ASP.NET

ASP.NET (file format)
Filename extension	.aspx, .cshtml, .vbhtml
Internet media type	text/html
Developed by	Microsoft

ASP.NET (software)
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	January 5, 2002; 22 years ago
Stable release	4.8.1 / August 9, 2022; 2 years ago
Repository	github.com/aspnet/AspNetWebStack ;
Written in	.NET languages
Operating system	Microsoft Windows, Linux, macOS
Platform	.NET Framework
Type	Web framework
License	Proprietary software
Website	dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/apps/aspnet

ASP.NET is a server-side web-application framework designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, applications and services. The name stands for Active Server Pages Network Enabled Technologies.

It was first released in January 2002 with version 1.0 of the .NET Framework and is the successor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime (CLR), allowing programmers to write ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language. The ASP.NET SOAP extension framework allows ASP.NET components to process SOAP messages.

In 2016, Microsoft released ASP.NET Core as ASP.NET's successor. This new version is a re-implementation of ASP.NET as a modular web framework, together with other frameworks like Entity Framework. The new framework uses the new open-source .NET Compiler Platform (codename "Roslyn") and is cross platform. ASP.NET MVC, ASP.NET Web API, and ASP.NET Web Pages (a platform using only Razor pages) have merged into a unified MVC 6.^[3]

Programming models

ASP.NET supports a number of programming models for building web applications:^[4]

ASP.NET Web Forms – A framework for building modular pages out of components, with UI events being processed server-side. This framework is not included in the ASP.NET Core versions; it only works in the "classic" ASP.NET, on Windows.
ASP.NET MVC – allows building web pages using the model–view–controller design pattern.
ASP.NET Web Pages – A lightweight syntax for adding dynamic code and data access directly inside HTML markup.^[5]
ASP.NET Web API – A framework for building Web APIs on top of the .NET Framework.^[6]
ASP.NET WebHooks – Implements the Webhook pattern for subscribing to and publishing events via HTTP.
SignalR – A real-time communications framework for bi-directional communication between client and server.

Other ASP.NET extensions include:

ASP.NET Handler – Components that implement the System.Web.IHttpHandler interface. Unlike ASP.NET Pages, they have no HTML-markup file, no events and other supporting. All they have is a code-file (written in any .NET-compatible language) that writes some data to the server HTTP response. HTTP handlers are similar to ISAPI extensions.
ASP.NET AJAX – An extension with both client-side as well as server-side components for writing ASP.NET pages that incorporate Ajax functionality.
ASP.NET Dynamic Data – A scaffolding extension to build data driven web applications.

IIS integrated pipeline

On IIS 6.0 and lower, pages written using different versions of the ASP framework cannot share session state without the use of third-party libraries. This does not apply to ASP.NET and ASP applications running side by side on IIS 7. With IIS 7.0, modules may be run in an integrated pipeline that allows modules written in any language to be executed for any request.^[7]

Third-party frameworks

It is not essential to use the standard Web forms development model when developing with ASP.NET. Noteworthy frameworks designed for the platform include:

Base One Foundation Component Library (BFC) is RAD framework for building .NET database and distributed computing applications.
DotNetNuke is an open-source solution that provides both a web application framework and a content management system that allows for advanced extensibility through modules, skins, and providers.
Castle MonoRail, an open-source MVC framework with an execution model similar to Ruby on Rails. The framework is commonly used with Castle ActiveRecord, an ORM layer built on NHibernate.

Versions

ASP.NET's release history tightly correlates with the .NET Framework releases:

Date	Version	Remarks	New ASP.NET related features
January 16, 2002	Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0	First version released together with Visual Studio .NET	Object-oriented Web application development supporting inheritance, polymorphism and other standard OOP features Developers are no longer forced to use Server.CreateObject(...), so early-binding and type safety are possible. Based on Windows programming; the developer can make use of DLL class libraries and other features of the Web server to build more robust applications that do more than simply rendering HTML (e.g., exception handling)
April 24, 2003	Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1	released together with Windows Server 2003 released together with Visual Studio .NET 2003	Mobile controls Automatic input validation
November 7, 2005	Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0	codename Whidbey released together with Visual Studio 2005 and Visual Web Developer Express and SQL Server 2005	New data controls (GridView, FormView, DetailsView) New technique for declarative data access (SqlDataSource, ObjectDataSource, XmlDataSource controls) Navigation controls Master pages Login controls Themes Skins Web parts Personalization services Full pre-compilation New localization technique Support for 64-bit processors Provider class model
November 21, 2006	Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0	Released with Windows Vista	Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) Windows Communication Foundation, which can use ASP.NET to host services Windows CardSpace, which uses ASP.NET for login roles
November 19, 2007	Old version, no longer maintained: 3.5	Released with Visual Studio 2008 and Windows Server 2008	New data controls (ListView, DataPager) ASP.NET AJAX included as part of the framework Support for HTTP pipelining and syndication feeds. WCF support for RSS, JSON, POX and Partial Trust All the .NET Framework 3.5 changes, like LINQ etc.
August 11, 2008	Old version, no longer maintained: 3.5 Service Pack 1	Released with Visual Studio 2008 Service Pack 1	Incorporation of ASP.NET Dynamic Data Support for controlling browser history in an ASP.NET AJAX application Ability to combine multiple JavaScript files into one file for more efficient downloading New namespaces System.Web.Abstractions and System.Web.Routing
April 12, 2010	Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0	Released with Visual Studio 2010 Parallel extensions and other .NET Framework 4 features	The two new properties added in the Page class are MetaKeyword and MetaDescription.
August 15, 2012	Old version, no longer maintained: 4.5	Released with Visual Studio 2012 and Windows Server 2012 for Windows 8 Parallel extensions and other .NET Framework 4.5 features
October 17, 2013	Old version, no longer maintained: 4.5.1	Released with Visual Studio 2013^[8] for Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1	Bootstrap 3.0 Web API 2: OAuth 2.0, OData improvements, CORS MVC 5: Attribute routing, authentication filters and filter overrides EF 6 SignalR OWIN
May 5, 2014^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.5.2		Higher reliability HTTP header inspection and modification methods New way to schedule background asynchronous worker tasks
July 20, 2015^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.6	Released^[10] with Visual Studio 2015^[11] and EF 7 Previews for Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10	HTTP/2 support when running on Windows 10 More async task-returning APIs
November 30, 2015^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.6.1
August 2, 2016^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.6.2		Improved async support (output-cache and session providers)
April 11, 2017^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.7	Included in the Windows 10 Creators Update^[12]	operating system support for TLS protocols
October 17, 2017^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.7.1	Included in the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update.^[13]	Improved accessibility Value tuple types serialization SHA-2 support
April 30, 2018^[9]	Old version, yet still maintained: 4.7.2
August 09, 2022^[9]	Current stable version: 4.8.1	Released^[14]	JIT and NGEN Improvements Updated ZLib Reducing FIPS Impact on Cryptography Accessibility Enhancements for WinForms Service Behavior Enhancements for WCF High DPI Enhancements, UIAutomation Improvements for WPF
November 18, 2015	Old version, no longer maintained: 5 RC1	This version was later separated from ASP.NET and brought into a new project called ASP.NET Core, whose versioning started at 1.0.^[15]	An entirely new project with different development tenets and goals
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version Future release

Other implementations

The Mono Project supports "everything in .NET 4.7 except WPF, WWF, and with limited WCF and limited ASP.NET 4.7 async stack."^[16] ASP.NET can be run with Mono using one of three options: Apache hosting using the mod_mono module, FastCGI hosting, and XSP.

References

Citations

^ ".net framework download page".
^ "Microsoft .NET Framework Redistributable EULA". MSDN. Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
^ "Introduction to ASP.NET 5 — ASP.NET 0.0.1 documentation". asp.net. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "Choose between ASP.NET and ASP.NET Core". docs.microsoft.com.
^ "ASP.NET Web Pages (Razor) FAQ". docs.microsoft.com.
^ "Get Started with ASP.NET Web API 2 (C#)". docs.microsoft.com.
^ "How to Take Advantage of the IIS 7.0 Integrated Pipeline". iis.net.
^ "Announcing release of ASP.NET and Web Tools for Visual Studio 2013".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ".net framework product lifecycle".
^ "Announcing .NET Framework 4.6".
^ "Visual Studio 2015 and Visual Studio 2013 Update 5 Released". msdn.com. Microsoft.
^ "Announcing the .NET Framework 4.7". 5 April 2017.
^ "Announcing the .NET Framework 4.7.1". 17 October 2017.
^ "Announcing the .NET Framework 4.8". 18 April 2019.
^ "Releases". GitHub.
^ "Compatibility | Mono". Compatibility | Mono. 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

General sources

MacDonald, Matthew; Szpuszta, Mario (2005). Pro ASP.NET 2.0 in C# 2005 (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 1-59059-496-7.

External links

[1] ".net framework download page".

[2] "Microsoft .NET Framework Redistributable EULA". MSDN. Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.

[asp.net-3] "Introduction to ASP.NET 5 — ASP.NET 0.0.1 documentation". asp.net. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.

[4] "Choose between ASP.NET and ASP.NET Core". docs.microsoft.com.

[5] "ASP.NET Web Pages (Razor) FAQ". docs.microsoft.com.

