1470s
The 1470s decade ran from January 1, 1470, to December 31, 1479.
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Events
1470
January–December
[edit]- March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster. [1]
- March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green is the last fought between the private armies of feudal magnates in England.[2]
- Spring: Anglo-Hanseatic War: Hanseatic League privateers set sail.
- May 15 – Charles VIII of Sweden, who has served three terms as King of Sweden, dies. Sten Sture the Elder proclaims himself Regent of Sweden the following day.
- June 1 – Sten Sture is recognised as Swedish ruler by the estates.
- July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
- August 20 – Battle of Lipnic: Stephen the Great defeats the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde, led by Ahmed Khan.
- September 13 – A rebellion orchestrated by King Edward IV of England's former ally, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, forces the King to flee England to seek support from his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold of Burgundy.
- October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne.
- November 28 – Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt launches a naval expedition against Champa, beginning the Cham–Annamese War.
- December 18 – Lê Thánh Tông leads the Đại Việt army into Champa, conquering the country in less than three months.
Date unknown
[edit]- The Pahang Sultanate is established at Pahang Darul Makmur (in modern-day Malaysia).
- The first contact occurs between Europeans and the Fante nation of the Gold Coast, when a party of Portuguese land and meet with the King of Elmina.
- Johann Heynlin introduces the printing press into France and prints his first book this same year.
- In Tonga, in or around 1470, the Tuʻi Tonga Dynasty cedes its temporal powers to the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua Dynasty, which will remain prominent until about 1600.
- Between this year and 1700, 8,888 witches are tried in the Swiss Confederation; 5,417 of them are executed.
- Sir George Ripley dedicates his book, The Compound of Alchemy, to the King Edward IV of England.
1471
January–December
[edit]- January – Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar reach the gold-trading centre of Elmina on the Gold Coast of west Africa,[3] and explore Cape St. Catherine, two degrees south of the equator, so that they begin to be guided by the Southern Cross constellation. They also visit Sassandra on the Ivory Coast.
- March 1 – Emperor Lê Thánh Tông captures the Champa capital, establishing new regions in middle Vietnam.
- March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
- April 14 – Battle of Barnet: Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.[4]
- May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury: King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed.[5]
- May 21 – King Edward IV celebrates his victories with a triumphal parade on his return to London. The captured Queen Margaret is paraded through the streets. The same day Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London, eliminating all Lancastrian opposition to the House of York.
- July 14 – Battle of Shelon: The forces of Muscovy defeat the Republic of Novgorod.
- August 9 – Pope Sixtus IV succeeds Pope Paul II, to become the 212th pope.
- August 24 – King Afonso V of Portugal conquers the Moroccan town of Arzila.
- August 29 – The Portuguese occupy Tangier, after its population flees the city.
- October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm, Sweden: The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder, with the help of farmers and miners, repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
- December 21 – The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe are discovered by Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar.[6]
Date unknown
[edit]- Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies, and is succeeded by his son Topa Inca Yupanqui.
- Moorish exiles from Spain, led by Moulay Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rached El Alami, found the city of Chefchaouen in the north of Morocco.
- Marsilio Ficino's translation of the Corpus Hermeticum into Latin, De potestate et sapientia Dei, is published.
1472
January–December
[edit]- February 20 – Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, as a result of a defaulted dowry payment.[7]
- March 4 – A mount of piety is established in Siena (Italy), origin of Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, the world's oldest surviving retail bank.[8]
- April 11 – The first printed edition of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy is published in Foligno.[9]
- June
- 20-year-old Leonardo da Vinci is admitted as a master in his own right to the artists' Guild of Saint Luke in Florence.[10]
- (approximate date) – Volterra, a town in Italy, is sacked by Florentine soldiers for challenging the power of Lorenzo de' Medici.
- July 3 – The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, England, commonly known as York Minster, is declared complete and consecrated.[11]
- December 31 – The city council of Amsterdam prohibits snowball fights: "Neymant en moet met sneecluyten werpen nocht maecht noch wijf noch manspersoon." ("No one shall throw with snowballs, neither men nor (unmarried) women.")
