Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

China Railway High-speed

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For high-speed rail transport in China generally, see High-speed rail in China.

China Railway High-speed
Overview
Parent companyChina Railway
HeadquartersBeijing, China
LocalePeople's Republic of China
Dates of operation2007–present
Technical
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead catenary
China Railway High-speed
Simplified Chinese中国高速铁路
Traditional Chinese中國高速鐵路
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó gāosù tiělù

China Railway High-speed (CRH) is a high-speed rail service operated by China Railway.

The introduction of CRH series was a major part of the sixth national railway speedup, implemented on April 18, 2007.[1] By the end of 2020, China Railway High-speed provided service to all provinces in China, and operated just under 38,000 km (24,000 mi) passenger tracks in length, accounting for about two-thirds of the world's high-speed rail tracks in commercial service.[2][3][4] China has revealed plans to extend the HSR to 70,000 km by year 2035.[4] It is the world's most extensively used railway service, with 2.29 billion bullet train trips delivered in 2019[5] and 2.16 billion trips in 2020,[6] bringing the total cumulative number of trips to 13 billion as of 2020.[7][8]

Over 1000 sets of rolling stock are operated under the CRH brand including Hexie CRH1/2A/5 that are designed to have a maximum speed of 250 km/h (160 mph), and CRH2C/3 have a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph). The indigenous designed CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6 km/h (258.9 mph) with commercial operation speed of 350 km/h. The fastest train set, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph). In 2017, the China Standardized EMU brand including CR400AF/BF and CR200J joined China Railway High-speed and are designated as Fuxing together with letters CR (China Railway).[9][10] With a gradual plan, the CR brand is going to replace the current CRH brand in service.[11] China’s CRH380A Hexie developed by CSR Corporation Limited. it is designed to operate comfortably at a speed of 350 km/h (217 mph) and a maximum speed of 380 km/h (236 mph),it is also the fastest train in the world. During testing it also reached 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph).[12]

Depending on their speed, there are 3 categories of high speed trains, G, D and C (G and some C being the fastest at 350 km/h, D having a speed of 250 km/h and C having a speed of 200 km/h).[13]

High-speed rail network

[edit]
Main article: High-speed rail in China
Main article: List of high-speed railway lines in China

High-speed rail services were first introduced in 2007 operating with CRH rolling stock. Those run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h (160 mph) and on newer dedicated high-speed track rated up to 350 km/h (220 mph).

China will continue to operate the largest high-speed rail (HSR) network in the world by the end of 2021, with a length of over 40,000 km (24,855 mi). Beijing to Hong Kong High Speed Railway, the longest HSR route in the world, stretches 2,440 km (1,516 mi).[14]

CRH service on dedicated high-speed lines

[edit]

CRH service on upgraded conventional lines

[edit]
A CRH2C and possibly a regular-speed sleeper train, on the Longhai Railway outside of city walls of Xi'an.

As of September 2010, there were 2,876 kilometres (1,787 mi) of upgraded conventional railways in China that can accommodate trains running speeds of 200 to 250 km/h.[50] Over time with the completion of the national high-speed passenger-dedicated rail network, more CRH service will shift from these lines to the high-speed dedicated lines.

A. Intercity service (typically, listed in schedules as C-series or D-series trains):

B. Long-haul service (typically, listed in schedules as G-series or D-series trains):

Overnight high-speed trains

[edit]
A CRH2E Duplex high-speed overnight sleeper at Shanghai railway station in 2017.

Unlike the "conventional" (non-CRH trains), which run round the clock, most high-speed rail lines operations shut down each night. There are several sleeper EMU services (abbreviated 动卧, dòngwò) running on the upgraded rail or high-speed lines operated with CRH1E and CRH2E trains.

Conventional higher-speed Z-series overnight rail services may also use certain sections of the high-speed rail network; e.g., the planned Shanghai-Chengdu train Z121/2/3/4 will use the Huhanrong PDL from Nanjing to Wuhan.[67]

With the schedule change planned for December 21, 2012, some of these trainsets will be re-purposed to also provide overnight high-speed service between Shanghai and Xi'an North.[67] In the 2014, Chunyun season, overnight HSR trains first ran on Beijing-Guangzhou (Jingguang) and other lines.