[6] "Get Started with ASP.NET Web API 2 (C#)". docs.microsoft.com.

[7] "How to Take Advantage of the IIS 7.0 Integrated Pipeline". iis.net.

[8] "Announcing release of ASP.NET and Web Tools for Visual Studio 2013".

[lifecycle-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ".net framework product lifecycle".

[10] "Announcing .NET Framework 4.6".

[11] "Visual Studio 2015 and Visual Studio 2013 Update 5 Released". msdn.com. Microsoft.

[12] "Announcing the .NET Framework 4.7". 5 April 2017.

[13] "Announcing the .NET Framework 4.7.1". 17 October 2017.

[14] "Announcing the .NET Framework 4.8". 18 April 2019.

[GHreleases-15] "Releases". GitHub.

[monoproject-16] "Compatibility | Mono". Compatibility | Mono. 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

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v t e Microsoft APIs and frameworks
Graphics and UI	Desktop Window Manager Direct2D Direct3D D3D (extensions) GDI / GDI+ WPF Silverlight WinUI Windows Color System Windows Image Acquisition Windows Imaging Component DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI) Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform WinG
Audio	DirectMusic DirectSound DirectX plugin XACT Speech API XAudio2
Multimedia	DirectX Media Objects Video Acceleration Xinput DirectInput DirectShow Image Mastering API Managed DirectX Media Foundation XNA Windows Media Video for Windows
Web	MSHTML RSS Platform JScript VBScript BHO XDR SideBar Gadgets TypeScript
Data access	Data Access Components (MDAC) ADO ADO.NET ODBC OLE DB Extensible Storage Engine Entity Framework Sync Framework Access Database Engine MSXML OPC
Networking	Winsock LSP Winsock Kernel Filtering Platform NDIS Windows Rally BITS P2P API MSMQ MS MPI DirectPlay
Communication	Messaging API Telephony API WCF
Administration and management	Win32 console Windows Script Host WMI (extensions) PowerShell Task Scheduler Offline Files Shadow Copy Windows Installer Error Reporting Event Log Common Log File System
Component model	COM COM+ ActiveX Distributed Component Object Model .NET Framework
Libraries	Framework Class Library Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) Active Template Library (ATL) Windows Template Library (WTL)
Device drivers	WDM WDF KMDF UMDF WDDM NDIS UAA BDA VxD
Security	Crypto API CAPICOM Windows CardSpace Data Protection API Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)
.NET	ASP.NET ADO.NET Remoting Silverlight TPL WCF WCS WPF WF
Software factories	Enterprise Library Composite UI CCF CSF
IPC	MSRPC Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) Remoting WCF
Accessibility	Active Accessibility UI Automation
Text and multilingual support	DirectWrite Text Services Framework Text Object Model Input method editor Language Interface Pack Multilingual User Interface Uniscribe

v t e Web frameworks
Comparison
.NET	ASP.NET Core AJAX Dynamic Data MVC Razor Web Forms Blazor DNN BFC MonoRail Umbraco WebSharper
C++	CppCMS Drogon Wt
ColdFusion	ColdBox Platform
Common Lisp	CL-HTTP
Haskell	Servant Snap Yesod
Java	AppFuse Grails GWT ICEfaces JHipster JWt Mojarra Play Remote Application Platform Seam Sling Spring Stripes Struts Tapestry Vaadin Vert.x Wicket WaveMaker ZK
JavaScript	Angular/AngularJS Backbone.js Closure Dojo Toolkit Ember.js Express.js Ext JS htmx jQuery Knockout.js Meteor MooTools Next.js Nuxt.js Node.js OpenUI5 Prototype React Remix Sencha Touch SproutCore Svelte Vue.js
Perl	Catalyst Dancer Maypole Mojolicious WebGUI
PHP	CakePHP CodeIgniter Drupal eZ Publish Fat-Free Flow FuelPHP Grav Gyroscope Horde Joomla! Laminas Laravel li₃ Midgard MODX Phalcon PHP-Fusion PHP-Nuke Pop PHP PRADO ProcessWire Qcodo Silverstripe Symfony TYPO3 WordPress XOOPS Yii
Python	BlueBream CherryPy CubicWeb Django FastAPI Flask Grok Nevow Pyjs Pylons Pyramid Quixote TACTIC Tornado TurboGears web2py Zope 2 more...
Ruby	Merb Padrino Ruby on Rails Sinatra
Rust	Rocket
Scala	Lift Play Scalatra
Smalltalk	AIDA/Web Seaside
Other languages	Application Express (PL/SQL) Grails (Groovy) OpenACS (Tcl) Phoenix (Elixir) Shiny (web framework) (R) SproutCore (JavaScript-Ruby) Yaws (Erlang)