Undated
[edit]- The Kingdom of Fez is founded by the Wattasid dynasty with Sultan Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya as its first ruler.[12]
- An extensive slave trade begins in modern Cameroon as the Portuguese sail up the Wouri River.
- Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.
- Possible discovery of the island of "Bacalao" (perhaps Newfoundland off North America) by João Vaz Corte-Real.
- First printing of Thomas à Kempis' The Imitation of Christ (De Imitatione Christi) probably concludes posthumously in Augsburg;[13] it will reach 100 editions and translations by the end of the century.[14]
- Johannes de Sacrobosco's De sphaera mundi (written c. 1230) is first published in Ferrara, the first printed astronomical book.
- Pietro d'Abano's medical texts Conciliator differentiarum quae inter philosophos et medicos versantur and De venenis eorumque remediis (written before 1315) are first published.
1473
January–December
[edit]- February 12 – The first complete Inside edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (Latin translation) is published in Milan.
- August 11 – Battle of Otlukbeli: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens, led by Uzun Hasan.[15]
Date unknown
[edit]- Stephen the Great of Moldavia refuses to pay tribute to the Ottomans. This will attract an Ottoman invasion in 1475, resulting in the greatest defeat of the Ottomans so far.
- Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, invades the territory of the neighboring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor; Tlatelolco loses its independence.
- Possible discovery of the island of "Bacalao" (possibly Newfoundland off North America) by Didrik Pining and João Vaz Corte-Real.
- The city walls and defensive moat are built in Celje, Slovenia.
- Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474, an astronomical wall calendar, is published in Kraków, the oldest known printing in Poland.[16]
- Florentine physician Marsilio Ficino becomes a Catholic priest.
- Possible date – Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton, in Bruges.
1474
January–December
[edit]- February – The Treaty of Utrecht puts an end to the Anglo-Hanseatic War.
- March 19 – The Senate of the Republic of Venice enacts the Venetian Patent Statute, one of the earliest patent systems in the world.[17] New and inventive devices, once put into practice, have to be communicated to the Republic to obtain the right to prevent others from using them. This is considered the first modern patent system.[18]
- July 25 – By signing the Treaty of London, Charles the Bold of Burgundy agrees to support Edward IV of England's planned invasion of France.[19]
- December 12 – Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile, a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile, and her niece Juana, who is supported by her husband, Afonso V of Portugal. Isabella wins the civil war after a lengthy struggle, when her husband, the newly crowned Ferdinand II of Aragon, comes to her aid.
Date unknown
[edit]- Marsilio Ficino completes his book Theologia Platonica (Platonic Theology).
- Axayacatl defeats the Matlatzinca of the Toluca Valley.
1475
January–December
[edit]- January 10 – Battle of Vaslui (Moldavian–Ottoman Wars): Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire, which is led at this time by Mehmed the Conqueror of Constantinople.
- July 4 – Burgundian Wars: Edward IV of England lands in Calais, in support of the Duchy of Burgundy against France.[20]
- August 29 – The Treaty of Picquigny ends the brief war between France and England.
- November 13 – Burgundian Wars – Battle on the Planta: Forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious against those of the Duchy of Savoy, near Sion, Switzerland.
- November 14 – The original Landshut Wedding takes place, between George, Duke of Bavaria, and Hedwig Jagiellon.
- December – The Principality of Theodoro falls to the Ottoman Empire,[21] arguably taking with it the final territorial remnant of the successor to the Roman Kingdom after nearly 2,228 years of Roman civilization since the legendary Founding of Rome in 753 BC.
Date unknown
[edit]- Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton in Bruges (or 1473–74?).
- Rashi's commentary on the Torah is the first dated book to be printed in Hebrew, in Reggio di Calabria.[22]
- Conrad of Megenberg's book, Buch der Natur, is published in Augsburg.[23]
- In Wallachia, Radu cel Frumos loses the throne (for the last time), and is again replaced by Basarab Laiotă.
