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1968 Summer Olympics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the sporting event. For the social movement, see Mexican Movement of 1968.

Games of the XIX Olympiad
Emblem of the 1968 Summer Olympics
LocationMexico City, Mexico
Nations112
Athletes5,516 (4,735 men, 781 women)
Events172 in 18 sports (24 disciplines)
Opening12 October 1968
Closing27 October 1968
Opened by
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
President of Mexico[1]
Closed by
Avery Brundage
President of the International Olympic Committee
Cauldron
Enriqueta Basilio[1]
StadiumEstadio Olímpico Universitario
Summer
Winter
1968 Summer Paralympics

The 1968 Summer Olympics (Spanish: Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968), officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad (Spanish: Juegos de la XIX Olimpiada) and officially branded as Mexico 1968 (Spanish: México 1968), were an international multi-sport event held from 12 to 27 October 1968 in Mexico City, Mexico. These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America, the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country, and the first to be staged in the Global South. Consequently, these games also marked the first time that there would be a gap of two Olympic Games not to be held in Europe. They were also the first Games to use an all-weather (smooth) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track, as well as the first example of the Olympics exclusively using electronic timekeeping equipment.[2]

The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year, after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The 1968 Mexican Student Movement was crushed days prior, hence the Games were correlated to the government's repression.

The United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until the 1984 Summer Games.

Host city selection

[edit]
Opening Ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympic Games at the Estadio Olímpico Universitario in Mexico City

On 18 October 1963, at the 60th IOC Session in Baden-Baden, West Germany, Mexico City finished ahead of bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games.[3]

1968 Summer Olympics bidding results[4]
City Country Round 1
Mexico City  Mexico 30
Detroit  United States 14
Lyon  France 12
Buenos Aires  Argentina 2

Olympic torch relay

[edit]

The 1968 torch relay recreated the route taken by Christopher Columbus to the New World, journeying from Greece through Italy and Spain to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and then on to Mexico.[5] American sculptor James Metcalf, an expatriate in Mexico, won the commission to forge the Olympic torch for the 1968 Summer Games.[6]

Visual identity

[edit]

The logo is viewed as a Mexican cultural icon.[7][8] It was the subject of dispute between American designer Lance Wyman and Mexican architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez over who originated the graphic concepts.[7] Architect Eduardo Terrazas also worked under Ramirez's direction to develop the concept.[9][10] A pink chacmool jaguar, which was sold in souvenir shops, is considered an unofficial mascot.[11] The dove of peace was also a symbol of the Games, which was appropriated by student protesters with a bayonet piercing it.[12]

