gäsgästi Bəḥer Təgray), also known as the Tigrayan National Organization (TNO). The founders were: Alemseged Mengesha (nom de guerre: Haylu), Ammaha Tsehay (Abbay), Aregawi Berhe (Berhu), Embay Mesfin (Seyoum), Fentahun Zere'atsion (Gidey), Mulugeta Hagos (Asfeha), and Zeru Gesese (Agazi). The TNO was to prepare the ground for the future armed movement in Tigray.[40]

It secretly approached both the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) for support, but the ELF already had relations with the TLF. In November 1974, the EPLF agreed to train TNO members and allowed EPLF fighters from the Tigrayan community in Eritrea, including Mehari Tekle (Mussie), to join the TPLF. The first group of trainees was sent to the EPLF in January 1975.[41]

On the night of 18 February 1975, eleven men, including Gesese Ayyele (Sehul), Gidey, Asfeha, Seyoum, Agazi, and Berhu, left Enda Selassie for Sehul's home area of Dedebit, where they founded the TPLF (original name Template:Lang-ti, Tägadlo Ḥarənnät Ḥəzbi Təgray, "The Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray"). Welde Selassie Nega (Sebhat), Legese Zenawi (Meles), and others soon joined the original group, and, after the arrival of the trainees from Eritrea in June 1975, the TPLF had about 50 fighters.[40] It then elected a formal leadership consisting of Sehul (the chairman), Muse (the military commander), and the seven TNO founders. Berhu was appointed political commissar. Sehul played a crucial role in helping the nascent TPLF establish itself among the local peasantry.[42]

Although a few successful raids bolstered its military credibility, the TPLF grew to only about 120 fighters in early 1976, but a rapidly growing clandestine network of supporters in the cities and a support base among the peasants provided vital supplies and information. On February 18, 1976, a conference of fighters elected a new leadership: Berhu (chairman), Muse (military committee), Abbay (political committee), Agazi (socioeconomic committee), Seyoum (foreign relations), Gidey, and Sebhat.[27] Meles became head of the political cadre school.[27]

The first three years of its existence were marked by a constant struggle for survival, unstable cooperation with Eritrean forces, and power struggles against the other Tigrayan fronts: in 1975, the TPLF liquidated the TLF; in 1976–78, it fought the Ethiopian Democratic Union (EDU) in Shire; and in 1978, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP) in East Tigray. The front also suffered heavy losses from Derg offensives in the region.[43]

Although the TPLF, the ELF, and the EPLF cooperated during the 1976 and 1978 Derg offensives in Tigray and Eritrea, no stable alliance emerged. The ELF resented the liquidation of the TLF and considered the relationship between the EPLF and the TPLF a serious threat. Since 1977, there had been conflict between ELF and the TPLF over the issue of Eritrean settlers in western Tigray, who were organized at ELF and rejected the TPLF's land reform.[43]

Relations with the EPLF also did not develop smoothly. Its material support was much less than the TPLF had anticipated. Politically, the EPLF favored the multinational EPRP over the ethno regionalist TPLF with its separatist agenda at the time.[43]

1978–1990

After the Derg's victory in the Ogaden War in February 1978 and Mengistu Haile Mariam's new support from the Soviets permitted the substantial growth of his forces, the TPLF's momentum seemed to slow.[44]

In February 1979, the TPLF held its first regular congress. It declared its struggle the Second Woyane (kalay wäyyanä) and changed its Tigrinya name to Həzbawi Wäyyanä Harənnätä Təgray. It adopted a new political program calling for self-determination within a democratic Ethiopia, with independence an option only if unity proved impossible.[45] Gaining and maintaining the support of the local population was at the core of the TPLF's strategy in the 1970s and 1980s. TPLF leaders knew that the goodwill of the population would sustain their movement and ultimately lead them to victory over the Derg. Consequently, any fighter caught mistreating locals was punished or even executed by TPLF authorities. As a result, local support for the TPLF was consistent and invaluable. The local population shared food and resources with the fighters, provided them with safe havens, and, most importantly, provided the TPLF with up-to-date information.[46]

In retrospect, it is evident that the 1978-1985 period further strengthened the TPLF. The increasingly alienating intervention of the Derg, the front's handling of famine and refugee problems, and the foreign connections it built through its mission in Khartoum, enabled the movement to mobilize and better equip more fighters to prepare for the shift from guerrilla to frontal attack. Moreover, developments within the TPLF in the mid-1980s led to a conceptual shift from a struggle for the liberation of Tigray to that of all Ethiopia.[47]

They established their headquarters in caves in Addi Geza'iti, some 50 kilometers west of Mekelle.[48] The Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (EPDM), a TPLF-loyal splinter group from the EPRP, used caves in Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien).