1476
January–December
[edit]- March 1 – Battle of Toro (War of the Castilian Succession): Although militarily inconclusive, this ensures the Catholic Monarchs the Crown of Castile, forming the basis for modern-day Spain.
- March 2 – Battle of Grandson (Burgundian Wars): Swiss forces defeat Burgundy.[24]
- June 22 – Battle of Morat (Burgundian Wars): The Burgundians suffer a crushing defeat, at the hands of the Swiss.
- July 26 – Battle of Valea Albă (Moldavian–Ottoman Wars): The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II defeats Stephen III of Moldavia.
- November 26 – Vlad the Impaler declares himself reigning Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia for the third and last time. He is killed on the march to Bucharest, probably before the end of December. His head is sent to his old enemy, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II.
Date unknown
[edit]- Leonardo da Vinci is acquitted on charges of sodomy, after which he disappears from the historical record for two years.
- Axayacatl, sixth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlán, is defeated by the Tarascans of Michoacán.
- Goyghor Mosque is built by Musa ibn Haji Amir and his son, Majlis Alam.[25]
1477
January–December
[edit]- January 5 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed; this marks the end of the Burgundian Wars.[26]
- February? – Volcano Bardarbunga erupts, with a VEI of 6.
- February 11 – Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the Great Privilege, by which the Flemish cities recover all the local and communal rights which have been abolished by the decrees of the dukes of Burgundy, in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.
- February 27 – Uppsala University is founded, becoming the first university in Sweden and all of Scandinavia.[27]
- August 19 – Mary of Burgundy marries Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire, and detaching them from France.[28]
- November 18 – William Caxton produces Earl Rivers' translation into English of Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, at his press in Westminster, the first full-length book printed in England on a printing press.[29]
Undated
[edit]- Ivan III of Russia marches against the Novgorod Republic, marking the beginning of Russian Colonialism.
- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola starts to study canon law, at the University of Bologna.
- Thomas Norton (alchemist) writes Ordinall of Alchemy.
- The first edition of The Travels of Marco Polo is printed.
1478
January–December
[edit]- January 14 – Novgorod surrenders to Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow.
- January 15 – Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York is married to Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk.
- February 18 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.
- April 26 – The Pazzi Family attacks Lorenzo de' Medici, and kills his brother Giuliano, during High Mass in Florence Cathedral.[30]
- May 14 – The Siege of Shkodra, Albania begins.
- November – Eskender succeeds his father Baeda Maryam, as Emperor of Ethiopia, at the age of six.
- November 1 – The Spanish Inquisition begins.
- December 28 – Battle of Giornico: Swiss troops defeat the Milanese.
Date unknown
[edit]- Grand Duchy of Moscow devolved from the Golden Horde.
- Lorenzo de' Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence.
- The Demak Sultanate gains independence from Majapahit, after a civil war.
- The Fourth Siege of Krujë, Albania by the Ottoman Empire, concludes and results in the town's capture, after the failure of three prior sieges.
- Vladislav II of Bohemia makes peace with Hungary.
- Possibly the first reference to cricket, in "criquet", as discovered in France by Rowland Bowen in the 20th century. It has been dismissed by some (most notably John Major) and presaged with Edward II's "Creag" (1300) by others.
- Mondino de Liuzzi's Anathomia corporis humani, the first complete published anatomical text, is first printed (in Padua).
1479
January–December
[edit]- January 20 – Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon, and rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile, over most of the Iberian Peninsula.
- January 25 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, ending sixteen years of war between the two powers; Venice will cede Negroponte, Lemnos and Shkodër, and pay an annual sum of 10,000 gold ducats.[31]
- April 25 – Ratification of the Treaty of Constantinople in Venice ends the Siege of Shkodra after fifteen months, and brings all of Albania under the Ottoman Empire.
- May 13 – Christopher Columbus, an experienced mariner and successful trader in the thriving Genoese expatriate community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz (Italian on her father's side), and receives as dowry her late father's maps and papers, charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands, and other Portuguese possessions in the Ocean Sea.
