Sheathbill

Sheathbills
	Snowy sheathbill (C. albus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Suborder:	Charadrii
Family:	Chionidae; Bonaparte, 1832
Genus:	Chionis; J.R. Forster, 1788
Type species
	Vaginalis alba; Gmelin, JF, 1789
Species
	Chionis albus ; Chionis minor

The sheathbills are a family of birds, Chionidae. Classified in the wader order Charadriiformes, the family consists of one genus, Chionis with two species. They breed on subantarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, and the snowy sheathbill migrates to the Falkland Islands and coastal southern South America in the southern winter; they are the only bird family endemic as breeders to the Antarctic region.^[2] They are also the only Antarctic birds without webbed feet.

Taxonomy

The genus Chionis was introduced in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster.^[3] The type species is the snowy sheathbill.^[4] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek khiōn meaning snow.^[5]

Description

They have white plumage including a thick layer of down, with only the face and leg colours distinguishing the two species. They look plump and dove-like, but are believed to be similar to the ancestors of the modern gulls and terns. There is a rudimentary spur on the "wrist" (carpal) joint, as in plovers. The skin around the eye is bare, as is the skin above the bill, which has carbuncular swellings. They derive their English name from the horny sheath which partially covers the upper mandible of their stout bills.^[2] They are commonly known in the Antarctic as "Mutts" because of their call which is a soft "Mutt, mutt, mutt"

Behaviour

Sheathbills habitually walk on the ground, somewhat like rails. They fly only when alarmed or in migration, looking like pigeons.^[2]

Food and feeding

The sheathbills are scavengers and opportunistic feeders, consuming invertebrates, faeces, and carrion—including seal afterbirths and stillborn seal pups—between the tidelines.^{[citation needed]} They also take many chicks and eggs from penguins and cormorants.

The bird has also been observed to directly pilfer milk from the elephant seals’ teats.^[6]

Breeding

During the penguin breeding season, which is also the sheathbill breeding season, pairs of sheathbills in penguin colonies maintain territories covering a number of penguin nests. Two mated sheathbills often work together to harass adult penguins, nimbly avoiding their attempts to peck; they gain access to the eggs or chicks or steal the krill that the adult penguins regurgitate to feed their chicks. Near the few human settlements of the region, they boldly forage for offal. Because of this diet, they spend a good deal of time cleaning themselves.^[2]

They lay two or three blotchy white eggs in crevices or rock cavities.^[7] The nests are lined messily with seaweed, stones, feathers, guano, bones, and occasionally plastic trash; even dead chicks may not be removed. Incubation lasts 28 to 32 days, and the young fledge 50 to 60 days later.^[2]

Taxonomy

Genetic studies of the order Charadriiformes show the sheathbills to be a sister group of the thick-knees of the family Burhinidae. These two groups together are a sister group to Recurvostridae-Haematopodidae and Charadriidae.^[8] Recent research on the Magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis) of southern South America has indicated it too may be classified within the sheathbill family.^[9]^[10]^[11]

The two species:

Genus **Chionis** – J.R. Forster, 1788 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
snowy sheathbill	Chionis albus (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Antarctica, the Scotia Arc, the South Orkneys, and South Georgia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
black-faced sheathbill	Chionis minor Hartlaub, 1841	South African territory of the Prince Edward Islands, the French territories of the Crozet Islands and Kerguelen Islands, and the Australian territory of Heard Island.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

Black-faced sheathbill

References

^ Enchiridion Historiae Naturali: 37.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mead, Christopher J.; Richford, Andrew S. (2003). "Sheathbills". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 256–257. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
^ Forster, Johann Reinhold (1788). Enchiridion historiae naturali inserviens, quo termini et delineationes ad avium, piscium, insectorum et plantarum adumbrationes intelligendas et concinnandas, secundum methodum systematis Linnaeani continentur (in Latin). Halae: Prostat apud Hemmerde et Schwetschke. p. 37.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 308.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Sazima. "Cleaner birds: an overview for the Neotropics". Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 10 (4).
^ Harrison, Colin J.O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 109. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
^ Christidis and Boles, p. 128
^ Christidis and Boles, p. 132
^ Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J. (2006). "Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39 (3): 657–667. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011. PMID 16531074.
^ Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G.; Barrowclough, G.F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29: 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.

External links

Sheathbill videos on the Internet Bird Collection

[1] Enchiridion Historiae Naturali: 37.

[Firefly-2] Mead, Christopher J.; Richford, Andrew S. (2003). "Sheathbills". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 256–257. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.

[3] Forster, Johann Reinhold (1788). Enchiridion historiae naturali inserviens, quo termini et delineationes ad avium, piscium, insectorum et plantarum adumbrationes intelligendas et concinnandas, secundum methodum systematis Linnaeani continentur (in Latin). Halae: Prostat apud Hemmerde et Schwetschke. p. 37.

[4] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 308.

[5] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[6] Sazima. "Cleaner birds: an overview for the Neotropics". Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 10 (4).

[EoB-7] Harrison, Colin J.O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 109. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.

[8] Christidis and Boles, p. 128

[9] Christidis and Boles, p. 132

[10] Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J. (2006). "Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39 (3): 657–667. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011. PMID 16531074.

[11] Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G.; Barrowclough, G.F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29: 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.

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