Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

Combat Rock

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Doctor Who novel, see Combat Rock (novel). For the song by Sleater-Kinney, see One Beat.

Combat Rock
Surrounded by a silver border, a picture of the band members along a single railroad track; Joe Strummer is seen covering one of his eyes. The band name and album title are written in red, with stars on either side of the text.
Studio album by
the Clash
Released14 May 1982 (1982-05-14)
Recorded
  • 1980
  • September 1981
  • November 1981 – January 1982
  • April 1982
Studio
Genre
Length46:21
Label
Producer
The Clash chronology
Sandinista!
(1980) 		Combat Rock
(1982) 		Cut the Crap
(1985)
Singles from Combat Rock
  1. "Know Your Rights"
    Released: 23 April 1982
  2. "Rock the Casbah"
    Released: 11 June 1982
  3. "Should I Stay or Should I Go / Straight to Hell"
    Released: 17 September 1982

Combat Rock is the fifth studio album by the English rock band the Clash, released on 14 May 1982 through CBS Records.[1] In the United Kingdom, the album charted at number 2, spending 23 weeks in the UK charts and peaked at number 7 in the United States, spending 61 weeks on the chart. The album was propelled by drummer Topper Headon's "Rock the Casbah" which became a staple on the newly launched MTV. Combat Rock continued the influence of funk and reggae like previous Clash albums, but also featured a more radio-friendly sound which alienated Clash fans. While the recording process went smoothly, the producing process of the album was tiring and full of infighting between Mick Jones and Joe Strummer. Headon's heroin addiction grew worse and he slowly became distant from the band while Strummer and bassist Paul Simonon reinstated Bernie Rhodes as manager, a move unwelcomed by Jones. The band had disagreed on the creative process of the album and called in Glyn Johns to produce the more radio-friendly sound of Combat Rock. Lyrically, Combat Rock focuses on the Vietnam War, postcolonialism, the decline of American society, and authoritarianism.

Combat Rock is the group's best-selling album, being certified double platinum in the United States and reaching number 2 in the U.K. Reception to the album believed the band had reached its peak maturity with Combat Rock, as the album's sound was less anarchic but still as political as previous albums. It contains two of the Clash's signature songs, the singles "Rock the Casbah" and "Should I Stay or Should I Go". "Rock the Casbah" became highly successful in the United States and proved to be the band's anticipated U.S breakthrough. "Should I Stay or Should I Go" was not as successful until being re-released in 1991 and topping the charts in their native United Kingdom.

Combat Rock is the last Clash album featuring the band's classic lineup.[2][3] Topper Headon (due to his heroin addiction) was fired days before the release of Combat Rock and Mick Jones was fired after the end of the Combat Rock tour in 1983. Combat Rock would be succeeded by the Clash's last album, Cut the Crap, recorded and released without Mick Jones or Topper Headon in 1985.

Background

[edit]

Following the triple-album Sandinista! (1980), singer/guitarist Joe Strummer felt the group was "drifting" creatively.[4] Bassist Paul Simonon agreed with Strummer's dissatisfaction towards the "boring" professionalism of the Clash's then-managers Blackhill Enterprises.[4][5] Strummer and Simonon convinced their bandmates to reinstate the band's original manager Bernie Rhodes in February 1981, in an attempt to restore the "chaos" and "anarchic energy" of the Clash's early days.[5] This decision was not welcomed by guitarist Mick Jones, who was becoming progressively estranged from his bandmates.[6]

During this period, drummer Topper Headon escalated his intake of heroin and cocaine. His occasional drug usage had now become a habit that was costing him £100 per day and undermining his health.[7] This drug addiction would be the factor that would later push his bandmates to fire him from the Clash, following the release of Combat Rock.

Recording

[edit]

The album had the working title Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg during the recording and mixing stages.[8] After early recording sessions in London, the group relocated to New York for recording sessions at Electric Lady Studios in November and December 1981.[9] Electric Lady was where the band had recorded its previous album Sandinista! in 1980.[10]

While recording the album in New York, Mick Jones lived with his then-girlfriend Ellen Foley.[10] Joe Strummer, Paul Simonon and Topper Headon stayed at the Iroquois Hotel on West 44th Street, a building famed for being the home of actor James Dean for two years during the early 1950s.[10][11]

After finishing the New York recording sessions in December 1981, the band returned to London for most of January 1982. Between January and March, the Clash embarked on a six-week tour of Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Thailand.[8] During this tour, the album's cover photograph was shot by Pennie Smith in Thailand in March 1982.[4]

Mixing and editing

[edit]

Following the gruelling Far East tour, the Clash returned to London in March 1982 to listen to the music that they had recorded in New York three months earlier.[12] They had recorded 18 songs, enough material to possibly release as double-album.[12] Having previously released the double-LP London Calling (1979) and the triple-LP Sandinista! (1980), the group considered whether they should again release a multi-LP collection.