- August 7 – Battle of Guinegate: A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.
- September 4 – The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as the Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) is signed between the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side, and the King of Portugal and his son on the other side, ending the four-year War of the Castilian Succession.
- October 13 – Battle of Breadfield (Hungarian: Kenyérmezei csata, Turkish: Ekmek Otlak Savaşı): The army of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats that of the Ottoman Empire in Transylvania, Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Turkish dead.
Ongoing
[edit]- The plague breaks out in Florence.[32]
- Johann Neumeister prints a new edition of Juan de Torquemada's Meditations, or the Contemplations of the Most Devout.[33]
Significant people
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Births
1470
- January 1 – Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1543)
- February 16 – Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (1491–1540) (d. 1540)
- April 7 – Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1498)
- April 9 – Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa, Italian composer (d. 1530)
- May 20 – Pietro Bembo, Italian cardinal (d. 1547)[34]
- June 30 – Charles VIII of France (d. 1498)[35]
- July 13 – Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1528)
- July 20 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (d. 1539)
- July 30 – Hongzhi Emperor of China (d. 1505)
- August 4
- Bernardo Dovizi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1520)
- Lucrezia de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (d. 1553)
- October 2
- George I of Münsterberg, Imperial Prince, Duke of Münsterberg and Oels, Graf von Glatz (d. 1502)
- Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1498)
- Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples (d. 1524)
- October 10 – Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1520)
- October 15 – Konrad Mutian, German humanist (d. 1526)
- November 2 – King Edward V of England, the elder of the "Princes in the Tower" (d. c. 1483)[36]
- November 28 – Wen Zhengming, artist in Ming dynasty China (d. 1559)
- December 5 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (d. 1530)
- date unknown
- Juan Díaz de Solís, Spanish navigator and explorer (d. 1516)
- Tang Yin, Chinese painter (d. 1524)
- Polydore Vergil, Urbinate/English historian (d. 1555)
- probable
- Matthias Grünewald, German painter (d. 1528)
- Hayuya, Taino chief (d. unknown)
- Hugh Latimer, Protestant martyr (d. 1555)
1471
- April 6 – Margaret of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1503)
- May 21 – Albrecht Dürer, German artist, writer and mathematician (d. 1528)[37]
- July 15 – Eskender, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1494)
- July 22 – Anthony Kitchin, British bishop (d. 1563)
- July 31 – Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1507)
- August 27 – George, Duke of Saxony (d. 1539)
- September 8 – William III, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1500)
- October 7 – King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway (d. 1533)
- date unknown
- John Forrest, English martyr and friar (d. 1538)
- Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1513)
1472
- January 17 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Italian condottiero and Duke of Urbino (d. 1508)
- February 15 – Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1503)
- March 28 – Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist (d. 1517)[38]
- April 5 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Pavian-born Holy Roman Empress as consort to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1510)[39]
- April 10 – Margaret of York, English princess (d. 1472)[40]
- May 31 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1538)
- August 11 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1537)
- October 19 – John Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (d. 1545)
- October 31 – Wang Yangming, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (d. 1529)
- November 24 – Pietro Torrigiano, Italian sculptor of the Florentine school (d. 1528)
- December 10 – Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (d. 1481)
- date unknown
- Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter (d. 1553)[41]
- Alfonsina Orsini, Regent of Florence (d. 1520)
- Barbro Stigsdotter, Swedish noblewoman and heroine (d. 1528)
1473
- February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)[42]
- February 25 – Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (d. 1555)
- March 3 – Asakura Sadakage, 9th head of the Asakura clan (d. 1512)
- March 14 – Reinhard IV, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1500–1512) (d. 1512)
- March 16 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (1539–1541) (d. 1541)