In November 2016, CRRC Changchun unveiled CRH5E bullet train carriages with sleeper berths. Made in the CRRC factory in Changchun and nicknamed Panda, they are capable of running at 250 km/h, operate at -40 degrees Celsius, have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.[68] In 2017, CRRC unveiled a high speed train with double decked sleeper "capsules" classed as the CRH2E series high speed rail train.[69] On January 5, 2019, the CR200J entered service replacing many locomotive-hauled trains.[70]

Rolling stock

[edit]
China Railway High-speed train passing through Shenzhou railway station in Hainan
Chinese-designed CR400AF departing from Beijing South railway station.

China Railway High-speed runs different electric multiple unit trainsets, the name Hexie Hao (simplified Chinese: 和谐号; traditional Chinese: 和諧號; pinyin: Héxié Hào; lit. 'Harmony') is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the Hexie Hao train sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. By 2010, the track system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.[71] China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. The weakness on intellectual property of Hexie Hao causes obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related product, which leads to the development of the completely redesigned train brand called Fuxing Hao (simplified Chinese: 复兴号; traditional Chinese: 復興號; pinyin: Fùxīng Hào; lit. 'Rejuvenation') that based on indigenous technologies.[71][72][73][74]

The trainsets are as follows:

Hexie (Harmony)
  • CRH1 produced by Bombardier Transportation's joint venture Sifang Power (Qingdao) Transportation (BST), CRH1A, and CRH1B, nicknamed "Metro" or "Bread", derived from Bombardier's Regina; CRH1E, nicknamed "Lizard", is Bombardier's ZEFIRO 250 design
    • CRH1A: sets consists of 8 cars; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
    • CRH1B: a modified 16-car version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
    • CRH1E: a 16-car high-speed sleeper version; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
  • CRH2: nicknamed "Hairtail", derived from E2 Series 1000 Shinkansen
    • CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2, a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.[75]
    • CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h
    • CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to 300 km/h as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
    • CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to 350 km/h by using more powerful motors
    • CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars
  • CRH3: nickname "Rabbit", derived from Siemens ICE3 (class 403); 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 350 km/h
  • CRH5A: derived from Alstom Pendolino ETR600; 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h[76]
  • CRH6: designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h; the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h. They will be used on 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011[clarification needed]
  • CRH380A; Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h. Developed by CSR based on CRH2 and manufactured by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock; entered service in 2010
  • CRH380B: upgraded version of CRH3; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h, manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle and CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles; entered service in 2011
  • CRH380CL: designed and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles. Maximum operating speed of 380 km/h; entered service in 2012
  • CRH380D: also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h, manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; entered service in 2012
    • CRH380D: 8-car version
    • CRH380DL: 16-car version (Cancelled in place of additional CRH1A and Zefiro 250NG sets)

CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h and can reach up to 250 km/h. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h. However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors.[citation needed]

Fuxing (Rejuvenation)
Equipment type Top speed in test Designed speed Seating capacity Formation Power
(under 25 kV) 		Entry into Service
CRH1A 278 km/h (173 mph) 250 668 or 649 or 645 5M3T 5,300 kW 2007
CRH1B 292 km/h (181 mph) 250 1299 10M6T 11,000 kW 2009
CRH1E 250 618 or 642 10M6T 11,000 kW 2009
CRH2A 282 km/h (175 mph) 250 610 or 588 4M4T 4,800 kW 2007
CRH2B 275 km/h (171 mph) 250 1230 8M8T 9,600 kW 2008
CRH2C Stage 1 394.2 km/h (244.9 mph) 300 610 6M2T 7,200 kW 2008
CRH2C Stage 2 350 610 6M2T 8,760 kW 2010
CRH2E 250 630 8M8T 9,600 kW 2008
CRH3C 394.3 km/h (245.0 mph) 350 600 or 556 4M4T 8,800 kW 2008
CRH5A 250 622 or 586 or 570 5M3T 5,500 kW 2007
CRH380A 416.6 km/h (258.9 mph) 380 494 6M2T 9,600 kW 2010
CRH380AL 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph) 380 1027 14M2T 20,440 kW 2010
CRH380B 380 556 4M4T 9,200 kW 2011
CRH380BL 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph) 380 1004 8M8T 18,400 kW 2010
CRH380CL 380 8M8T 19,200 kW 2012
CRH380D 380 495 4M4T 10,000 kW 2012
CRH380DL 380 1013 8M8T 20,000 kW Canceled (2012 original plan)
CRH6 220 586 4M4T unknown 2011
CR400AF 400 556 4M4T 2017
CR400BF 400 556 4M4T 2017
CR400AF-A 400 1193 8M8T 2018
CR400BF-A 400 1193 8M8T 2018
CR400AF-B 400 1283 8M9T 2019
CR400BF-B 400 1283 8M9T 2019
CR200J 200 720
1102 		Mc+7T+Tc
Mc+16T+Mc
Mc+9~16T+Mc 		2019
CR300AF 300 613 4M4T 2020
CR300BF 300 613 4M4T 2020