The band debated how many songs their new album should contain, and how long the songs' mixes should be. Mick Jones argued in favour of a double-album with lengthier, dancier mixes.[12] The other band members argued in favour of a single album with shorter song mixes.[12] This internal wrangling created tension within the band, particularly with Jones, who had mixed the first version.[12][13][14]

Manager Bernie Rhodes suggested that producer/engineer Glyn Johns be hired to remix the album. This editing took place in Johns' garden studio in Warnham, West Sussex (not at Wessex Studios, as is stated by some sources).[12]

Johns, accompanied by Strummer and Jones edited Combat Rock down from a 77-minute double album down to a 46-minute single LP.[12] This was achieved by trimming the length of individual songs, such as by removing instrumental intros and codas from songs like "Rock the Casbah" and "Overpowered by Funk". Additionally, the trio decided to omit several songs entirely, dropping the final track count to 12.[15][16][17][18]

During these remixing sessions, Strummer and Jones also re-recorded their vocals for the songs "Should I Stay or Should I Go" and "Know Your Rights" and remixed the songs with the intent of maximising their impact as singles.[12]

Music and lyrics

[edit]

The music on Combat Rock has been described as post-punk[19] and new wave.[20][21][22] A recurring motif of the album is the impact and aftermath of the Vietnam War.[23] "Straight to Hell" describes the children fathered by American soldiers to Vietnamese mothers and then abandoned,[24] while "Sean Flynn" describes the capture of photojournalist Sean Flynn, who was the son of actor Errol Flynn. Sean Flynn disappeared (and was presumably killed) in 1970 after being captured by the Vietcong in Cambodia.[23]

Biographer Pat Gilbert describes many songs from Combat Rock as having a "trippy, foreboding feel", saturated in a "colonial melancholia and sadness" reflecting the Vietnam War.[25] The band was inspired by Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film about the Vietnam War, Apocalypse Now, and had previously released the song "Charlie Don't Surf" on Sandinista!, which referenced the film. Strummer later stated that he became "obsessed" with the film.[23] [26]

Other Combat Rock songs, if not directly about the Vietnam War and U.S. foreign policy, depict American society in moral decline.[23] "Inoculated City" satires the Nuremberg defense plea by soldiers on trial who've committed war crimes.[27] The original version of this song included an unauthorized audio clip from a TV commercial for 2000 Flushes, a toilet bowl cleaner. The maker of this product threatened a lawsuit, forcing the group to edit the track, though the longer version was restored on later copies.[27] "Red Angel Dragnet" was inspired by the January 1982 shooting death of Frank Melvin, a New York member of the Guardian Angels.[25][28][29] The song quotes Martin Scorsese's 1976 movie Taxi Driver, with Clash associate Kosmo Vinyl recording several lines of dialogue imitating the voice of main character Travis Bickle. Bickle sports a mohawk in the latter part of Taxi Driver, this was a hairstyle adopted by Joe Strummer during the Combat Rock concert tour.[30]

The song "Ghetto Defendant" features Beat poet Allen Ginsberg, who performed the song on stage with the band during the New York shows on their tour in support of the album. Ginsberg had researched punk music, and included phrases like "do the worm" and "slam dance" in his lyrics.[23] At the end of the song he can be heard reciting the Heart Sutra, a popular Buddhist mantra.[31]

The song "Know Your Rights" starts off with: "This is a public service announcement...with guitar!" The musical style of the song was described as being one of the "more punk" songs on the album, reflecting the open and clear lyrics of the song. The lyrics represent the fraudulent rights for the lower and less respected class, with a nefarious civil servant naming three rights, with each right having an exception to benefit the rich or being skewed against the lower class.[32]