A signboard for the EPDM/ANLF headquarters in Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien) during the Ethiopian Civil War.

The TPLF managed to use the catastrophic famine of 1983-85 to its advantage. In early 1985, it organized a march of over 200,000 famine victims from Tigray to Sudan to draw international attention to the plight in Tigray. Its humanitarian arm, the Relief Society of Tigray (REST), founded in 1978, received large amounts of international humanitarian aid for famine victims and small-scale development projects in liberated Tigray.[47]

In 1984–1985, the TPLF diverted Western aid money intended for starving civilians to purchase weapons.[49]

In July 1985, the Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray (MLLT) was founded at a congress of a few hundred selected cadres. The MLLT was to be the nucleus of the future Marxist–Leninist vanguard party for all Ethiopia. The MLLT invited the genuine revolutionaries in the ranks of the Derg regime, which was busy organizing its own communist party, the Ethiopian Workers' Party, to join it.[41]

After the congress, the TPLF and its mass organizations were ruthlessly brought under MLLT control, and dissenting cadres, including TPLF co-founders Gidey and Berhu, were eliminated.

In December 1988, the TPLF and EPDM formed the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) as the core of the planned United Democratic Front. In the spring of 1989, first the MLLT and then the TPLF held a congress. Abbay was elected chairman of both organizations, but toward the end of 1989 Meles became chairman of both. In May 1989, the EPDM formed the Ethiopian Marxist–Leninist Force (EMLF).[50]

In July 1989, MLLT and EMLF formed the Union of Ethiopian Proletarian Organizations. In April 1990, the TPLF formed the Ethiopian Democratic Officers Movement from politically re-educated captured Ethiopian officers to undermine the Free Officers Movement, which had been formed in 1987 by exiled Ethiopian officers in opposition to the Derg.[50] In May 1990, Oromo members of the EPDM and politically re-educated Oromo prisoners of war founded the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization (OPDO) to deny the Oromo Liberation Front's claim to be the exclusive representative of the Ethiopian Oromo.[29]

In November 1990, a Marxist–Leninist Oromo movement was established within the OPDO. Also in 1990, the TPLF formed the Afar Democratic Union to undermine the Afar movements. It had already helped build liberation fronts in Gambella and Benshangul before 1985.

In early 1988, the EPLF and the TPLF went on the offensive. The evolving situation in both Eritrea and Tigray, as well as the changing international context after the breakup of the Soviet bloc, prompted the TPLF and EPLF to put aside their differences and resume military cooperation. in 1989, the EPRDF formed a shadow government in Ethiopia to administer the liberated areas under its control.[51]

1991–2018

Main article: History of the federal government of Ethiopia

In February 1991, the EPRDF began its offensive against the ruling regime with the support of a large EPLF contingent. On May 28, 1991, the EPRDF captured Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, and took control of the country. In July 1991, the EPRDF established the Transitional Government of Ethiopia.[52] In May 1991, the TPLF had 80,000 fighters, the EPDM had 8,000, and the OPDO had 2,000. The total number of TPLF members was well over 100,000.[27]

Reacting to the international political context after the demise of communism, the EPRDF and TPLF dropped all Marxist references in their political discourse and adopted a program of change based on multi-party politics, constitutional democracy, ethno-linguistic federalization, and a mixed economy.[27] The TPLF restructured the Ethiopian state and introduced ethnic federalism, which has contributed significantly to civil conflicts in Ethiopia over the following decades.[53]