Chinese MOR CRH trainsets order timetable

[edit]

Chinese MOR CRH trainsets order timetable

[edit]
Date Factory Speed Level Type Quantity
(set) 		Quantity
(car) 		Amount
2004-10-10[78] Alstom 250 km/h CRH5A 3 24 620 million EUR
CNR Changchun 57 456
2004-10-12[79] BST (Bombardier & CSR) 250 km/h CRH1A 20 160 US$350 million
2004-10-20[80] Kawasaki 250 km/h CRH2A 3 24 9,300 million RMB
CSR Sifang 57 456
2005-05-30[81] BST 250 km/h CRH1A 20 160 US$350 million
2005-06[80] CSR Sifang 300 km/h CRH2C Stage one 30 240 8,200 million RMB
350 km/h CRH2C Stage two 30 240
2005-11-20[82] Siemens 350 km/h CRH3C 3 24 13,000 million RMB
CNR Tangshan 57 456
2007-10-31[83] BST 250 km/h CRH1B 20 320 1,000 million EUR
CRH1E 20 320
2007-11[84] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2B 10 160 1,200 million RMB
2007-11[80] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2E 6 96 900 million RMB
2008-12-06[80] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2E 14 224 2,100 million RMB
2009-09-23[85] CNR Changchun 250 km/h CRH5A 30 240 4,800 million RMB
2009-03-16[86] CNR Tangshan 380 km/h CRH380BL 70 1,120 39,200 million RMB
CNR Changchun 30 480
2009-09-28[87] CSR Sifang 380 km/h CRH380A 40 320 45,000 million RMB
CRH380AL 100 1,600
2009-09-28[87]
Modified 2012-09-05[88] 		BST 380 km/h CRH380D 70 560 27,400 million RMB
250 km/h CRH1A 46 368
250 km/h Zefiro 250NG 60 480
2009-09-28[89] CNR Changchun 380 km/h CRH380B 40 320 23,520 million RMB
CRH380BL 15 240
CRH380CL 25 400
2009-09-28[90] CNR Tangshan 350 km/h CRH3C[91] 20 160 3,920 million RMB
2009-12-30[92] CSR Puzhen 220 km/h CRH6 24 192 2,346 million RMB
2010-07-16[93] BST 250 km/h CRH1A 40 320 5,200 million RMB
2010-09-14[94] CSR Sifang 250 km/h CRH2A 40 320 3,400 million RMB
2010-10-13[95] CNR Changchun 250 km/h CRH5A 20 160 2,700 million RMB
2011-04-26 CNR Changchun 250 km/h CRH5A 30 240 3,870 million RMB
Total 1050 10,240

Chinese CRH trainsets delivery timetable

[edit]

Based on data published by Sinolink Securities;[96][97] some small changes were made according to the most recent news.

Type 2006 2007 2008 2009
 2010
 2011
 Future
(plan)
Total
CRH1A 8 18 12 2 20 20 106 80
CRH2A 19 41 15 25 100
CRH5A 27 29 4 30 20 30 140
CRH1B 4 9 7 20
CRH1E 3 8 9 20
CRH2B 10 10
CRH2E 6 14 20
CRH2C 10 20 30 60
CRH3C 7 36 37 80
CRH380A 40 40
CRH380AL 6 94 100
CRH380B 20 201 40
CRH380BL 11 49 551 115
CRH380CL 251 25
CRH380D 702 70
CRH380DL 02 0
CRH6 24 24
Total 27 86 78 88 204 237 330 1050
Cumulative 27 113 191 279 483 744 1050 1050
  • ^1 All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012.
  • ^2 All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014.