Music for "Rock the Casbah" was written by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with.[33][34] Finding himself in the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drum, piano and bass parts, recording the bulk of the song's musical instrumentation himself.[33][35] The other Clash members were impressed with Headon's recording, stating that they felt the musical track was essentially complete.[35] However, Strummer was not satisfied with the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him.[33] Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases "rock the casbah" and "you'll have to let that raga drop" as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs.[10][36] After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's toilets and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.[34][35]

Release

[edit]

Following along the same note as Sandinista!, Combat Rock's catalogue number "FMLN2" is the abbreviation for the El Salvador political party Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional or FMLN.[31][37]

Lead single "Know Your Rights" was released on 23 April 1982,[12] and reached number 43 on the U.K. singles chart.[38] Combat Rock was released on 14 May 1982 and reached number 2 on the U.K. album charts, kept off the top spot by Paul McCartney's Tug of War.[12] In the United States, Combat Rock reached number 7 on the album charts, selling in excess of one million copies.[39] Combat Rock was the band's most successful album in the United States. However, in the U.K, Combat Rock was tied with the 1978 album Give 'Em Enough Rope for the band's highest charting album.

"Rock the Casbah", which was composed by drummer Topper Headon, reached number 8 on the U.S. singles chart.[39] The single was accompanied by a distinctive video directed by Don Letts that aired frequently on the then-fledgling television channel MTV. Headon, despite composing the song, was not in the music video after being replaced by Terry Chimes for his raging heroin addiction.

In January 2000, the album, along with the rest of the Clash's catalogue, was remastered and re-released.[40] A fortieth anniversary reissue was released in May 2022 with demos and previously cut songs.[41]

Reception and influence

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[42]
Alternative Press3/5[43]
Blender[44]
Pitchfork8.4/10[45]
Q[46]
Rolling Stone[20]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[47]
Select4/5[48]
Spin Alternative Record Guide8/10[49]
The Village VoiceB+[50]

Combat Rock peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart, number 7 on the Billboard Pop albums, and the top ten on many charts in other countries.[51][52][53][54][55] It was ranked at #4 among the top "Albums of the Year" for 1982 by NME, with both "Straight to Hell" and "Know Your Rights" ranked among the year's top 50 tracks.[56]

The United States Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified Combat Rock as a Gold album in November 1982, Platinum in January 1983, and Multi-Platinum in June 1995.[57]

In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau lamented the same attempts at funk and dub the Clash had tried on Sandinista! (1980). Nonetheless, he dismissed the notion the band were selling out and believed they were "evolving" on Combat Rock, writing songs at a "higher level of verbal, musical, and political density", albeit in less "terse and clear" fashion than on their early work.[50]

Douglas Wolk said in a retrospective review for Blender that while the record was originally seen as the Clash's "sellout move" because of its danceable sound and two hit singles, the other songs featured "audaciously bizarre arrangements and some of Strummer's smartest lyrics."[44] Q was less enthusiastic, deeming it "their biggest seller, but the beginning of the end."[46] In 2000, Alternative Press called it "the penultimate Clash album ... employing lessons learned in the previous three years ... their most commercially rewarded release ... containing [their] most poignant song 'Straight to Hell'."[43]

CMJ New Music Report ranked Combat Rock at number five on its 2004 list of the Top 20 Most-Played Albums of 1982.[58] Slant Magazine listed the album at No. 80 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s".[59] Kurt Cobain listed it in his top fifty albums of all time and in a 1991 interview stated "I think the best Clash album is Combat Rock. I fucking love that record! It’s definitely better than Sandinista!“[60][61][62]

Track listing

[edit]

All tracks are written by the Clash, except where noted

Side one[63]
No.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength
1."Know Your Rights"Strummer, JonesJoe Strummer3:39
2."Car Jamming" Strummer3:58
3."Should I Stay or Should I Go" Mick Jones3:06
4."Rock the Casbah"Topper Headon, Strummer, JonesStrummer and Jones3:42
5."Red Angel Dragnet" Paul Simonon and Kosmo Vinyl3:48
6."Straight to Hell" Strummer5:30
Side two[64]
No.TitleLead vocalsLength
1."Overpowered by Funk"Strummer and Futura 20004:55
2."Atom Tan"Jones and Strummer2:32
3."Sean Flynn"Strummer4:30
4."Ghetto Defendant"Strummer and Allen Ginsberg4:45
5."Inoculated City"Jones and Strummer2:43[I]
6."Death Is a Star"Strummer and Jones3:13

Fortieth anniversary reissue

[edit]

The songs added to the fortieth anniversary reissue were titled The People's Hall.[41] All tracks are written by the Clash.