Under the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the nation was governed by TPLF leader Meles Zenawi who became the first Prime Minister.[54] The EPRDF government, particularly in areas concerning the military-security complex and the economy, was dominated by the TPLF.[55] Gradually the TPLF hegemony within the EPRDF grew stronger as the party dominated Ethiopia's federal administrations and the Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) officer corps. The party exercised, "near-exclusive control over foreign aid, international loans, and the leasing of public land to amass billions of dollars."[56] With the EPRDF effectively under TPLF control, the Tigrayan position in Ethiopian governance post-1991 mirrored the political dominance that Amhara's had held in the country during most of the 20th century.[57]

PM Meles Zenawi purged many members of the TPLF who opposed him, and a 2001 split in the party nearly saw his removal. Following Zenawi's death in 2012, the organization quickly splintered into factions of Meles loyalists, young technocrats in Addis and party officials in Mekelle. These factions took a wide range of positions on core issues, paralyzing the TPLF.[55] Zenawi's handpicked successor, Halemariam Desalegn, proved too weak to manage growing internal strife in Ethiopia.[54]

Over the years the TPLF's position in the EPRDF weakened as Amhara and Oromo parties pushed backed against Tigrayan dominance.[56] After 30 years of TPLF-based authoritarian rule, strong popular opposition to the dominance of the party emerged across the country during 2016. Amhara and Oromo elites came to an agreement to reform the TPLF created system, resulting in the accession of Abiy Ahmed to Prime Minister of Ethiopia in the following years.[53] Internal power struggles within the EPRDF and its inability to quell popular protests resulted in a major political transition and Abiy Ahmed's election in 2018.[56]

2018–2020

During 2018, newly elected Prime Minister Abiy began curtailing the influence and position of the TPLF within Ethiopian politics. In June of that year he unexpectedly sacked the two most powerful TPLF members since Zenawi's death - Samora Yunis (army chief of staff) and Getachew Assef (intelligence chief).[55] The party felt threatened as Abiy carried out significant reforms that aimed to merge Ethiopia's ethnic parties and reduce the TPLF's influence.[56]

In November 2019, PM Abiy and the chairman of the EPRDF unified the constituent parties of the coalition into the new Prosperity Party. The TPLF viewed this merger as illegal and did not participate.[58] Abiy called on the TPLF to dissolve and become part of his newly established Prosperity Party. Many TPLF leaders began shifting from the nation's capital of Addis Ababa to the Tigray regional state capital of Mekelle. In this period the organization recruited a substantial amount of fighters from different groups such as the police and paramilitary organizations, while also withdrawing its supporters from the Ethiopian national security establishment. This precipitated the Tigray War in late 2020.[53] As TPLF leaders and parliament members began shifting back to Mekelle, the organization began to challenge the administration of Abiy Ahmed.[56]

In June 2020, the Ethiopian parliament—to which the TPLF was a party—voted to postpone the 2021 Ethiopian General Election, which was originally scheduled to occur in 2020.[59] The TPLF defied the parliamentary vote and held regional elections anyway.[60] The 2020 Tigray regional election was held on 9 September 2020. 2.7 million people participated in the election, though was it was boycotted by Arena Tigray[61] and the Tigray Democratic Party.[62] PM Abiy stated that the federal government would not recognize the results of the Tigray election and banned foreign journalists from traveling to the region document it.[63]

2020–2022

Main article: Tigray War

In November 2020, a civil conflict erupted between the TPLF and the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) when the TPLF attacked the ENDF Northern Command headquarters in the north of the country in what TPLF spokesman Getachew Reda described as a "preemptive strike".[64] In November 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared victory over the TPLF.[65] Other sources suggested that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) controlled only about 70% of the Tigray region. Many TPLF members joined the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF).[66][67] The TPLF has accused the ENDF and Eritrean forces of war crimes, but it is difficult to independently verify these allegations because of the media blackout imposed by the federal government under Abiy.[68] On March 23, 2021, in response to international pressure, the prime minister admitted for the first time that Eritrean forces had been in the Tigray region.[68] In July 2021, after the Ethiopian government declared a unilateral cease-fire and withdrew from much of the Tigray region, the TDF entered neighboring Afar and Amhara regions.[69][70][71] The ENDF then launched its own counteroffensive and recaptured these regions by December 2021.[72] By March 2022, the war had come to a virtual standstill.[73] On 2 November 2022, the Pretoria Peace Agreement was signed, ending the Tigray War.[53][74]

