Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

User:Hybernator/test

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
< User:Hybernator

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Hybernator (talk | contribs) at 01:58, 4 November 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1418)
Part of the Forty Years' War
DateMarch 1408 – late 1418
Location
Result Hanthawaddy and coalition victory
Territorial
changes
Belligerents

Ava

Hanthawaddy Pegu

China and its client states (1412–1415)

Commanders and leaders
Strength
Southern Theater[note 1]
    • 1408: 26,000 infantry; 2200 cavalry; 100 elephants
    • 1409–10: 14,000+; 1400; 100[c]
    • 1410: 15,000; 600; 40
    • 1412–13: 6000+; ?; ?
    • 1414–15: 22,000+; 600+; 80+
    • 1415: 5 regiments
    • 1416: 8000; 400; 30
    • 1417–18: 16,000; 700; 40
Western Theater
    • 1408: 300+; ?; ?[c]
    • 1411: 10,000+; 1000+; ~100
    • 1411–12: 8000+; 300+; 30+
    • 1416: 1 garrison
Northern Theater
    • 1412: 7000; 400; 20[c]
    • 1413–14: 8000; 400; 30
    • 1414–15: ?
Southern Theater[note 1]
    • 1408: 8000 infantry; 300 cavalry; 60 elephants
    • 1409–10: 8000+; 400+; 90+[c]
    • 1410: 3+ regiments; 2 flotillas
    • 1412–13: 12,000; 800; 30
    • 1414–15: 10,000+; ?; ?
    • 1415: ?
    • 1416: 7000; 500; 30+
    • 1417–18: ?
Western Theater
    • 1408: 4000+; ?; 20+[c]
    • 1411: 5000+; 200; 50
    • 1411–12: 5000+; 200; 50
    • 1416: ?
Northern Theater
    • 1412: 20,000+; 2000+; ?[c]
    • 1413–14: ?
    • 1414–15: ?
Casualties and losses
Total unknown Total unknown
See Orders of battle for the Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1410), (1410–1412), (1412–1414), (1414–1415), and (1416–1418) for more information.

The Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1418) (Template:Lang-my) was a military conflict between Ava and Hanthawaddy Pegu that lasted from 1408 to 1418. It was the third of the decades-long wars between the two kingdoms, both located in present-day Myanmar.

Background

This was the third war between Ava and Hanthawaddy Pegu. In the first two wars, each kingdom had tried to take advantage of the other's succession crisis. In the first war (1385–1391), King Swa Saw Ke of Ava unsuccessfully tried to replace the new king of Hanthawaddy, Razadarit, with his own nominee.[1][2] In the second war (1401–1403), it was Razadarit that tried to gain the submission of Ava's new king Minkhaung I.[3][4]

In both cases, the upstart regimes not only survived the invasions but thrived afterwards. In the decade following the first war, Pegu grew "in economic and political power", greatly benefiting from the growth in chiefly maritime trade with South India, Ayutthaya, Malacca and maritime Southeast Asia, and Ming China.[5] Likewise, Minkhaung emerged stronger after the second war. Not only was he able to negotiate a favorable peace treaty that obliged Pegu to supply 30 elephants and custom revenues of the port of Bassein (Pathein) annually[6][7] but he had also finally gained the support of his vassals, many of whom had offered little or no support for much of the war. Minkhaung began using his newfound power just a year later. By using diplomatic and military means, Ava went on to take over its neighboring Shan states to the east, Onbaung (1404/05), Yatsauk and Nyaungshwe (1405/06),[8] as well as those in the north, Bhamo[9] and Mohnyin (1406).[8][9]