Highlights

[edit]
Adolfo López Mateos, President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964 and first chairman of the Organization Committee of the 1968 Summer Olympics
  • In the medal award ceremony for the men's 200 metres race, Black American athletes Tommie Smith (gold) and John Carlos (bronze) took a stand for civil rights by raising their black-gloved fists and wearing black socks in lieu of shoes. The Australian Peter Norman, who had run second, wore an American "human rights" badge as a gesture of support to them on the podium. In response, the IOC banned Smith and Carlos from the Olympic Games for life, and Norman's omission from Australia's Olympic team in 1972 was allegedly as punishment.[13][14]
  • George Foreman won the gold medal in heavyweight boxing division by defeating Soviet Jonas Čepulis via a second-round TKO. After the victory, Foreman waved a small American flag as he bowed to the crowd.[15]
  • The high elevation of Mexico City, at 2,240 m (7,350 ft) above sea level, influenced many of the events, particularly in track and field. No other Summer Olympic Games before or since have been held at high elevation.[16]
  • In addition to high elevation, this was the first Olympics to use a synthetic all-weather surface for track and field events; the "Tartan" surface was originally developed by 3M for horse racing, but did not catch on. The tracks at previous Olympics were conventional cinder.[17]
  • For the first time, East and West Germany competed as separate teams, after being forced by the IOC to compete as a combined German team in 1956, 1960, and 1964.
  • Al Oerter won his fourth consecutive gold medal in the discus to become only the second athlete to achieve this feat in an individual event, and the first in athletics.[18]
  • Bob Beamon leapt 8.90 m (29 ft 2.39 in) in the long jump, an incredible 55 cm (22 in) improvement over the previous world record. It stood as the world record for 23 years, until broken by American Mike Powell in 1991; yet it has stood as the current Olympic record for 56 years. Jim Hines, Tommie Smith and Lee Evans also set long-standing world records in the 100 m, 200 m and 400 m, respectively.[citation needed]
  • In the triple jump, the previous world record was improved five times by three different athletes. Winner Viktor Saneev also won in 1972 and 1976, and won silver in 1980.
  • Dick Fosbury won the gold medal in the high jump using his unconventional Fosbury flop technique, which quickly became the dominant technique in the event.[19]
  • Věra Čáslavská of Czechoslovakia won four gold medals in gymnastics and protested the Soviet invasion of her country.[20]
  • Debbie Meyer became the first swimmer to win three individual gold medals, in the 200, 400 and 800 m freestyle events. The 800 m was a new long-distance event for women. Meyer was only 16 years old, a student at Rio Americano High School in Sacramento, California. Meyer was the first of several American teenagers to win the 800 m, with Katie Ledecky being her notable successor.
  • American swimmer Charlie Hickcox won three gold medals (200 m IM, 400 m IM, 4 × 100 m medley relay) and one silver medal (100 m backstroke).[21][citation needed]
  • The introduction of doping tests resulted in the first disqualification because of doping: Swedish pentathlete Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall was disqualified for alcohol use (he drank several beers just prior to competing).[22]
  • John Stephen Akhwari of Tanzania became internationally famous after finishing the marathon, in the last place, despite a dislocated knee.[23]
  • This was the first of three Olympic participation by Jacques Rogge. He competed in yachting and would later become the president of the IOC.[24]
  • Norma Enriqueta Basilio de Sotelo of Mexico became the first woman to light the Olympic cauldron with the Olympic flame.[citation needed]
  • It was the first games at which there was a significant African presence in men's distance running. Africans won at least one medal in all running events from 800 meters to the marathon, and in so doing they set a trend for future games. Most of these runners came from high-altitude areas of countries like Kenya and Ethiopia, and they were well-prepared for the 2240 m elevation of Mexico City.[citation needed]
  • Kipchoge Keino of Kenya, competing in spite of unexpected bouts of severe abdominal pain later diagnosed as a gall bladder infection, finished the 10,000 meters in spite of collapsing from pain with two laps to go, won silver in the 5000, and won gold in the 1500 meters.[25][26]
  • It was the first Olympic games in which the closing ceremony was transmitted in color to the world, as well as the events themselves.[27]

Controversies

[edit]

South Africa

[edit]
Main article: Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics § 1965–68

After being banned from participating in 1964, South Africa - under its new leader John Vorster - had made diplomatic overtures to improve relations with neighboring countries and internationally, suggesting legal changes to allow South Africa to compete with an integrated, multiracial team internationally. The nominal obstacle behind South Africa's exclusion thus removed, the country was thus provisionally invited to the Games, on the understanding that all segregation and discrimination in sport would be eliminated by the 1972 Games. However, African countries and African American athletes promised to boycott the Games if South Africa was present, and Eastern Bloc countries threatened to do likewise. In April 1968 the IOC conceded that "it would be most unwise for South Africa to participate".[28] It was thus the first Olympics where South Africa was positively excluded, which continued until the Olympics of 1992.