The TPLF was accused of forcing recruitment into the TDF, including minors. According to several witnesses and Tigrayan administrators, every household in Tigray was required to enlist a family member in the TDF. Those who refused were arrested and imprisoned, including the parents of minors who refused to enlist.[75][76]

2022–present

After the Tigray War significantly reshaped the region's political landscape, the TPLF faced deepening divisions following the signing of the Pretoria Agreement. These divisions emerged between two factions: a 'hardline' group led by TPLF chairman Debretsion Gebremichael and a 'conciliatory' group led by deputy chairperson Getachew Reda. The power struggle between the Debretsion and Getachew has raised concerns of the creation of a volatile political environment that could reignite the civil war. The TPLF also suffers a crisis of legitimacy among the Tigrayan population following the war.[77] In July 2024, the TPLF released a statement announcing it faced an unprecedented 'severe test' that has brought the party to the verge of disintegration. The statement accused senior leaders of putting their personal interests above the party, thus threatening its existence.[78]

During August 2024, the National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) rejected the TPLF's request to reinstate its pre-war legal status. On 12 August, chairman Debretsion declared that NEBE's decision undermined the TPLF's 50-year legacy and violated the Pretoria deal which had ended the Tigray War during November 2022.[79] Following the decision, the federal government announced that the issue of TPLF registration and legality had been resolved. NEBE also warned against the convening a congress without the election boards approval or monitoring.[80]

On 13 August 2024, the TPLF began its controversial 14th party congress in Mekelle, ignoring the NEBE's warning. The last congress had been held in September 2018. The general assembly comes amid escalating political infighting within the TPLF and has been boycotted by 14 members of the party's central committee, including deputy chair Getachew.[81][82] Getachew described the congress as, “illegal movements by a group that does not represent the TPLF" several days before it was due to be held.[80] Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed warned that the TPLF could find itself in a war if it went ahead with holding the congress.[83] As the six day long meeting commenced on 13 August,[82] an Ethiopian government minister accused the TPLF of “practically nullifying” the Pretoria agreement and threatening the relative peace in Tigray since the end of the conflict.[84] During opening remarks of the congress Debretsion stated that the ongoing congress was unprecedented and warned that the party's situation had “gone from bad to worse”.[83]

Election results

Elections from 1995 to 2015 were conducted under the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front banner.

Election Leader No. of Votes No. of seats won Government/Opposition
1995 Meles Zenawi Government
2000 Tigray regional election Meles Zenawi
152 / 152
 Government
2005 Tigray regional election Meles Zenawi
152 / 152
 Government
2010 Tigray regional election Meles Zenawi
152 / 152
 Government
2015 Tigray regional election Abay Weldu 2,374,574
152 / 152
 Government
2020 Tigray regional election Debretsion Gebremichael 2,590,620
152 / 190
 Government

Ideology

The party has its roots in the 1960s student movement which was ideologically nationalist before shifting towards Marxism–Leninism in late 1960s. After revolutionary students formed the Tigray University Student Association, a new leftwing organization known as the Tigrayan National Organization was founded in 1974, from which the TPLF emerged in February 1975. The core ideology of the party was ethnonationalism infused with the theme of a class-based - ethnonationalism is the fundamental foundation of the party and it persisted throughout the entire existence of the TPLF. The TPLF argues that Ethiopia is a collection of nationalities subjugated by the Amhara ethnic group, which imposes its culture and language over all others; the first manifesto of the party stated: "Disagreement and suspicion among the nations of Ethiopia have resulted from the worsening of the oppression by the Amhara ethnic group over the oppressed nations of Ethiopia and especially over the Tigray ethnic group. Therefore, we now reached a stage where all the oppressed nations of Ethiopia can no more undertake a common class struggle."[2]