Hexie trains

[edit]

Fuxing trains

[edit]

Ridership

[edit]
Ridership
Yearmillion riders±% p.a.
2007 61—    
2008 127+108.20%
2009 179+40.94%
2010 290+62.01%
2011 440+51.72%
2012 486+10.45%
2013 672+38.27%
2014 893+32.89%
2015 1,161+30.01%
2016 1,440+24.03%
2017 1,713+18.96%
2018 2,005+17.05%
2019 2,290+14.21%
2020 1,560−31.88%
2021 1,920+23.08%
2022 1700—    
2023 3000—    
Source: 2008[98] 2010[99] 2011[100] 2014 [101][102] 2015[103][104] 2016[105] 2017[106] 2018[107] 2019-2021 [108]
  1. italics indicate rough estimates for 2022, 2023, not final figures

Annual HSR ridership is highest in the world and has ramped up very quickly, as self-reported by rail authorities. China is the third country, after Japan and France, to have one billion cumulative HSR passengers. Ridership in 2018 is above 2 billion per year. Nevertheless, a breakdown for lines and services is not available, system ridership may be overestimated given transfer connections within the system may be counted as new passengers each time.

Technology development

[edit]
Main article: High-speed rail in China § History

Before the introduction of foreign technology, China conducted independent attempts to domestically develop high-speed rail technology. Some notable results included the China Star, but domestic Chinese companies lacked the technology and expertise of foreign companies, and the research process consumed a large amount of time. In 2004, the Chinese State Council and the Ministry of Railways defined a modern railway technology and equipment policy as "the introduction of advanced technology, the joint design and production, to build China brand". The realization of the railway "leapfrog development" is the key task required to develop and utilize the technology required for high-speed trains (higher than 200 km/h or 124 mph per hour). In 2007, Chinese state media quoted the People's Republic of China Ministry of Railways spokesman Zhang Shuguang to have stated that due to historical reasons, China's overall railway technology and equipment is similar to that of developed countries' rail systems in the 1970s; high-speed rolling stock development is still in its infancy stage. And that if using only their own resources and expertise, the country might need a decade or longer to catch up with developed nations.[109]

Technology introduction

[edit]

On April 9, 2004, the Chinese government held a conference on modern railway equipment and rolling stock, in which they drafted the current Chinese plan to modernize the country's railway infrastructure with advanced technologies.

On June 17, 2004, the Ministry of Railways launched the first round of bidding on the high-speed rail technology, but the company must be:

  • legally registered in the PRC, with rail EMU manufacturing capacity
  • able to manufacture trains with the ability to reach 200 km/h (124 mph)

High-speed EMU design and manufacturing technology companies, including Siemens, Alstom, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Bombardier, initially had hoped to enter into a joint venture in China, but was rejected by the Ministry of Railways. The MOR set these guidelines for joint ventures to be acceptable:

  • comprehensive transfer of key technologies
  • lowest price in the world
  • use of a Chinese brand

A comprehensive transfer of technology to Chinese enterprises (especially in systems integration, AC drive and other core technologies) was requested to allow domestic enterprises to access and utilise the core technology. While foreign partners might provide technical services and training, the Chinese companies must ultimately be able to function without the partnership.[110] Railway equipment manufacturers in China were free to choose foreign partners, but foreign firms must pre-bid and sign the technology transfer agreement with China's domestic manufacturers, so the Chinese rolling stock manufacturers could comprehensively and systematically learn advanced foreign technology.[111] However, this requirement to sign over all rights to the technology used in the trains was a significant barrier to international involvement in the project, as the companies would lose access to any technology that they used on the trains.