- March 17 – King James IV of Scotland, King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death (d. 1513)[43]
- April 2 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (d. 1504)
- July 4 – Matilda of Hesse, German noblewoman (d. 1505)[44]
- July 6 – James III of Cyprus, son of James II of Cyprus and Catherine Cornaro, king of Cyprus (d. 1474)
- July – Maddalena de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1528)[45]
- August 14 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1541)
- August 17 – Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483)[46]
- August 25 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (d. 1530)
- September 2 – Ercole Strozzi, Italian poet (d. 1508)[47]
- September 23 – Thomas Lovett III, High Sheriff of Northamptonshire (d. 1542)
- September 24 – Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (d. 1528)
- October 26 – Friedrich of Saxony, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1510)
- date unknown – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English Tudor politician (d. 1555)
- probable
- Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (d. 1525)
- Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, only son of Richard III of England (d. 1484)
- Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1536)
1474
- January 7 – Thihathura II of Ava (d. 1501)
- March 21 – Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint (d. 1540)
- May 5
- Juan Diego, Roman Catholic Saint from Mexico (d. 1548)
- Giovanni Stefano Ferrero, Italian cardinal (d. 1510)
- May 18 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (d. 1539)
- August 6 – Luigi de' Rossi, Italian cardinal (d. 1519)
- September 8 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (d. 1533)[48]
- October 6 – Luigi d'Aragona, Italian cardinal (d. 1518)
- October 7 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1536)
- October 13 – Mariotto Albertinelli, High Renaissance Italian painter of the Florentine school (d. 1515)
- November 7 – Lorenzo Campeggio, Italian Cardinal (d. 1539)
- November 8 – Francesco Vettori, Italian diplomat (d. 1539)
- November 11 – Bartolomé de las Casas, Spanish Dominican friar, historian, and social reformer (d. 1566)
- December 24 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (d. 1539)
- date unknown
- Anacaona, Taino queen and poet (d. 1503)
- Juan Diego, Mexican Catholic saint (d. 1548)
- Giacomo Pacchiarotti, Italian painter (d. 1539 or 1540)
- Cuthbert Tunstall, English bishop and diplomat (d. 1559)
- Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (d. 1534)
- probable
- Sebastian Cabot, Venetian explorer (d. c. 1557)[49]
- Edward Guilford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports of England (d. 1534)
- Stephen Hawes, English poet (d. c. 1521)
- Sir John Seymour, English courtier (d. 1536)
- Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England (d. 1499)
1475
- January 9 – Crinitus, Italian humanist (d. 1507)
- January 29 – Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (d. 1555)
- February 25 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)
- March 6 – Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian sculptor (d. 1564)[50]
- March 12 – Luca Gaurico, Italian astrologer (d. 1558)
- March 30 – Elisabeth of Culemborg, German noble (d. 1555)
- June 29 – Beatrice d'Este, duchess of Bari and Milan (d. 1497)
- September 6
- Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (d. 1519)
- Sebastiano Serlio, Italian Mannerist architect (d. 1554)
- September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (d. 1539)[51]
- September 13 or April 1476 – Cesare Borgia, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI (approximate date; d. 1507)
- October 20 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (d. 1525)
- November 2 – Anne of York, seventh child of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville (d. 1511)[52]
- November 28 – Anne Shelton, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (d. 1556)
- December 11 – Pope Leo X (d. 1521)[53]
- December 24 – Thomas Murner, German satirist (d. c. 1537)
- date unknown
- Valerius Anshelm, Swiss chronicler
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish conquistador (approximate date; d. 1519)
- Gendun Gyatso, 2nd Dalai Lama (d. 1541)
- probable
- Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr (d. 1554)
- Margaret Drummond, mistress of James IV of Scotland (d. 1502)
- Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (d. 1538)
- Filippo de Lurano, Italian composer (d. 1520)
- Gunilla Bese, Finnish noble and fiefholder (d. 1553)
1476
- January 14 – Anne St Leger, Baroness de Ros, English baroness (d. 1526)[54]
- March 12 – Anna Jagiellon, Duchess of Pomerania, Polish princess (d. 1503)
- May 2 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (d. 1536)
- May 19 – Helena of Moscow, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and Queen consort of Poland (d. 1513)
- June 28 – Pope Paul IV (d. 1559)[55]
- July 17 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1539)[56]