The TPLF castigated the formation of the centralized empire state during the conquests of Menelik II as, "the beginning of national oppression" in the groups manifesto.[85] Initially the group called for independence of Tigray from Ethiopia, arguing that it is the only way to liberate Ethiopian cultures from the ethnic and national oppression of the Amhara culture. However, separatism was abandoned in 1978, which subsequently led to defections and splits within the party. It was increasingly dominated by a faction known as the Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray, which took over the leadership of the party and proclaimed Marxism–Leninism to be the organization's overarching ideology. The party's ideological shift made Marxist aspects temporarily dominate over the ethnonationalist ones, though the party remained ethnonationalist and envisioned a 'national revolution' that would install "a planned socialist economy free of exploitation of man by man". Core Marxist aspects embraced by the TPLF included vanguardism, democratic centralism, dictatorship of the proletariat, and also self-determination in the name of national liberation. The party was also heavily influence by the Albanian communist model of Enver Hoxha, stressing self-reliant economy and every nation having its unique way towards socialism.[2]

After the fall of the USSR, the TPLF moderated itself and rebranded its ideology as "revolutionary democracy", pledging to introduce a new kind of democracy in Ethiopia that would differ from the liberal democratic structure, while also maintaining the core socialist values of the party.[2] The concept of revolutionary democracy came from Lenin's 1919 thesis "Bourgeois Democracy and the Proletarian Dictatorship", which proposed replacing the 'bourgeois' parliamentary democracy with revolutionary democracy, which would be secured by a vanguard party representing the masses, which would consult its constituency while still adhering to the socialist ideological guidelines. Meles Zenawi wrote that Ethiopia can become a developed country "if it is guided by ‘revolutionary democracy", adding that while "liberal democracy is partial wager, a collector of rents, and a representative of the comprador bourgeoisie, ‘revolutionary democracy’ stands for sustainable development." This marked the point at which TLPF abandoned Marxism-Leninism in favour of socialism and revolutionary ethnonationalism, moving closer to its initial position from the 1970s.[86]

Linkage with terrorism

The United States government removed the TPLF's classification as a Tier III level terrorist group when the group came to power in 1991.[87][88] However, an analysis by the Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) also classified it as a terrorist group dating back to 1976. According to the TRAC:

The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is a political party in Tigray, Ethiopia that has been listed as a perpetrator in the Global Terrorism Database, based on ten incidents occurring between 1976 and 1990 (see GTD link).[53]

In 2021, the Ethiopia federal government passed a parliamentary resolution classifying the TPLF as a terrorist organization. According to Article 23, "this decision applies to organizations and individuals that collaborate with, have links with, or are associated with the ideas and actions of the designated terrorist organizations, as well as others that have undertaken similar activities".[89] Individuals or organizations that carry out " humanitarian activities," however, are exempt under Ethiopia's Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 1176/2020.[90]

On November 3, 2022, the Ethiopian government and the nationalist paramilitary group entered into a peace agreement, ending their two-year conflict.[91] A draft agreement was sent to The Associated Press stating that the TPLF will first be disarmed with their "light weapons" followed by the Ethiopian federal forces' retrieval of “all federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as airports and highways within the Tigray region."

After the signed peace agreement matured for four months, the TPLF was removed from the country's list of terrorist group on March 22, 2023.[92]