The acquisition spree alarmed Ava's neighbors. The Ming court, which considered the Shan states its tributaries, dispatched an embassy to Ava (Inwa) in August 1406, ordering to Ava to end its "aggression" against the Shan states.[9] At Pegu, the concern was much higher. Circa October/November 1406,[note 2] Razadarit, who had been concerned about Ava's potential to take over Pegu since the waning days of the second war,[13] received what the Pegu court believed to be credible intelligence that Ava's designs went beyond the Shan states. According to the Razadarit Ayedawbon chronicle, which primarily narrates from the Hanthawaddy side, the intelligence revealed Ava's plans to invade Launggyet Arakan next, and Pegu afterwards.[10] (To be sure, the main chronicles, which primarily narrate from the Ava side, do not say that Pegu was a target at the time.[note 3])

At any rate, Pegu's suspicions were seemingly confirmed shortly after. On 29 November 1406,[note 4] Ava forces led by Minkhaung's son Minye Kyawswa captured Launggyet, the capital of Arakan on the western littoral.[12] In response, Razadarit and his army marched to Bassein (Pathein) to closely monitor the events across the Arakanese border. Ava forces proceeded to capture Sandoway (Thandwe) in southern Arakan, forcing Arakanese royalty and refugees to flee into Hanthawaddy territory. Although Ava forces did not cross the border, the Pegu court was now convinced that Pegu was indeed next.[11]

Prelude to war

Razadarit removed the veneer of friendly relations. He readily gave shelter to the Arakanese prince Min Khayi (or King Min Saw Mon).[note 5] A few months later in 1407, he welcomed Minkhaung's younger brother Prince Theiddat, who had defected after being passed over for crown prince, with great fanfare.[18][19][20] He also stopped sending the annual shipment of elephants and the annual customs revenues of the port of Bassein.[19][20] The 1403 treaty of Kawliya was now null and void. The Hanthawaddy command fully expected an Ava invasion after the rainy season, and prepared for war.[11]

However, the anticipated invasion never came. It turned out that Ava was busy suppressing a rebellion in Bhamo during that dry season.[11] The Hanthawaddy command now deliberated their next steps. Over the next two months, they concluded that Pegu must act while Ava had its hands full in the north, and that their target should be Arakan, which they believed should be an easier task than invading southern Ava directly. They calculated that the local Arakanese populace would welcome their returning royalty, accompanied by Hanthawaddy troops.[15][21]

Finally, in January 1408,[note 6] Razadarit authorized the Arakan campaign. The king did not make the decision lightly, as he would be starting a war against a more powerful kingdom. He reportedly made a solemn prayer at the main pagoda,[note 7] before issuing the order to attack.[15]

Phase 1 campaigns (1408–1410)

Hanthawaddy conquest of Arakan (1408)

By late February, Hanthawaddy forces were massed in Bassein (Pathein). An expeditionary force, consisted of two divisions (4000[15] to 5000[22] troops in total), commanded by Smin Paik-Nye and Smin Maw-Khwin, had been organized.[15][23] The dethroned king of Launggyet, Min Saw Mon, would also accompany the expeditionary force. Indeed, a core part of the Pegu battle plan was to use Min Saw Mon's presence as a way to get the local populace to join their side. The plan called for attacking Sandoway first, enlisting more men from the Sandoway region, and finally attacking Launggyet.[23]

Meanwhile, Ava was oblivious to the impending threat. It had not reinforced its forces in Arakan. The Ava-installed king Anawrahta had a small garrison in Launggyet, and an even smaller one in Sandoway.[23]

The invasion began in March 1408.[note 8] The expeditionary force saw no resistance whatsoever, and quickly reached the outskirts of Sandoway. There, they sent messengers informing that Min Saw Mon and his ally Hanthawaddy forces had returned to retake the kingdom. It worked. The small Ava garrison was completely unprepared, and decided to evacuate instead. Hanthawaddy forces entered Sandoway without a fight.[23]

The allied forces—Min Saw Mon now commanded a force of his own—then marched to Launggyet. Anawrahta and his small garrison desperately tried to put up a fight. But as they had little control over the local populace, three vanguard forces–led by Smin Sam Lek, Smin Lauk Ni-Ye and Min Saw Mon—quickly breached the defenses.[23] Anawrahta, his queen Saw Pyei Chantha, and 300 household guards, were taken prisoner.[15][23]

First Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy (1408)

Second Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy (1409–1410)

Historiography

Prelude to war

The main Burmese chronicles say that Minye Kyawswa conquered Arakan in 765 ME (1403/04)[24][25][26] but the Arakanese chronicle Rakhine Razawin Thit gives the exact date Monday, 5th waning of Nadaw 768 ME, which translates to Monday, 29 November 1406.[12] Thus 765 ME appears to be a copying error of 768 ME as the Burmese numeral 8 can be miscopied as 5 and vice versa.[note 9] The Razadarit Ayedawbon does not provide an explicit date for Ava's conquest of Arakan but its narrative suggests the conquest took place not long before Razadarit's decided to invade Arakan.[11]

Event
Ava conquest of Arakan no explicit dates mentioned[note 10] 1403/04[note 11] 1403/04[note 12] 1403/04[note 13] 29 November 1406[note 4]
Theiddat's defection and
Lapse of the Treaty of Kawliya 		c. mid 1407[note 14] c. mid 1407[note 15] no date mentioned [after 1406/07 implied][note 16] not mentioned

Phase 1 (1408–1410)

Event
Hanthawaddy invasion of Arakan March 1408[note 17] by March 1408[note 18] March 1408[note 8] no date mentioned[note 19] late 1407 or early 1408[note 20]
1st Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy [1408 implied][note 21] April–August 1408[note 22] April–August 1408[note 23] April–August 1407 [sic][note 24] not mentioned
2nd Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy ~5 months in 1409–1410[note 25] by October 1409–March 1410[note 26] by October 1409–March 1410[note 27] by October 1409–March 1410[note 28]

Phase 2 (1410–1415)

All the main chronicles largely agree on the order of the events but with a few notable exceptions. First, the Razadarit Ayedawbon includes two invasions by Minye Kyawswa whereas the other three chronicles list three invasions by the crown prince. Secondly, the Razadarit places the 3rd Maw/Chinese invasion after Minye Kyawswa's final invasion while the main chronicles place the Chinese invasion during Minye Kyawswa's last invasion.

The most notable difference is the year in which Minye Kyawswa died. The Razadarit says Minye Kyawswa died in Tagu 775 ME (March 1414),[note 29] while the Maha Yazawin places the crown prince's death in Tagu 778 ME (March 1417),[note 30] which may a result of a copying error of 775 ME.[note 9] The Yazawin Thit changes the date to Tagu 776 ME (March 1415)[note 31] but the Hmannan Yazawin keeps Tagu 778 ME (March 1417).[note 32]

In general, many of the Maha Yazawin's dates are inconsistent with the chronicle's narrative.[note 34] The Yazawin Thit largely follows the Maha Yazawin's narrative but updates with internally consistent dates. Indeed, its date for the battle of Dala (Wednesday, 4th waxing of Tagu 776 ME) does fall on a Wednesday (13 March 1415).[note 31] The Hmannan Yazawin uses the Yazawin Thit's dates from 772 ME (1410/11) to 776 ME (1414/15) except at the end when it suddenly switches to Tagu 778 ME (March 1417) for the Battle of Dala and Minye Kyawswa's death.[note 32]