Tlatelolco massacre

[edit]
Main article: Tlatelolco massacre

Responding to growing social unrest and protests, the government of Mexico had increased economic and political suppression, against labor unions in particular, in the decade building up to the Olympics. A series of protest marches in the city in August gathered significant attendance, with an estimated 500,000 taking part on 27 August. President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz ordered the police occupation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in September, but protests continued. Using the prominence brought by the Olympics, students gathered in Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco to call for greater civil and democratic rights and showed disdain for the Olympics with slogans such as ¡No queremos olimpiadas, queremos revolución! ("We don't want Olympics, we want revolution!").[29][30]

Ten days before the start of the Olympics, the government ordered the gathering in Plaza de las Tres Culturas to be broken up. Some 5000 soldiers and 200 tankettes surrounded the plaza. Hundreds of protesters and civilians were killed and over 1000 were arrested. At the time, the event was portrayed in the national media as the military suppression of a violent student uprising, but later analysis indicates that the gathering was peaceful prior to the army's advance.[31][32][33]

Black Power salute

[edit]
Main article: 1968 Olympics Black Power salute
Gold medalist Tommie Smith (center) and bronze medalist John Carlos (right) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race

On 16 October 1968, African American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the gold and bronze medalists in the men's 200-meter race, took their places on the podium for the medal ceremony wearing human rights badges and black socks without shoes, lowered their heads and each raised a black-gloved fist as "The Star Spangled Banner" was played, in solidarity with the Black Freedom Movement in the United States. Both were members of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be. In response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village. When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team. This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games.[34]

Peter Norman, the Australian sprinter who came second in the 200-meter race, also wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge during the medal ceremony. Norman was the one who suggested that Carlos and Smith wear one glove each. His actions resulted in him being ostracized by Australian media[35] and a reprimand by his country's Olympic authorities. He was not sent to the 1972 games, despite several times making the qualifying time,[36] though opinions differ over whether that was due to the 1968 protest.[37] When Australia hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics, he had no part in the opening ceremony, though the significance of that is also debated.[37] In 2006, after Norman died of a heart attack, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at Norman's funeral.[38]

Věra Čáslavská and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

[edit]

In another notable incident in the gymnastics competition, while standing on the medal podium after the balance beam event final, in which Natalia Kuchinskaya of the Soviet Union had controversially taken the gold, Czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská quietly turned her head down and away during the playing of the Soviet national anthem. The action was Čáslavská's silent protest against the recent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Her protest was repeated when she accepted her medal for her floor exercise routine when the judges changed the preliminary scores of the Soviet Larisa Petrik to allow her to tie with Čáslavská for the gold. While Čáslavská's countrymen supported her actions and her outspoken opposition to Soviet control (she had publicly signed and supported Ludvik Vaculik's "Two Thousand Words" manifesto), the new regime responded by banning her from both sporting events and international travel for many years and made her an outcast from society until the fall of communist regime in Czechoslovakia.[39]

Venues

[edit]
Main article: Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics

Sports

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The 1968 Summer Olympic program featured 172 events in the following 18 sports:

Demonstration sports

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The organizers declined to hold a judo tournament at the Olympics, even though it had been a full-medal sport four years earlier. This was the last time judo was not included in the Olympic games.

Baseball had been featured as a demonstration sport at the 1964 Tokyo Games, but not in 1968, despite Mexico's baseball heritage. Instead, a separate international tournament was held in Mexico City, shortly after the conclusion of the Olympic Games.

Participating National Olympic Committees

[edit]

East Germany and West Germany competed as separate entities for the first time at a Summer Olympiad, and would remain so through 1988. Barbados competed for the first time as an independent country. Also competing for the first time in a Summer Olympiad were British Honduras (now Belize), Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (as Congo-Kinshasa), El Salvador, Guinea, Honduras, Kuwait, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Sierra Leone, and the United States Virgin Islands. Singapore returned to the Games as an independent country after competing as part of the Malaysian team in 1964. Suriname and Libya actually competed for the first time (in 1960 and 1964, respectively, they took part in the Opening Ceremony, but their athletes later withdrew from the competition). The People's Republic of China last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute with the Republic of China over the right to represent China.[40]