References

  1. ^ "Getachew Reda talks about the state of war situation in Tigray". 7 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Tefera Negash Gebregziabher (2019). "Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?". African Affairs. 118 (472): 463–484. doi:10.1093/afraf/adz005.
  3. ^ "Napalm statt Hirse" [Napalm instead of millet]. Die Zeit (in German). 1 June 1990. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika" [Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa] (PDF). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (in German). Berlin. September 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Parlamentswahlen in Äthiopien" [Parliamentary elections in Ethiopia] (PDF). Social Science Open Access Repository (in German). 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLF’s Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?, African Affairs, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, Pages 463–484, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz005 Archived 7 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Bieber, Florian (15 January 2019). "Don't Let Ethiopia Become the Next Yugoslavia". foreignpolicy.com. Likewise, Ethiopia has been ruled for decades by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of mostly ethnoregional political parties, dominated by the socialist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). Both combined nondemocratic traits with ethnofederalism.
  8. ^ Seyedi, Seyedmohammad (21 December 2021). "Ethiopia China's Gateway to Africa". ankasam.org. However, the friction between the socialist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which was active in Ethiopian politics until 2019, and the Ethiopian Federal Government, has deepened since last year, especially due to the postponement of the elections.
  9. ^ Tefera Negash Gebregziabher (2019). "Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?". African Affairs. 118 (472): 463–484. doi:10.1093/afraf/adz005. Adopting the ideological jargon of 'revolutionary democracy', the party leadership managed to come up with an ideology to maintain its power position in the party, not necessarily changing its core socialist values.
  10. ^ "Zenawism as ethnic-federalism" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  11. ^ "Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)". dw.com.
  12. ^ Gebregziabher, Tefera Negash (July 2019). "Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?". African Affairs. 118 (472). Oxford University Press: 463–484. doi:10.1093/afraf/adz005.
  13. ^ Tadesse, Medhane; Young, John (31 March 2024). "TPLF: Reform or Decline?". Review of African Political Economy. 30 (97): 389–403. JSTOR 4006983.
  14. ^ Berhe, Aregawi (2008). A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia (PDF) (Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. p. 192. Almost all leaders of the TPLF thought of themselves as Marxist revolutionaries. Among them, an informal group which later named itself the 'communist core' within the TPLF was constituted by Abbay Tsehaye, Meles Zenawi and Sibhat Nega.
  15. ^ "World Health Coronavirus Disinformation". wsj.com. 5 April 2020. As a member of the left-wing Tigray People's Liberation Front, he rose through Ethiopia's autocratic government as health and foreign minister. After taking the director-general job in 2017, he tried to install Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe as a WHO goodwill ambassador.
  16. ^ "Belt and road and 'bribes': Cotton says China paid off home country of WHO boss". washingtontimes.com. 17 April 2020. Mr. Tedros is a microbiologist, not a physician. He served as health and foreign minister as a member of Ethiopia's ruling leftist Tigray People's Liberation Front, which ousted military rule over 20 years ago.
  17. ^ Nyabiage, Jevans (27 March 2023). "In Ethiopia, China and the US map rival roads to lasting peace". scmp.com. Civil war erupted in November 2020 after the leftist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) was accused of attacking a military base in the northern part of the country.
  18. ^ Berhe, Aregawi (2008). A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia (PDF) (Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. p. 237. Here probably lies the reason why the militant elite of the TPLF was seen to require an ultraleftist party.
  19. ^ "Napalm statt Hirse" [Napalm instead of millet]. Die Zeit (in German). 1 June 1990. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika" [Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa] (PDF). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (in German). Berlin. September 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  21. ^ Parkinson, Nicholas Bariyo and Joe (29 November 2020). "Ethiopia's Tigray Group, Once Powerful, Now Battles Government Forces in Bid for Survival". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Ethiopia's electoral board revokes TPLF's legal status as political party". The EastAfrican. 20 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  23. ^ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  24. ^ "Ethiopia takes Tigray's TPLF party off terrorism list". Reuters. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  25. ^ a b "Ethiopia Declares Tigray, Oromia Groups Terrorist Organizations". Bloomberg. 6 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  26. ^ Kane, Thomas (2000). Tigrinya-English Dictionary, Volume 2. Springfield: Dunwoody. p. 1780.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Tigray People's Liberation Front". Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2003.
