Claude, Duke of Guise

Claude de Lorraine
Claude de Lorraine
Duke of Guise
	Portrait by Jean Clouet
Count / Duke of Guise
Reign	10 December 1508 – 12 April 1550
Successor	Francis
Born	20 October 1496; Château de Custines
Died	12 April 1550 (aged 53); Château de Joinville
Noble family	Guise
Spouse(s)	Antoinette de Bourbon (m. 1513)
Issue	Marie, Queen of Scotland; Francis, Duke of Guise; Renée, Abbess of St. Pierre; Charles, Archbishop of Reims; Claude, Duke of Aumale; Louis I, Cardinal of Guise; Antoinette, Abbess of Faremoutier; Francis, Grand Prior of the Order of Malta; René, Marquis of Elbeuf;
Father	René II, Duke of Lorraine
Mother	Philippa of Guelders

Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Guise (20 October 1496 – 12 April 1550) was a French aristocrat and general. He became the first Duke of Guise in 1528.

He was a highly effective general for the French crown. His children and grandchildren were to lead the Catholic party in the French Wars of Religion.

Biography

Claude was born at the Château de Condé-sur-Moselle, the second son of René II, Duke of Lorraine, and Philippa of Guelders.^[1] He was educated at the French court of Francis I. On 9 June 1513, at the age of sixteen, Claude married Antoinette de Bourbon (1493–1583),^[1] daughter of François, Count of Vendôme.^[2]

Military service

Claude distinguished himself at the Battle of Marignano (1515),^[3] and was long in recovering from the twenty-two wounds he received in the battle. In 1521, he fought at Fuenterrabia, and Louise of Savoy ascribed the capture of the place to his efforts. In 1522, he forced the English to raise the siege of Hesdin. In 1523, he became governor of Champagne and Burgundy, after defeating at Neufchâteau the imperial troops who had invaded this province. In 1525, Claude defeated a peasant army near Saverne (Zabern).^[4] Following Francis I's return from captivity, Claude was made Duke of Guise in 1527.^[5] The Guises, as cadets of the sovereign House of Lorraine and descendants of the Capetian House of Anjou, claimed precedence over the Bourbon, princes of Condé, and Conti.^[6]

Marriage and issue

Claude married Antoinette de Bourbon,^[7] daughter of François, Count of Vendôme and Marie de Luxembourg, on 9 June 1513; they had:

Mary of Guise (1515–1560); married firstly Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville and secondly king James V of Scotland and had issue, including Mary, Queen of Scots^[1]
Francis, Duke of Guise (1519–1563)^[1]
Louise of Guise (10 January 1520, Bar-le-Duc – 18 October 1542); married Charles I, Duke of Arschot on 20 February 1541.^[8]
Renée of Guise (2 September 1522 – 3 April 1602), Abbess of St. Pierre, Reims^[9]
Charles of Guise (1524–1574), Duke of Chevreuse, Archbishop of Reims, and Cardinal of Lorraine.^[1]
Claude, Duke of Aumale (1526–1573)^[1]
Louis I, Cardinal of Guise (1527–1578)^[1]
Philip of Guise (3 September 1529, Joinville – 24 September 1529, Joinville) died in early childhood.
Peter of Guise (b. 3 April 1530, Joinville); died at birth.
Antoinette of Guise (31 August 1531, Joinville – 6 March 1561, Joinville), Abbess of Faremoutiers
François de Lorraine, Grand Prior (18 April 1534, Joinville – 6 March 1563)^[1]
René, Marquis of Elbeuf (1536–1566)^[1]

By an unnamed mistress,^[9] Claude had:

son^[9]

Death

Claude fell ill in 1550, and despite being under the care of five doctors, died on 12 April.^[9]

Antoinette de Bourbon
Queen Mary of Guise
Duke Francis of Guise
Cardinal Charles of Lorraine
Queen Mary of Scots

Ancestry

Ancestors of Claude, Duke of Guise

8. Antoine of Vaudémont

4. Frederick, Count of Vaudémont

9. Marie d'Harcourt

2. René II, Duke of Lorraine

10. René I of Naples

5. Yolande of Lorraine

11. Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine

1. Claude, Duke of Guise

12. Arnold, Duke of Guelders

6. Adolf of Egmond

13. Catherine of Cleves

3. Philippa of Guelders

14. Charles I, Duke of Bourbon

7. Catherine of Bourbon

15. Agnes of Burgundy

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Wellman 2013, p. 236.
^ Barbier 2002, p. 511.
^ Spangler 2009, p. 64.
^ Carroll 2009, p. 35.
^ Hillerbrand 1996, p. 452.
^ Asch 2016, p. 45.
^ Bell 2004, p. 127.
^ Carroll 2009, p. 57.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Carroll 2009, p. 46.

References

Asch, Ronald G. (2016). "The Newcomer's Dilemma: Henry IV of France and James I of England". In Geevers, Liesbeth; Marini, Mirella (eds.). Dynastic Identity in Early Modern Europe: Rulers, Aristocrats and the Formation of Identities. Routledge.45
Barbier, Jean Paul (2002). Ma bibliothèque Poétique (in French). Librairie Droz S.A.
Bell, Susan G. (2004). The Lost Tapestries of the City of Ladies. University of California Press.
Carroll, Stuart (2009). Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press.
Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim, ed. (1996). "House of Lorraine-Guise". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
Spangler, Jonathan (2009). The Society of Princes: The Lorraine-Guise and the Conservation of Power and Wealth in Seventeenth-Century France. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Wellman, Kathleen (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press.

Claude, Duke of Guise House of Lorraine Born: 20 October 1496 Died: 12 April 1550
Preceded by René	Count of Guise Lord of Elbeuf 1508–1528	Elevation
	Count of Aumale 1508–1547	Succeeded by Francis
New title Elevation	Duke of Guise 1528–1550
	Marquis of Elbeuf 1528–1550	Succeeded by René

[FOOTNOTEWellman2013236-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Wellman 2013, p. 236.

[FOOTNOTEBarbier2002511-2] Barbier 2002, p. 511.

[FOOTNOTESpangler200964-3] Spangler 2009, p. 64.

[FOOTNOTECarroll200935-4] Carroll 2009, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEHillerbrand1996452-5] Hillerbrand 1996, p. 452.

[FOOTNOTEAsch201645-6] Asch 2016, p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEBell2004127-7] Bell 2004, p. 127.

[FOOTNOTECarroll200957-8] Carroll 2009, p. 57.

[FOOTNOTECarroll200946-9] Carroll 2009, p. 46.

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