Participating countries
Number of athletes per country
Participating National Olympic Committees

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

[edit]

Calendar

[edit]
All dates are in Central Time Zone (UTC-6)


OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony
October 1968 12th
Sat 		13th
Sun 		14th
Mon 		15th
Tue 		16th
Wed 		17th
Thu 		18th
Fri 		19th
Sat 		20th
Sun 		21st
Mon 		22nd
Tue 		23rd
Wed 		24th
Thu 		25th
Fri 		26th
Sat 		27th
Sun 		Events
Ceremonies OC CC —
Aquatics
Diving ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● ● 1 33
Swimming 2 ● 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3
Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1
Athletics 1 4 4 7 6 5 2 7 36
Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 11 11
Canoeing ● ● ● 7 7
Cycling Road cycling 1 1 7
Track cycling 1 1 1 ● 2
Equestrian ● ● ● 2 1 1 1 1 6
Fencing ● 1 1 ● 1 1 1 1 ● 1 1 8
Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Gymnastics ● ● 2 2 4 6 14
Modern pentathlon ● ● ● ● 2 2
Rowing ● ● ● ● 7 7
Sailing ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 5
Shooting 2 1 1 1 2 7
Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2
Weightlifting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
Wrestling ● ● ● 8 ● ● ● 8 16
Daily medal events 2 5 6 9 13 10 17 20 14 5 12 8 16 34 1 172
Cumulative total 2 7 13 22 35 45 62 82 96 101 113 121 137 171 172
October 1968 12th
Sat 		13th
Sun 		14th
Mon 		15th
Tue 		16th
Wed 		17th
Thu 		18th
Fri 		19th
Sat 		20th
Sun 		21st
Mon 		22nd
Tue 		23rd
Wed 		24th
Thu 		25th
Fri 		26th
Sat 		27th
Sun 		Total events

Boycotting countries

[edit]

North Korea withdrew from the 1968 Games because of two incidents that strained its relations with the IOC. First, the IOC had barred North Korean track and field athletes from the 1968 Games because they had participated in the rival Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) in 1966. Secondly, the IOC had ordered the nation to compete under the name "North Korea" in the 1968 Games, whereas the country itself would have preferred its official name: "Democratic People's Republic of Korea".[41]

Medal count

[edit]
Main articles: 1968 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 1968 Summer Olympics medal winners

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1968 Games. Host Mexico won nine medals in total.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States452834107
2 Soviet Union29323091
3 Japan117725
4 Hungary10101232
5 East Germany99725
6 France73515
7 Czechoslovakia72413
8 West Germany5111026
9 Australia57517
10 Great Britain55313
Totals (10 entries)133114117364