- July 21
- Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (d. 1534)
- Anna Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1497)[57]
- July 22 – Zhu Youyuan, Ming Dynasty politician (d. 1519)
- August 28 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (d. 1559)
- September 11 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (d. 1531)[58]
- October 1 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (d. 1531)
- October 26 – Yi Gi, Korean philosopher (d. 1552)
- November 23 – Yeonsangun of Joseon, King of Korean Joseon Dynasty (d. 1506)
- December 13 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (d. 1544)
- date unknown – Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (d. 1526)
1477
- January 13 – Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1527)
- January 14 – Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1552)
- January 16 – Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (d. 1547)
- January 25 – Anne of Brittany, sovereign duchess of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (d. 1514)[59]
- March 20 – Jerome Emser, German theologian (d. 1527)
- June 22 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (d. 1530)
- July 4 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (d. 1534)
- July 12 – Jacopo Sadoleto, Italian cardinal (d. 1547)
- September 1 – Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (d. 1525)
- September 19 – Ferrante d'Este, Ferrarese nobleman and condottiero (d. 1540)
- September 21 – Matthäus Zell, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1548)
- date unknown – István Báthory, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1534)
- probable
- Giorgione, painter in Italian High Renaissance (d. 1510)[60]
- Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (d. 1533)
- Lambert Simnel, pretender to the throne of England (d. c. 1534)
- Il Sodoma, Italian painter (d. 1549)
- Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat (d. 1539)
1478
- February 3 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (d. 1521)
- February 7 – Thomas More, English statesman and humanist (d. 1535)[61]
- May 26 – Pope Clement VII (d. 1534)[62]
- June 30 – John, Prince of Asturias, Son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (d. 1497)
- July 2 – Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) (d. 1544)
- July 8 – Gian Giorgio Trissino (d. 1550)
- July 13 – Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (d. 1561)
- July 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, Duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (d. 1534)
- July 22 – King Philip I of Castile (d. 1506)
- August – Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Spanish historian (d. 1557)
- December 6 – Baldassare Castiglione, Italian courtier and writer (d. 1529)
- date unknown
- Jacques Dubois, French anatomist (d. 1555)
- Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, Italian regent (d. 1510)
- Girolamo Fracastoro, Italian physician (d. 1553)
- Visconte Maggiolo, Italian navigator and cartographer (d. 1530)
- Katharina von Zimmern, Swiss sovereign abbess (d. 1547)
- probable
- Thomas Ashwell, English composer
- Madeleine Lartessuti, French shipper and banker (d. 1543)
1479
- March 12 – Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours (d. 1516)
- March 13 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (d. 1534)
- March 20 – Ippolito d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1520)
- March 25 – Vasili III of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1533)
- May 3 – Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1552)
- May 5 – Guru Amar Das, third Sikh Guru (d. 1574)
- May 12 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1532)
- June 14 – Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Italian scholar and poet (d. 1552)
- June 15 – Lisa del Giocondo, Florentine noblewoman believed to be the subject of the Mona Lisa (d. 1542)
- August 14 – Catherine of York, English princess, aunt of Henry VIII (d. 1527)[63]
- September 17 – Celio Calcagnini, Italian astronomer (d. 1541)
- October 28 – John Gage, English courtier of the Tudor period (d. 1556)
- November 6
- Joanna of Castile, Queen of Philip I of Castile, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1555)
- Philip I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1533)
- December – Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, Ottoman Valide Sultan (d. 1534)
- date unknown
- Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist and controversialist (d. 1552)
- Vallabhacharya, Indian founder of the Vallabha sect of Hinduism (d. 1531)
- probable – Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1522)
Deaths
1470
- January 2 – Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
- March 20 – Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle, English nobleman killed at the Battle of Nibley Green (b. c.1449)[2]
- May 15 – Charles VIII of Sweden (b. 1409)[64]