In the first round of bidding, 140 rolling stock orders were divided into seven packages of twenty orders each. After extensive review and negotiation, three consortiums won the bid:

These three consortiums were each given three, three, and one twenty order packages respectively.[111] Germany's Siemens, as a result of an expensive technology bid — the prototype vehicle cost was 350 million yuan each column, technology transfer fee 390 million euros — did not get any orders in the first round.[112][113] EMU tendered 22.7 billion yuan for technology transfer payments in the first payment, accounting for 51 per cent of the amount of the tender.

In November 2005, the Chinese Ministry of Railways and Siemens reached an agreement, and Siemens in a joint venture with Changchun Railway Vehicles and Tangshan Railway Vehicle (both owned by CNR) was awarded sixty 300 km/h (186 mph) high-speed train orders.

Innovation

[edit]

The introduction of high-speed trains, a foreign advanced technology, was required in order to implement China's "Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020)". The core technology innovations necessary for a high-speed rail system to meet the needs of China's railway development resulted in the Ministry of Science and Ministry of Railways signing the "independent innovation of Chinese high-speed train cooperation agreement Joint Action Plan" on February 26, 2008.[114] Academicians and researchers from CAS, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, Southwest Jiaotong University, and Beijing Jiaotong University have committed to working together on basic research into improving China's scientific and industrial resources into developing a high-speed train system.

Under the agreement, China's joint action plan for improvement of train service and infrastructure has four components:[115]

  1. Develop key technologies to create a network capable of supporting trains' speeds of 350 km/h (217 mph) and higher
  2. Establish intellectual property rights and international competitiveness
  3. Ministry of Science and the Ministry of Railways will work together to enhance industry research alliances, and innovation capability
  4. Promote China-related material and equipment capacity

The Chinese Ministry of Science has invested nearly 10 billion yuan in this science and technology plan, which is by far the largest investment program. The project has brought together a total of 25 universities, 11 research institutes, and national laboratories, and 51 engineering research centers. The Ministry of Science hopes to develop basic research sufficient to produce key technologies necessary to develop trains capable of 500 km/h (310 mph) through the "863 Project" and "973 Project".[116]

Technology export

[edit]

On July 27, 2009, Chinese Ministry deputy chief engineer Zhang Shuguang stated that the United States, Saudi Arabia and Brazil are interested in Chinese high-speed railway technology. On July 28, the Federal Railroad Administration and the US government are negotiating on the introduction of Chinese railway technology.[117] On October 14, 2009, Prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin and the Russian Railroad Administration signed an Organizing and developing railway in Russia memo with Ministry of Railways of China, planning to build a high-speed railway from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk.[118]