  28. ^ Berhe, Kahsay (2005). Ethiopia: Democratization and Unity: The Role of the Tigray People's Liberation Front. Münster.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ a b Hammond, Jenny (1999). Fire from the Ashes: a Chronicle of the Revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975–1991. Lawrenceville.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ "Tigray crisis: Ethiopia orders military response after army base seized". BBC News. 4 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  31. ^ "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". the Guardian. 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  32. ^ Gebre, Samuel (18 January 2021). "Ethiopia Pulls Tigray Party License Ahead of June Elections". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  33. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Flights resume between Addis Ababa and Mekelle". BBC News. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  34. ^ "Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration in Ethiopia: What to expect – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)". www.prio.org. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  35. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigrayan rebels start handing over heavy weapons". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  36. ^ Bennet, John (1983). "Tigrai: Famine and National Resistance". Review of African Political Economy. 10 (26): 94–102. doi:10.1080/03056248308703537.
  37. ^ Elich, Haggai (1981). "Tigraian Nationalism, British Involvement and Haila-Selasse's emerging Absolutism-Northern Ethiopia, 1941–1943". Asian and African Studies. 15 (2): 191–227.
  38. ^ Tadesse, Kiflu (1993). The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 1: From the Early Beginnings to 1975. Trenton.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ^ Balsvik, Randi (1985). Haile Selassie's Students: The Intellectual and Social background to a Revolution, 1952–1977. East Lansing.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  40. ^ a b Berhe, Aregawi (2008). A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia (PDF). Amsterdam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  41. ^ a b Berhe, Aregawi (2004). "The Origins of the Tigray People's Liberation Front". African Affairs. 103 (413): 569–592. doi:10.1093/afraf/adh024.
  42. ^ Firebrace, James; Smith, Gayle (1982). The Hidden Revolution: and Analysis of Social Change in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  43. ^ a b c Tareke, Gebru (2009). The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven. pp. 76–177.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  44. ^ Tareke, Gebry (2004). "From Af Abet to Shire: the Defeat and Demise of Ethiopia's "Red" Army 1988–89". Journal of Modern African Studies. 42 (2): 239–81. doi:10.1017/S0022278X04000114. S2CID 153565062.
  45. ^ Berhe, Kahsay (1991). The National Movement in Tigray Myths and Realities. Münster.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  46. ^ Jamestown Foundation, 24 May: Tigray Defense Forces Resist Ethiopian Army Offensive as Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethnic Militias Enter the Fray Archived 27 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ a b Hammond, Jenny (1989). Sweeter than Honey: Testimonies of Tigrayan Women. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ^ Smidt, W (2019). "A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans". Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 63–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6. S2CID 199170267.
  49. ^ Plaut, Martin (3 March 2010). "Ethiopia aid 'spent on weapons'". Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  50. ^ a b Tadesse, Kiflu (1998). The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 2: Ethiopia-Transformation and Conflict. Lanham.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  51. ^ Young, John (1997). Peasant Revolutions in Ethiopia, the Tigrai People's Liberation Front, 1975-1911. Cambridge.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  52. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Ethiopia (10/08)". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  53. ^ a b c d e Dessie, Wubante Ayalew; Belete, Simeneh Bires; Dagnew, Agenagn Kebede (1 August 2024). "The conflict between the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE): Special emphasis on the Pretoria Agreement". African Security Review: 1–17. doi:10.1080/10246029.2024.2379902. ISSN 1024-6029 – via Taylor and Francis. Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  54. ^ a b Burke, Jason (25 November 2020). "Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  55. ^ a b c Fisher, Jonathan; Gebrewahd, Meressa Tsehaye (13 December 2018). "'Game over'? Abiy Ahmed, the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front and Ethiopia's political crisis". African Affairs. 118 (470): 194–206. doi:10.1093/afraf/ady056. ISSN 0001-9909.
  56. ^ a b c d e Jima, Abdisa Olkeba (31 December 2023). "Ethiopian political crisis after reform: Causes of Tigray conflict". Cogent Social Sciences. 9 (1). doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2209991. ISSN 2331-1886 – via Taylor and Francis.
  57. ^ Endris, Mohammed Yimam; Mengisteab, Kidane (15 December 2023). "The vicious cycle of power rivalry and fear of losing power syndrome in Ethiopia". Cogent Social Sciences. 9 (2). doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2251290. ISSN 2331-1886 – via Taylor and Francis.