Event
3rd Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy late 1410[45] [late 1410 implied][note 35] late 1410[note 36] late 1410[note 37] not mentioned
Battle of Arakan by early 1411–?[note 38] by early 1411–1410/11 [sic][note 33] by early 1411–c. April 1412[note 39] by early 1411–early 1412[note 40] 1411/12[note 41]
1st Maw/Chinese invasion of Ava
(Siege of Hsenwi) 		6+ months in 1411/12[note 42] c. April 1411–October 1411[note 43] c. April 1412–?[note 44] c. April 1412–October 1412[note 45] not mentioned
1st Hanthawaddy invasion of Ava
(Siege of Prome)
  • 4+ months in 1411/12 (Siege of Prome)[note 46]
  • another 4 months in 1411/12 (Battle of Talezi)[note 47]
 c. April 1411–c. August 1411[note 48] c. April 1412–August 1412[note 49] c. April 1412–August 1412[note 50]
Siamese incursion into Martaban Province 1411/12[note 51] c. May 1411[note 52] c. May 1412[note 53] c. May 1412[note 54]
4th Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy not mentioned late 1411–c. October 1412[note 55] late 1412–c. October 1413[note 56] late 1412–c. October 1413[note 57]
2nd Maw/Chinese invasion of Ava
(Battle of Myedu) 		not mentioned 1412/13[note 58] late 1413[note 59] late 1413[note 60]
Ava garrison in Arakan not mentioned not mentioned not mentioned not mentioned 1413/14[note 41]
5th Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy late 1413–after March 1414[note 61] by October 1415–May 1417[note 62] by October 1414–May 1415[note 63] by Octobr 1414–May 1417[note 64] not mentioned
 · Battle of Dala Saturday, 24 March 1414[note 29] Sunday, 21 March 1417[note 30] Wednesday, 13 March 1415[note 31] Sunday, 21 March 1417[note 32]
3rd Maw/Chinese invasion of Ava after March 1414[note 65] late 1415–January 1416[note 66] late 1414–January 1415[note 67] late 1414–January 1415[note 68]

Phase 3 (1416–1418)

After having placed the Battle of Dala in 1417, the Hmannan Yazawin places the next campaign in 1416.[note 69]

Event
2nd Hanthawaddy invasion of Ava
(Battle of Toungoo) 		not mentioned late 1417[note 70] late 1416[note 71] late 1416[note 69] not mentioned
Ava driven out of Arakan
(Battle of Ngakhwethindaung) 		not mentioned not mentioned not mentioned not mentioned 1416/17[note 41]
6th Ava invasion of Hanthawaddy specific date not mentioned but after March 1414[note 72] late 1418–late 1419[note 73] late 1417–late 1418[note 74] late 1417–late 1418[note 75] not mentioned