Accidents

[edit]
Main article: Wenzhou train collision
  • On July 23, 2011 at approximately 20:00 CST, two high-speed trains travelling on the Yongtaiwen railway line No. D301 and No. D3115 bound for Fuzhou collided on a viaduct near Wenzhou, Zhejiang, leading to 40 deaths and 191 injuries. Both trains were on the same rail track, headed in the same direction. D3115 ground to a halt in front of D301 due to a loss of electric power caused by lightning striking a viaduct near the Ou River. Signalling systems purportedly failed, and D301 rear-ended the first train, sending four carriages off the viaduct.[119][120]
  • On June 4, 2022 at 10:30 CST, train D2809 bound for Guangzhou East from Guiyang North ran into a landslide near the Rongjiang Station on the Guiyang-Guangzhou High-speed railway. The driver engaged emergency brake, and two carriages were derailed and hit the platform of Rongjiang Station, killing the driver and injuring 8 passengers.[121] The remaining 136 passengers were safely evacuated. This is the second fatal incident in China’s high speed rail history.[122]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 国产高铁列车中华之星夭折记:部长更迭改变命运 (in Simplified Chinese). people.com.cn. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  2. ^ "China's high-speed rail lines top 37,900 km at end of 2020 - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  3. ^ Chen, Frank (August 24, 2020). "China sets railway building spree in high-speed motion". Asia Times. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "China plans to expand railway network to 200,000 km before 2035". Reuters. August 13, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
  5. ^ "China's railways report 3.57B passenger trips in 2019 - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  6. ^ "Railways set service goals for new year". www.ecns.cn. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  7. ^ Ma Yujia (马玉佳). "New high-speed trains on drawing board- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
  8. ^ chinanews. 2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网. www.chinanews.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  9. ^ 中国标准动车组命名"复兴号". Xinhua News Agency. June 25, 2017.
  10. ^ Lu Bingyang (路炳阳) (June 25, 2017). 中国标动明日京沪高铁首发 命名复兴号. Caixin Companies. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  11. ^ 大陸高鐵新紀元 「復興號」將取代「和諧號」. 鉅亨網. June 27, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  12. ^ Rizvi, Ainy (May 4, 2024). "Top 10 Fastest Train in the World in 2024 | Speeding into the Future". Y20 India. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  13. ^ "How to choose between train types". www.travelchinaguide.com Also see China Highlights. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  14. ^ "China's High-speed Rail Makes Monumental Advances-Innovation China-EnglishChannel". stdaily.com. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  15. ^ a b 123查/中国火车时刻表在线查询 (in Simplified Chinese).
  16. ^ 铁路客户服务中心. 12306.cn. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  17. ^ "Train No.G1001 timetable". Archived from the original on October 3, 2012.
  18. ^ 京广高速铁路武广段开通运行. society.people.com.cn (in Simplified Chinese). December 26, 2009.
  19. ^ "Train No.G7301 timetable". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
  20. ^ a b 沪宁沪杭增开4.5对动车. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
  21. ^ 沪杭高铁引领世界. www.chnrailway.com (in Simplified Chinese).
  22. ^ "Train No.G7102 timetable". Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  23. ^ 提示信息 铁路在线论坛. Bbs.ourail.com. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  24. ^ 国庆长假进入尾声 南京铁路往南通徐州增1趟临客 – 中国徐州网. Cnxz.com.cn. October 6, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  25. ^ "Train No.C2001 timetable". Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  26. ^ 京津城际加车五一每天百对. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.
  27. ^ 京津城际动车组列车将统一车型 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on April 7, 2013.
  28. ^ "Train No.G2024 timetable".[permanent dead link‍]
  29. ^ 郑西客运专线春运试运营 西安到郑州仅2小时(图)-郑西客专-旅游. Travel.hsw.cn. January 18, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  30. ^ "Train No.D3107 timetable". Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  31. ^ 71调图甬台温所有交路车型情况 (in Simplified Chinese). June 23, 2010.
  32. ^ "Train No.D3108 timetable". Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  33. ^ "Train No.D2015 timetable". Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  34. ^ 石太客运专线正式通车 全程省时近4小时(图)_国内图片_新闻_腾讯网. News.qq.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  35. ^ "Train No.D3201 timetable". Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  36. ^ [citation needed]
  37. ^ "Train No.D6342 timetable". Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  38. ^ 昌九城际铁路动车组车型揭晓(组图)_新闻中心_新浪网. News.sina.com.cn. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  39. ^ "Train No.D3052-D3053 timetable". Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  40. ^ a b [1] Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Train No.D6002 timetable". Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  42. ^ 曾经胶济线上的CRH2们 – 我的铁路影集 – 长江铁路网论坛|和谐号|CRH|HXD – Powered by Discuz!. Railwayfan.net. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  43. ^ "Train No.D3054-D3051 timetable". Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  44. ^ "Train No.D6111 timetable". Archived from the original on April 11, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  45. ^ 成都铁路局最新CRH动车组详细配属情况 (in Simplified Chinese). July 17, 2010.