  58. ^ "Exclusive: Third day EPRDF EC discussing "Prosperity Party" Regulation. Find the draft copy obtained by AS". 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  59. ^ "Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  60. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election". France 24. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  61. ^ "Arena shies away from Tigray Regional election". Addis Fortune. 1 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  62. ^ "News: Tigray state council approves appointment of regional electoral commission officials". Addis Standard. 16 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  63. ^ "Ethiopia bars journalists from flying to Tigray regional vote, passengers say". Reuters. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  64. ^ Reda, Getachew (23 March 2022). "The World Must Condemn Human Rights Abuses in Tigray as It Does in Ukraine". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  65. ^ "Ethiopia declares victory as military takes Tigray capital". AP NEWS. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  66. ^ Lefort, René (30 April 2021). "Ethiopia's war in Tigray is 'but the tip of the iceberg when it comes to conflicts ravaging the country'". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  67. ^ @NatGeoUK (1 June 2021). "A grave humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Ethiopia. 'I never saw hell before, but now I have.'". National Geographic. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  68. ^ a b "Ethiopia PM Ahmed Abiy admits Eritrea forces in Tigray". BBC News. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  69. ^ "Ethiopia declares ceasefire as rebels retake Tigray capital". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  70. ^ "Ethiopia's Amhara state rallies youth to fight Tigrayan forces as war widens". Reuters. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  71. ^ Endeshaw, Dawit; Fick, Maggie (19 July 2021). "Ethiopia's Tigray forces enter neighbouring Afar region, Afar says". Reuters. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  72. ^ "Tigrayan forces announce retreat to Ethiopia's Tigray region". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  73. ^ Paravicini, Giulia (30 March 2022). "New front in Ethiopian war displaces thousands, hits hopes of peace talks". Reuters. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  74. ^ Harter, Fred (3 November 2022). "Ethiopia's truce is a step toward ending civil war, but there are reasons for caution". National Public Radio.
  75. ^ Paravicini, Giulia; Houreld, Katharine (16 May 2022). "Some Ethiopians claim forced recruitment by Tigrayan forces". Reuters. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  76. ^ "ህወሓት ለመዝመት ፍቃደኛ ያልሆኑ ልጆች ወላጆችን እያሰረ መሆኑ ተነገረ". BBC News አማርኛ (in Amharic). Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  77. ^ Abera, Weldeslassie Hailai (12 August 2024). "Echoes of Mekelle: TPLF factions and the quest for legitimacy after Tigray War". Addis Standard.
  78. ^ "ውሽጣዊ 'ምብስባስ' ህወሓት መዘዛቱ እንታይ ይኸውን?" [What are the consequences of the TPLF's internal 'decay'?]. BBC News ትግርኛ (in Tigrinya). 29 July 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  79. ^ "Federal Govt Says TPLF Registration Issue Resolved, Regional Authorities Ban Demonstrations As Intraparty Tensions Rise". Addis Standard. 12 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  80. ^ a b "Getachew Reda boycotts upcoming TPLF congress as military leaders warn against deepening rift". Addis Standard. 9 August 2024.
  81. ^ "TPLF pushes forward with party congress despite warning from Election Board". Addis Standard. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  82. ^ a b "TPLF begins 14th Congress amidst escalating controversy, leadership absenteeism". Addis Standard. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  83. ^ a b "'ህወሓት እንተፈሪሱ ስምምዕ ፕሪቶሪያ ኣይህሉን'፡ ደብረጽዮን ገ/ሚካኤል" ['There will be no Pretoria agreement if TPLF collapses']. BBC News ትግርኛ (in Tigrinya). 13 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  84. ^ Kedir, Sadik (13 August 2024). "Ethiopian minister accuses Tigrayan party of nullifying Pretoria deal". Anadolu Agency. Addis Ababa. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  85. ^ Kassaw, Alene; Veneranda, Mbabazi (31 December 2024). "TPLF's annexation of Wolkait, Ethiopia: motivations, strategies, and interests". Cogent Social Sciences. 10 (1). doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2376859. ISSN 2331-1886 – via Taylor & Francis.
  86. ^ Berhe, Aregawi (2008). A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia (PDF) (Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. pp. 233–237.
  87. ^ "US has not assigned terrorist status to dissident group in Ethiopia's Tigray region". Fact Check. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  88. ^ "Implementation of New Discretionary Exemption Under INA Section 212(d)(3)(B)(i) For Activities and Associations Relating to the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. 15 June 2014.
  89. ^ "Council of Ministers approves resolution designating TPLF and Shene as terrorist organizations". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. May 2021. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  90. ^ "--" (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  91. ^ "Ethiopian govt, Tigray agree to end fighting after 2 years". AP News. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  92. ^ "Ethiopian lawmakers remove Tigray group from terror list". AP News. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front&oldid=1242437660"