- August 31 – Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (b. c.1428)[65]
- October 18 – John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1427)
- November 23 – Gaston, Prince of Viana (b. 1444)
- December 16 – John II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1425)
- date unknown
- Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancing master (b. 1390)
- Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (b. 1416)
- probable – Jacopo Bellini, Italian painter (b. 1400)
1471
- January 18 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (b. 1418)
- February 10 – Frederick II, Margrave of Brandenburg (b. 1413)
- February 21 – John of Rokycan, Archbishop of Prague (b. c. 1396)
- March 14 – Thomas Malory, English author (b. c. 1405)
- March 22 – George of Poděbrady, first elected King of Bohemia (b. 1420)
- April 14
- John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (b. 1431)
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (b. 1428)[66]
- May 4 – Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (in battle) (b. 1453)[67]
- May 6
- Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (executed) (b. 1438)[68]
- Thomas Tresham, Speaker of the House of Commons
- May 21 – King Henry VI of England (murdered in prison) (b. 1421)[69]
- July 25 – Thomas à Kempis, German monk and writer (b. 1380)
- July 26 – Pope Paul II (b. 1417)[70]
- August 20 – Borso d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1413)
- November 8 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1458–1471) (b. 1438)
- December 17 – Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy (b. 1397)
- date unknown
- Pachacuti, Inca emperor (b. 1438)
- P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan, last independent King of Champa
- Shin Sawbu, queen regnant of Hanthawaddy in southern Burma (b. 1394)
1472
- March 30 – Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (b. 1435)
- April 25 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet and philosopher (b. 1404)[71]
- May 24 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (b. 1446)
- May 30 – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg (b. 1416)[72]
- June 4 – Nezahualcoyotl, Aztec poet (b. 1402)
- July 15 – Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1429–1472) (b. 1423)
- July 25 – Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
- November 18 – Basilios Bessarion, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1403)
- December 11 – Margaret of York, English princess (b. 1472)[40]
- date unknown – Afanasy Nikitin, Russian traveller
- probable
- Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran
- Hayne van Ghizeghem, Flemish composer (b. c. 1445)
- Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (b. c. 1396)
1473
- January 24 – Conrad Paumann, German composer (b. c. 1410)
- February 23 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders (b. 1410)
- April 3 – Alessandro Sforza, Italian condottiero (b. 1409)
- April 15 – Yamana Sōzen, Japanese daimyō and monk (b. 1404)
- May 8 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420)
- June 6 – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1430)
- June 28 – John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, English nobleman (b. 1448)[73]
- July 10 – James II of Cyprus (b. c. 1440)
- November 26 – Diego Fernández de la Cueva, 1st Viscount of Huelma
- October – Contessina de' Bardi, politically active Florentine woman (b. 1390)
- December 24 – John Cantius, Polish scholar and theologian (b. 1390)
- date unknown
- Ewuare I, Oba of Benin
- Jean Jouffroy, French prelate and diplomat (b. c. 1412)
- Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1448)
- Sigismondo Polcastro, Paduan physician and natural philosopher (b. 1384)
- probable – Marina Nani, Venetian dogaressa (b. c. 1400)
- probable – Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople (b. c. 1400)
1474
- January 3 – Pietro Riario, Catholic cardinal (b. 1447)
- March 22 – Iacopo III Appiani, Prince of Piombino (b. 1422)
- April 14 – Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1414)
- April 30 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (b. 1456)
- May 4 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (b. 1407)
- May 9
- Alfonso Vázquez de Acuña, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Jaén and Bishop of Mondoñedo (b. 1474)
- Peter von Hagenbach, Alsatian knight and ruler (b. 1423)
- May 11 – John Stanberry, Bishop of Hereford[74]
- May 14 – Choe Hang, Korean politician (b. 1409)
- July 5 – Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (b. 1418)
- July 9 – Isotta degli Atti, Italian Renaissance woman (b. 1432)
- July 18 – Mahmud Pasha Angelović, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1420)
- August 1 – Walter Blount, 1st Baron Mountjoy, English politician (b. 1416)
- August 16 – Ricciarda of Saluzzo (b. 1410)
- August 26 – James III of Cyprus (b. 1473)
- September 21 – George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1390)