  46. ^ "Train No.D5055 timetable". Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  47. ^ "Train No.D7303 timetable". Archived from the original on March 27, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  48. ^ "Train No.D7613 timetable". Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  49. ^ "Train No.D7709 timetable". Archived from the original on April 11, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  50. ^ (Chinese)"中国高铁"十一五"发展纪实：驶向未来_时政频道_新华网". Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015. 2010-09-25
  51. ^ "Train No.D7001 timetable". Archived from the original on September 13, 2011.
  52. ^ "Train No. D5211 timetable". Archived from the original on November 1, 2011.
  53. ^ "Train No. D4573 timetable". Archived from the original on June 11, 2010.
  54. ^ "Train No. D4536-D4537 timetable". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014.
  55. ^ "Qinhuangdao Train timetable". Archived from the original on October 9, 2012.
  56. ^ "Train No.D11 timetable". Archived from the original on November 5, 2011.
  57. ^ "Train No.D349 timetable". Archived from the original on December 27, 2011.
  58. ^ "Train No.D5117 timetable". Archived from the original on November 1, 2011.
  59. ^ "Train No.D313 timetable". Archived from the original on December 27, 2011.
  60. ^ "Train No.D3115 timetable". Archived from the original on August 16, 2011.
  61. ^ "Train No.D95 timetable". Archived from the original on August 15, 2011.
  62. ^ "Train No.D205-D208 timetable". Archived from the original on August 15, 2011.
  63. ^ "Train No. D3248-3245timetable".
  64. ^ "Train No. D5081 timetable". Archived from the original on November 5, 2011.
  65. ^ "Train No. D131 timetable". Archived from the original on November 5, 2011.
  66. ^ "Train No. D121 timetable". Archived from the original on November 1, 2011.
  67. ^ a b 南京到西安可以乘动车了 去哈尔滨也有始发站列车 (One will be able to ride an EMU from Nanjing to Xi'an. There also will be a [Nanjing-originated] service to Harbin) 2012-12-14 (in Chinese) (The planned Nanjing-Harbin service mentioned in the article will be "conventional", not high-speed)
  68. ^ "China develops bullet train with fold-up beds". China Daily. Xinhua. November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  69. ^ 我国首列时速250公里纵向卧铺动车组下线. www.guancha.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved July 2, 2017.
  70. ^ 新华网-张晨霖. "探访时速160公里动力集中动车组"绿巨人"". Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  71. ^ a b Shirouzu, Norihiko (November 17, 2010). "Train Makers Rail Against China's High-Speed Designs". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  72. ^ Wines, Michael; Bradsher, Keith (February 17, 2011). "China Rail Chief's Firing Hints at Trouble". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2012. Many multinational companies also resent China for tweaking foreign designs and building the equipment itself rather than importing it.
  73. ^ Johnson, Ian (June 13, 2011). "High-Speed Trains in China to Run Slower, Ministry Says". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2012. In the past few months, some foreign companies that sold China its high-speed technology said the trains were not designed to operate at 215 miles per hour. The ministry said that Chinese engineers had improved on the foreign technology and that the trains were safe at the higher speeds.
  74. ^ Xin, Dingding (June 28, 2011). "Full steam ahead for high-speed rail patents overseas". China Daily. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
  75. ^ "High speed trainsets take shape". Railway Gazette International. August 1, 2005. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  76. ^ "China's high speed fleet expands steadily". Railway Gazette International. August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  77. ^ "Three New Types of Fuxing Bullet Trains Unveiled_Media_news Details_CRRC". www.crrcgc.cc. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  78. ^ 法中企业握手互利共赢. news.xinhuanet.com (in Simplified Chinese). October 25, 2004. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
  79. ^ 2004年10月12日，BSP与铁道部及广州铁路（集团）签订了20列（160辆）EMU动车组. www.bsp.cn (in Simplified Chinese). January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.
  80. ^ a b c d CRH2型动车组详细资料及分类. news.chineserailways.com (in Simplified Chinese). December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  81. ^ 庞巴迪：又获铁道部动车组大订单. info.traffic.hc360.com (in Simplified Chinese). June 10, 2005. Archived from the original on June 26, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  82. ^ 西门子专家进驻唐山机车车辆厂. hebei.moform.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). August 15, 2006. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011.
  83. ^ BSP公司在北京签订40列EMU动车组订单. www.bsp.cn (in Simplified Chinese). November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011.
  84. ^ www.docin.com 招商证券-中国南车-601766-动车交付高峰来临，业绩逐季增.. (in Simplified Chinese).