Notes

  1. ^ from 1415
  2. ^ to 1414
  3. ^ a b c d e f [x] infantry; [y] cavalry; [z] elephants
  1. ^ a b Unless otherwise stated, the military mobilization figures in this article are reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the royal chronicles, per G.E. Harvey's analysis in his History of Burma (1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335).
  2. ^ According to the Razadarit Ayedawbon, the Pegu court learned about Ava's plans to attack Arakan and Pegu when its border patrols intercepted an Ava envoy en route to Chiang Mai who had inadvertently veered into Hanthawaddy territory.[10] Razadarit's spies in Ava soon after reported that Ava forces had in fact already left for Arakan.[11] Since Ava forces conquered the Arakanese capital of Launggyet on Monday, 5th waning of Nadaw 768 ME (Monday, 29 November 1406) per the Rakhine Razawin Thit chronicle,[12] the Ava invasion must have begun after or towards the end of the rainy season, probably after the end of the Buddhist Lent on 26 September 1406.
  3. ^ While the Razadarit Ayedawbon says the Pegu court received the intelligence by intercepting Ava's envoys to Chiang Mai before Ava's Arakan campaign,[10] the main chronicles—the Maha Yazawin, Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin—all say Ava's mission to Chiang Mai took place after Pegu had taken Arakan, in an attempt to recruit Lan Na into jointly attacking Pegu; Arakan was not mentioned at all.[14][15][16]
  4. ^ a b Monday, 5th waning of Nadaw 768 ME (Monday, 29 November 1406)[12]
  5. ^ The chronicle Razadarit Ayedawbon says Razadarit took in Min Saw Mon[11] but the Arakanese Rakhine Razawin Thit chronicle says it was Khayi, the brother of Min Saw Mon, that fled to Hanthawaddy; Min Saw Mon fled to Bengal.[17]
  6. ^ Tabodwe 769 ME (28 December 1407 – 25 January 1408)
  7. ^ The Yazawin Thit quoting the Razadarit Ayedawbon says Razadarit prayed at the Myathitin Pagoda.[15] Presumably, it was the Shwemawdaw Pagoda in Pegu.
  8. ^ a b Citing the Razadarit Ayedawbon, the Yazawin Thit says Razadarit decided to attack Arakan in Tabodwe 769 ME (28 December 1407–25 January 1408), and sent in his invasion forces in [Late] Tagu 769 ME (25 February 1408–24 March 1408).[15]
  9. ^ a b The Burmese numerals ၅ (5) and ၈ (8) are quite similar when written in longhand, and can easily be miscopied.
  10. ^ Pan Hla's edition of the Razadarit does not provide any specific dates for the events. It covers Theiddat's defection[27] before Ava's conquest of Arakan.[11]
  11. ^ 765 ME (30 March 1403 – 28 March 1404)[24]
  12. ^ 765 ME (30 March 1403 – 28 March 1404)[25]
  13. ^ 765 ME (30 March 1403 – 28 March 1404)[26]
  14. ^ early 769 ME[28]
  15. ^ early 769 ME[29]
  16. ^ Unlike other chronicles, the Hmannan does not explicitly state any dates of the events.[19] Its previous explicitly stated date right before this section was 768 ME (1406/07).[30]
  17. ^ Different versions of the Razadarit Ayedawbon provide different information:
    • An 18th century copy of the Razadarit, cited in the Yazawin Thit chronicle (1798), says Razadarit decided to attack Arakan in Tabodwe 769 ME (28 December 1407–25 January 1408), and sent in his invasion forces in [Late] Tagu 769 ME (25 February 1408–24 March 1408).[15]
    • Pan Hla's version of the Razadarit gives no dates or years for Hanthawaddy's first Arakan campaign.[31] However, Pan Hla notes a few pages later in a footnote that the chronicle gives 769 ME (1407/08) for Hanthawaddy's second Arakan campaign,[32] which according to other chronicles (including the Pak Lat)[32] took place in 772 ME (1410/11).
  18. ^ The Maha Yazawin only says Hanthawaddy forces invaded Arakan in 769 ME (30 March 1407–28 March 1408),[33] which provoked Minkhaung to launch an invasion in Kason 770 ME (29 March 1408–23 April 1408).[34]
  19. ^ The Hmannan includes no explicit dates about the Arakan campaign itself,[35] except that Minkhaung invaded Hanthwaddy soon after in Kason 769 ME [sic] (6 April–5 May 1407).[36]
  20. ^ 769 ME (30 March 1407 – 28 March 1408), a year after Minye Kyawswa's conquest [in November 1406]. Ava retained a toehold in Arakan at the Ngakhwethindaung fort in 770 ME (1408/09).[22]