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  2. ^ "Omega, the Olympics, and the innovations required to time the Earth's Best". SecondTime. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  3. ^ "IOC Vote History". Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  5. ^ "Mexico 1968 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights". International Olympic Committee. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  6. ^ Dannatt, Adrian (17 February 2012). "James Metcalf: US sculptor who led a community of artists and artisans in Mexico". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  7. ^ a b Cervantes, Rodrigo (12 October 2018). "Mexico 68 Olympics Design Is Still Revered, Disputed". KJZZ. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  8. ^ "Behind the iconic graphics from 1968, from the artists who created them". Washington Post. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  9. ^ Museo MARCO (12 August 2024). Entornos urbanos y Tablas. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via YouTube.
  10. ^ "mexico68". Eduardo Terrazas (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Mexico 1968 – Chac Mool (unofficial mascot)". theolympicdesign – Olympic Design Webseite!. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  12. ^ "Imágenes y revuelta: la gráfica del 68". MUAC (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  13. ^ "2 Black Power Advocates Ousted From Olympics". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  14. ^ Montague, James. "The third man: The forgotten Black Power hero". CNN. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  15. ^ Foreman, George (12 November 2011), George Foreman vs Ionas Chepulis (1968 Gold medal boxing match), archived from the original on 3 November 2021, retrieved 4 June 2018
  16. ^ Matthews, Peter (22 March 2012). Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879850.
  17. ^ Matthews, Peter (22 March 2012). Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879850.
  18. ^ Litsky, Frank (2 October 2007). "Al Oerter, Olympic Discus Champion, Is Dead at 71". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 January 2017 – via Proquest Newspapers.
  19. ^ The Sports of the Times: A Day-by-Day Selection of the Most Important, Thrilling and Inspired Events of the Past 150 Years, edited by William Taaffe, David Fischer, New York, N.Y, U.S.: The New York Times and St. Martin's Press, 2003, "October 20, 1968: Fearless Fosbury Flops to Glory," Joseph Durso, page 333.
  20. ^ "'I will sweat blood to defeat invaders' representatives' - 1968's forgotten Olympic protest". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Mexico 1968 Swimming - Results & Videos". International Olympic Committee. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  22. ^ Mason, Christopher (29 July 2008). "Gold medals, vitamin V and miscreant sports". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 179 (3): 219–222. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080993. PMC 2474878. PMID 18663195. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  23. ^ "Tanzania's most inspirational athlete : IOC – HUB". Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  24. ^ "Count Jacques ROGGE - Comité Olympique et Interfédéral Belge, IOC Member since 1991". International Olympic Committee. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  25. ^ The Complete Book of the Olympics, 2012 edition, David Wallechinsky, Jaime Loucky, London, England, UK: Aurum Press Ltd, 2012, "Track & Field (Men): 1500 Meters," page 108.
  26. ^ Abrahamson, Alan (28 November 2002). "Keino Reflects on Legendary Race: Now 63 and an IOC member, ever-humble Kenyan takes a lap around Mexico City track where he ran memorable 1,500". Los Angeles Times.
  27. ^ Guinness World Records - First summer Olympic Games televised in colour
  28. ^ Espy, Richard (1981). The Politics of the Olympic Games: With an Epilogue, 1976-1980. University of California Press. pp. 125–8. ISBN 9780520043954. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  29. ^ México 1968: Las Olimpiadas 10 días después de la matanza[usurped]. ADN Politico (8 August 2012). Retrieved on 2013-07-03.
  30. ^ 1968: Student riots threaten Mexico Olympics. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 3 July 2013.
  31. ^ Werner, Michael S., ed. Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture. Vol. 2 Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997.
  32. ^ Mexican students protest for greater democracy, 1968. Global Non-Violent Action Database. Retrieved on 3 July 2013.
  33. ^ The Dead of Tlatelolco. The National Security Archive. Retrieved on 3 July 2013.
  34. ^ On This Day: Tommie Smith and John Carlos Give Black Power Salute on Olympic Podium Archived 9 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Findingdulcinea.com. Retrieved on 13 June 2015.
  35. ^ Wise, Mike (5 October 2006). "Clenched fists, helping hand". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  36. ^ Frost, Caroline (17 October 2008). "The other man on the podium". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  37. ^ a b Messenger, Robert (24 August 2012). "Leigh sprints into wrong lane over Norman". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  38. ^ Flanagan, Martin (6 October 2006). "Olympic protest heroes praise Norman's courage". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  39. ^ "'I will sweat blood to defeat invaders' representatives' - 1968's forgotten Olympic protest". BBC Sport.
  40. ^ Xiao, Li. "China and the Olympic Movement". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  41. ^ Grasso, John; Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (2015). "Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea) (PRK)". Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (5th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-4422-4860-1.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1968 Summer Olympics.
External videos
video icon Full Olympic Film - Mexico City 1968 Olympic Games on YouTube
Summer Olympics
Preceded by XIX Olympiad
Mexico City
1968 		Succeeded by
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