  85. ^ 公司与北京铁路局签订了30列CRH5型动车组采购合同. www.cccar.com.cnom (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  86. ^ 唐车公司拿到京沪高铁动车组大订单 总金额392亿. info.china.alibaba.com (in Simplified Chinese). March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  87. ^ a b 中国南车：中标巨额合同 增厚公司业绩. www.guosen.com.cn (in Simplified Chinese). September 30, 2009.
  88. ^ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Zefiro 250NG included in revised high speed train contract". Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  89. ^ 长客签下235亿订单. jlrbszb.chinajilin.com.cn (in Simplified Chinese). September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  90. ^ www.docin.com 招商证券-中国北车-601299-动车组第三批高毛利率订单将陆续交付 (in Simplified Chinese).
  91. ^ 关于CRH3和380B的提问. bbs.ourail.com (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  92. ^ 中国南车获国内首个城际列车项目订单 总值23.46亿人民币 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  93. ^ "Bombardier Sifang Awarded Fourth Contract for 40 Additional CRH1 High-Speed Trains in China". cn.bombardier.com. July 16, 2010. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  94. ^ 中国南车：再中标动车组订单、未来高增长确定::全景证券频道. www.p5w.net (in Simplified Chinese). September 30, 2010.
  95. ^ "news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/10/13/7194620.html". news.xinmin.cn (in Simplified Chinese). October 13, 2010.
  96. ^ docin.com 中国南车研究报告：国金证券-中国南车-601766-通往春天的铁路设备龙头 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  97. ^ docin.com 国金证券-中国北车-601299-动车交付单价已触底，毛利率回升可期 (in Simplified Chinese).
  98. ^ 世界银行：中国高铁作为出行新选择快速发展. www.shihang.org. December 19, 2014.
  99. ^ 把脉中国高铁发展计划：高铁运行头三年 (PDF). worldbank.org. February 1, 2012.
  100. ^ F_404. "High-speed rail construction not suspended - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  101. ^ "Error" 中国高速铁路: 运量分析 (PDF) (in Simplified Chinese). World Bank. December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  102. ^ 铁路2014年投资8088亿元 超额完成全年计划-财经-人民网. people.com.cn (in Simplified Chinese). January 30, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  103. ^ 新华网_让新闻离你更近. news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016.
  104. ^ "China Railway sets out 2017 targets - International Railway Journal". January 4, 2017.
  105. ^ "China Exclusive: Five bln trips made on China's bullet trains". Xinhua News. July 21, 2016. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016.
  106. ^ chinanews. 2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网. www.chinanews.com.
  107. ^ gaotie. 超亮的2018中国铁路成绩单. www.gaotie.cn.
  108. ^ "Total volume of passenger transported by highspeed railways in China from 2008 to 2021". statista.com.
  109. ^ "Zhang Shuguang: railway technical equipment of modern achievement has been to benefit the masses". Chinese Government Network. April 29, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  110. ^ "China's "insist" Core Technology High Speed Rail: 6 years ago, finally got the reward persistence". Oriental Morning Post. March 18, 2010. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  111. ^ a b "sixth speed railway will be 200 kilometers per hour of the introduction of locomotives". Xinhua. September 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 6, 2004. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  112. ^ Zhang Chunli (September 2, 2008). "China's road to the introduction of High Speed Rail: 1.5 billion foreigners cut off overnight – Deputy Ministry of Railways engineer Zhang Shuguang Group of Chinese High Speed road of independent innovation". People's. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  113. ^ "China's high-speed railway construction generous: print media, technology absorption of the four countries envy". Xinhua. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  114. ^ "Science and Technology, Ministry of Railways jointly signed the "China's high-speed train innovation partnership joint action plan "". Science and Technology Portal. February 27, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  115. ^ "Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Science and the United deepened over 350 km per hour high speed train innovation". China Railway. February 29, 2008. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  116. ^ "High Speed Rail promote high-tech industries in China great development". Science and Technology Daily. September 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  117. ^ "Media report America may import our rail way technology". Sina net. July 30, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  118. ^ "China will help Russia build railways". Phoenix net. October 14, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
  119. ^ Krishnan, Ananth (July 24, 2011). "China bullet train collision triggers safety debate". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  120. ^ "新华网_让新闻离你更近". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011.
  121. ^ Lau, Jack (June 4, 2022). "One dead in high-speed train crash in southwest China". South China Morning Post.
  122. ^ Xiong, Yong (June 4, 2022). "One dead, 8 injured after high-speed train derails in southern China". CNN.

[2]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to China Railway High-speed trains.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Railway_High-speed&oldid=1249513579"