  21. ^ right after the Arakan campaign[31]
  22. ^ Invasion begins in Kason 770 ME (29 March 1408–23 April 1408).[34] Negotiations began about three months later but eventually broke down; Ava forces were driven back soon after.[37]
  23. ^ The Yazawin Thit largely follows the Maha Yazawin's narrative but does not explicitly state Kason 770 ME (29 March 1408–23 April 1408). Instead it says Minkhaung launched the invasion right after learning about the fall of Arakan.[38]
  24. ^ The Hmannan follows the Maha Yazawin's narrative but it gives 769 ME as the year (instead of 770 ME). This means the invasion began in Kason 769 ME (6 April 1407–5 May 1407),[36] the attempts to negotiate began about three months into the campaign (July/August 1408),[36] and Ava forces were driven back soon after.[39]
  25. ^ Campaign lasted about five months during the dry season of 771 ME, and ended before the arrival of the rainy season.[40] Unlike the main chronicles, the Razadarit does not explicitly say that the campaign ended in 771 ME.
  26. ^ Campaign lasted about five months during the dry season of 771 ME, and ended in 771 ME.[41]
  27. ^ Campaign lasted about five months during the dry season of 771 ME, and ended in 771 ME.[42]
  28. ^ Campaign lasted about five months during the dry season of 771 ME, and ended in 771 ME.[43]
  29. ^ a b Inconsistent date: According to Pan Hla,
    • The Binnya Dala version of the Razadarit gives Wednesday, 4th waxing of [Late] Tagu 775 ME.[74] which translates to Saturday, 24 March 1414.
    • The Pak Lat gives "Sunday, 4th waxing of Tagu" without the year.[81] Pan Hla continues that because Pak Lat says Minye Kyawswa dies three years after his first campaign in 772 ME, the year of the death should be 775 ME.[74] Sunday, 4th waxing of [Late] Tagu 775 ME translates to Saturday, 24 March 1414.
  30. ^ a b Inconsistent date: Wednesday, 4th waxing of [Late] Tagu 778 ME (Sunday, 21 March 1417)[44]
  31. ^ a b c Consistent date: Wednesday, 4th waxing of [Late] Tagu 776 ME (Wednesday, 13 March 1415)[82]
  32. ^ a b c Inconsistent date: Wednesday, 4th waxing of [Late] Tagu 778 ME (Sunday, 21 March 1417)[83]
  33. ^ a b The Maha Yazawin is inconsistent:
    • In response to Ava's invasion of Arakan, Hanthawaddy sent reinforcements to Arakan in early 773 ME (c. April 1411). After over three months of fighting at Sandoway, Ava forces withdrew.[51]
    • Hanthawaddy forces then went on to retake Launggyet in 772 ME [sic] (1410/11).[52]
  34. ^ The Maha Yazawin's narrative has the following inconsistencies:
    • The Arakan campaign started in late 772 ME (early 1411), fought into early 773 ME (c. April 1412 onwards), and ended in 772 ME [sic] (1410/11).[note 33]
    • Its dates suggest a three-year lull in fighting between 774 ME and 777 ME even though its own narrative shows continuous fighting.
    • Its dates for the fifth invasion indicate two full dry season campaigns in 777 ME (1415–1416) and 778 ME (1416–1417) while its narrative covers a single dry season campaign.
    • It says the Battle of Dala took place on Wednesday, 4th waxing of Tagu 778 ME but the date actually translates to Sunday, 21 March 1417.[44]
  35. ^ The Maha Yazawin does not provide a specific date for this campaign. But the previous campaign took place in 771 ME[46] and the subsequent campaign in 773 ME.[47]
  36. ^ Dry season of 772 ME[48]
  37. ^ Dry season of 772 ME[49]
  38. ^ Began after Minye Kyawswa's withdrawal from the delta;[50] no specific end date given.
  39. ^ Ava forces invaded Arakan in late 772 ME (early 1411), and Hanthawaddy reinforcements came in 773 ME (c. April/May 1411).[48] Battle of Sandoway in 773 ME (mid 1411–late 1411); Battle of Launggyet in early 774 ME (c. April/May 1412).[53]
  40. ^ Ava forces conquered Launggyet and Sandoway in late 772 ME (early 1411) before Hanthawaddy reinforcements arrived in early 773 ME.[54] Battle of Sandoway in 773 ME (mid 1411–late 1411); Battle of Launggyet in late 773 ME (early 1412).[55]