- October 1 – Juan Pacheco, Spanish noble and politician (b. 1419)
- November – William Canynge, English merchant (b. c. 1399)
- November 27 – Guillaume Dufay, Flemish composer (b. 1397)[75]
- December 1 – Nicolò Marcello, Doge of Venice (b. 1397)
- December 11 – King Henry IV of Castile (b. 1425)[76]
- December 16 – Ali Qushji, Ottoman astronomer and mathematician (b. 1403)
- date unknown
- Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Portuguese chronicler (b. c. 1410)
- Antoinette de Maignelais, French royal favorite (b. 1434)
- Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama (b. 1391)
- probable
- Walter Frye, English composer
- Jehan de Waurin, French chronicler
1475
- January – Radu cel Frumos, Voivoid of Wallachia (b. c. 1437)
- February 3 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1410)
- March – Simon of Trent, Italian saint, subject of a blood libel
- March 20 – Georges Chastellain, Burgundian chronicler and poet[77]
- May 20 – Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk (born c.1404)[78]
- June 13 – Joan of Portugal, Queen of Castile (b. 1439)
- September 6 – Adolph II of Nassau, Archbishop of Mainz (b. c. 1423)
- December 10 – Paolo Uccello, Italian painter (b. 1397)
- date unknown
- Theodorus Gaza, Greek scholar, one of the leaders of the revival of learning in the 15th century (b. c. 1400)
- Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
- Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (b. 1410)
1476
- January 14
- John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (b. 1444)
- Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York, second child of Richard Plantagenet (b. 1439)
- March 1 – Imagawa Yoshitada, 9th head of the Imagawa clan (b. 1436)
- March 10 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr (b. 1430)
- March – John I Ernuszt, Ban of Slavonia
- June 8 – George Neville, English archbishop and statesman (b. c. 1432)
- July 6 – Regiomontanus, German astronomer (b. 1436)
- September 8 – Jean II, Duke of Alençon, son of John I of Alençon and Marie of Brittany (b. 1409)
- November 28 – James of the Marches, Franciscan friar
- December
- Vlad III the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (b. 1431)[79]
- Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence, English noblewoman (b. 1451)[80]
- December 12 – Frederick I, Elector Palatine (b. 1425)
- December 26 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (assassinated) (b. 1444)
- Clara Hätzlerin, German scribe (b. 1430)
1477
- January 2
- Franzone, Italian assassin (executed)[81]
- Gerolamo Olgiati, Italian assassin (executed)[81]
- Carlo Visconti, Italian assassin (executed)[81]
- January 5 – Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (in battle) (b. 1433)[26]
- January 6 – Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme
- January 15 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen, consort of Count Philip I of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1449)
- April – William Hugonet, former chancellor of Burgundy (executed)
- June 27 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (b. 1438)
- August 4 – Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
- August 11 – Latino Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1411)
- December 19 – Maria of Mangup, Princess-consort of Moldavia
- June 1 – Charlotte de Brézé, French countess (b. 1446)
1478
- February 1 – Cristoforo della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1434)
- February 18 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (executed) (b. 1449)[82]
- April 26 – Giuliano de' Medici, son of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (assassinated) (b. 1453)
- June 12 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (b. 1412)[83]
- August 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess consort of Savoy (b. 1434)
- August 28 – Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (b. 1428)
- November 8 – Emperor Baeda Maryam I of Ethiopia (b. 1448)
- date unknown – Aliodea Morosini, Venetian dogaressa
1479
- January 18 – Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1417)
- January 20 – King John II of Aragon (b. 1397)
- February – Antonello da Messina, Italian painter (b. c. 1430)
- February 10 – Catherine of Cleves, duchess consort regent of Guelders (b. 1417)
- February 12 – Eleanor of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre (b. 1426)
- April 24 – Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (b. 1440)
- June 11 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (b. 1419)
- September 10 – Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1422)
- September 18 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (b. 1445)
- November 6 – James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton
- date unknown
- Johanne Andersdatter Sappi, Danish noble (b. 1400)
- Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (b. c. 1410)
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