  41. ^ a b c Ava established the Ngakhwethindaung fort in Arakan in 770 ME (1408/09). Three years later, [773 ME (1411/12)] Hanthawaddy forces drove out the Ava garrison. Ava reestablished the fort in 775 ME (1413/14). Arakanese forces drove out Ava forces for good in 778 ME (1416/17).[22]
  42. ^ 6+ months in 773 ME (30 March 1411–28 March 1412)[56]
  43. ^ Hsenwi forces invaded Ava in early 773 ME (c. April 1411).[52] Minye Kyawswa laid siege to Hsenwi for about five months before defeating Chinese relief forces.[57]
  44. ^ Unlike other chronicles, the Yazawin Thit does not say how long the Hsenwi campaign lasted; it only says the campaign took place in 774 ME (29 March 1412–29 March 1413)[58]
  45. ^ Hsenwi campaign began in early 774 ME (c. April 1411), laid siege to Hsenwi for about five months before defeating Chinese relief forces.[59]
  46. ^ 4+ months in 773 ME (30 March 1411–28 March 1412)[56]
  47. ^ According to the Razadarit Ayedawbon the Ava counterattack was limited to Talezi for four months, not into Hanthawaddy territory.[60]
  48. ^ The Maha Yazawin does not provide a specific date for the campaign except that Razadarit invaded when he heard Minye Kyawswa had left for Hsenwi.[57]
  49. ^ Siege of Prome began in 774 ME and lasted about 4 months.[61]
  50. ^ Siege of Prome began in 774 ME and lasted about 4 months.[62]
  51. ^ About one and a half months into the Prome campaign, Razadarit went to Martaban to defend Martaban in 773 ME (30 March 1411–28 March 1412)[63]
  52. ^ Siamese forces attacked Ye, one month into the Prome campaign.[64]
  53. ^ Siamese forces attacked Moulmein and Martaban, one month into the Prome campaign.[58]
  54. ^ Siamese forces attacked Ye, one month into the Prome campaign.[65]
  55. ^ The campaign began after the siege of Prome was lifted, and ended after the next rainy season [774 ME (c. Oct 1412)].[66]
  56. ^ The campaign began after Minye Kyawswa had returned from Hsenwi[67] and lasted into Nayon [775 ME] (30 April 1413–28 May 1413)[68] before withdrawing after the rainy season of 775 ME.[69]
  57. ^ The campaign began after Minye Kyawswa had returned from Hsenwi[70] and lasted into Nayon [775 ME] (30 April 1413–28 May 1413)[71] before withdrawing after the rainy season.[72]
  58. ^ 774 ME (29 March 1412–29 March 1413)[64]
  59. ^ after rainy season of 775 ME (c. November 1413)[73]
  60. ^ after rainy season of 775 ME (c. November 1413)[72]
  61. ^ The campaign was fought in 775 ME (1413/14), and ended soon after Minye Kyawswa's death in March 1414.[74]
  62. ^ The Maha Yazawin says the campaign had begun by Tazaungmon 777 ME (2–31 October 1415),[75] and ended after Minye Kyawswa's death on 4th waxing of Late Tagu 778 ME (1417).[76]
  63. ^ The invasion had begun by Tazaungmon 776 ME (13 October 1413–11 November 1413),[77] and ended after Minkhaung withdrew in early 777 ME (April/May 1415).[78]
  64. ^ The invasion had begun by Tazaungmon 776 ME (13 October 1413–11 November 1413),[79] and ended after Minkhaung withdrew in early 779 ME (April/May 1417).[80]
  65. ^ The Razadarit Ayedawbon places the Chinese invasion of Ava after Minye Kyawswa's death.[84]
  66. ^ The Chinese laid siege to Ava between Tazaungmon 777 ME (2 October 1415–31 October 1415) and Tabodwe 776 ME (30 December 1415–27 January 1416) for a month.[85]
  67. ^ The Chinese invasion took place between Tazaungmon 776 ME (13 October 1414–11 November 1414) and Tabodwe 776 ME (10 January 1415–7 February 1415).[86]
  68. ^ The Chinese invasion took place between Tazaungmon 776 ME (13 October 1414–11 November 1414) and Tabodwe 777 ME (10 January 1415–7 February 1415).[87]
  69. ^ a b Hanthawaddy forces attacked Toungoo in 778 ME (1416/17).[90]
  70. ^ Hanthawaddy forces attacked Toungoo in 779 ME (1417/18).[88]
  71. ^ Hanthawaddy forces attacked Toungoo in 778 ME (1416/17).[89]
  72. ^ The Razadarit Ayedawbon places the invasion in which Binnya Set of Dagon was captured, right after Minye Kyawswa's death in 1414.[91]
  73. ^ Invasion began in 780 ME (1418/19), and ended sometime after the next rainy season.[92]
  74. ^ Invasion began in 779 ME (1417/18), and ended after the next rainy season.[93]
  75. ^ Invasion began in 779 ME (1417/18), and ended after the next rainy season.[94]

References

  1. ^ Harvey 1925: 82–85
  2. ^ Htin Aung 1967: 88
  3. ^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 254–255
  4. ^ Fernquest Spring 2006: 10–11
  5. ^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 255
  6. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 470
  7. ^ Harvey 1925: 90
  8. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 224–225
  9. ^ a b c Fernquest Autumn 2006: 51
  10. ^ a b c Pan Hla 2005: 237–239
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Pan Hla 2005: 239
  12. ^ a b c d Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 9
  13. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 467
  14. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 332–333
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 228
  16. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 475–476
  17. ^ Sandamala Linkara 1997–1999, Vol. 2, p. 9.
  18. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 227
  19. ^ a b c Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 473–474
  20. ^ a b Aung-Thwin 2017: 75
  21. ^ Harvey 1925: 91
  22. ^ a b c Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 10
  23. ^ a b c d e f Pan Hla 2005: 240
  24. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 309
  25. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 224
  26. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 443
  27. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 236–237
  28. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 332
  29. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 227–228
  30. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 471
  31. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 240–241
  32. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 276, footnote 1
  33. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 330, 332
  34. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 334
  35. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 474
  36. ^ a b c Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 477
  37. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 339–340
  38. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 229, 230, 233
  39. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 484
  40. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 268, 271
  41. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 26–27
  42. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 235–236
  43. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 2–3
  44. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 49
  45. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 271
  46. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 27
  47. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 29
  48. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 237
  49. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 4
  50. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 276
  51. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 29–30
  52. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 31
  53. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 238
  54. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 6
  55. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 6–8
  56. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 276–278
  57. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 32
  58. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 239
  59. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 8–9
  60. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 278–281
  61. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 241
  62. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 8–12
  63. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 277
  64. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 32–33
  65. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 9
  66. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 33
  67. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 240
  68. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 245
  69. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 246
  70. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 10
  71. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 16
  72. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 20
  73. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 246–247
  74. ^ a b c Pan Hla 2005: 317 footnote 1
  75. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 34, 39
  76. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 52
  77. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 247, 253
  78. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 262–263
  79. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 21, 31
  80. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 48–50
  81. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 307
  82. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 260
  83. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 48
  84. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 330, footnotes 1 and 2
  85. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 34–36, 38–39
  86. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 252–253
  87. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 30–31
  88. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54
  89. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 263
  90. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 50
  91. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 323 footnote 1, 324 footnote 2
  92. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 54–55
  93. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 264
  94. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 51

Bibliography

  • Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
  • Aye Chan (2006). "Burma: Shan Domination in the Ava Period (c. AD 1310–1555)" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 94.
  • Fernquest, Jon (Spring 2006). "Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1384–1421)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  • Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Hlaing, Mi Mi (2018). "States of Hostilities in the First Ava Period". Mandalay University Research Journal. 9 (1). University of Mandalay.
  • Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
  • Phayre, Arthur P. (1967) [1883]. History of Burma. London: Susil Gupta.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
  • Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1997–1999) [1931]. Rakhine Razawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–2. Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay.
  • Than Tun (December 1959). "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". Journal of Burma Research Society. XLII (II).


Category:Wars involving Myanmar Category:1400s conflicts Category:1410s conflicts Category:1400s in Asia Category:1410s in Asia

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hybernator/test&oldid=1255277218"