Side three
No.TitleLength
1."Outside Bonds"4:21
2."This Is Radio Clash - Different Lyrics"4:11
3."Futura 2000"5:54
Side four
No.TitleLength
1."First Night Back in London"2:12
2."Radio One - Mikey Dread"6:18
3."He Who Dares or Is Tired"2:53
4."Long Time Jerk"5:10
5."The Fulham Connection - Outtake"3:44
Side five
No.TitleLength
1."Midnight to Stevens - Outtake"4:36
2."Sean Flynn - Extended 'Marcus Music' Outtake"7:23
3."Idle in Kangaroo Court"6:04
4."Know Your Rights"3:22

Notes

  • ^[I] : Some copies of the album have an edited version lasting 2:11.

Personnel

[edit]
  • Joe Strummer – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano
  • Mick Jones – guitar, backing and lead vocals, keyboard, sound effects
  • Paul Simonon – bass guitar (except on "Rock the Casbah"), backing vocals, lead vocals on "Red Angel Dragnet"
  • Topper Headon – drums, piano and bass guitar on "Rock the Casbah"
Additional musicians
Production
  • The Clash – producers
  • Glyn Johns – chief engineer, mixing[51]
  • Joe Blaney; Jerry Green; Eddie Garcia – assistant engineers
  • Pennie Smith – cover photography, taken March 1982 in Bangkok, Thailand

Charts

[edit]
Chart (1982–1983) Peak
position
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[65] 32
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[66] 12
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[67] 29
Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)[68] 27
Italian Albums (Musica e Dischi)[69] 22
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[70] 5
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[71] 7
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[72] 9
UK Albums (OCC)[73] 2
US Billboard 200[74] 24
Chart (2022) Peak
position
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[75] 143
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[76] 65
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[77] 48
Italian Albums (FIMI)[78] 70
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[79] 42
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[80] 56
Scottish Albums (OCC)[81] 16
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[82] 56
UK Albums (OCC)[83] 16

Certifications

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)[84] Gold 50,000^
France (SNEP)[85] Gold 100,000*
Italy (FIMI)[86]
sales since 2009 		Gold 25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[87] Gold 100,000‡
United States (RIAA)[88] 2× Platinum 2,000,000^

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Sources

[edit]
  • Gray, Marcus (2005) [1995]. The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town (5th revised ed.). London: Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-905139-10-1. OCLC 60668626.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Colin Larkin (27 May 2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. pp. 2006–. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
  2. ^ Letts Don; Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon, Terry Chimes, Rick Elgood, the Clash (2001). The Clash, Westway to the World (Documentary). New York, NY: Sony Music Entertainment; Dorismo; Uptown Films. Event occurs at 71:00–75:00. ISBN 0-7389-0082-6. OCLC 49798077.
  3. ^ Cromelin, Richard (31 January 1988). "Strummer on Man, God, Law and The Clash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Pinnock, Tom (September 2012). "The end of The Clash – by Joe Strummer". Uncut. No. 184. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  5. ^ a b Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. pp. 285–286. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  6. ^ Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. pp. 301–302. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  7. ^ Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 302. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  8. ^ a b Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 309. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  9. ^ Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 304. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  10. ^ a b c d Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 305. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  11. ^ "Iroquois Hotel: History". Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. pp. 312–314. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  13. ^ Daniel Rachel (12 September 2013). Isle of Noises: Conversations with great British songwriters. Pan Macmillan. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-4472-2680-2.
  14. ^ Daniel Rachel (7 October 2014). The Art of Noise: Conversations with Great Songwriters. St. Martin's Press. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-1-4668-6521-1.
  15. ^ Chris Knowles (1 December 2003). Clash City Showdown. PageFree Publishing, Inc. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-58961-138-2.
  16. ^ Alan Parker (2003). The Clash: "rat Patrol from Fort Bragg". Abstract Sounds. ISBN 978-0-9535724-9-6.
  17. ^ Nick Johnstone (7 April 2010). The Clash: 'Talking'. Omnibus Press. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0-85712-258-2.
  18. ^ Sean Egan (6 November 2014). The Clash: The Only Band That Mattered. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-0-8108-8876-0.
  19. ^ Cateforis, Theo (2013). The Rock History Reader. Routledge. p. 314. ISBN 9780415892124.
  20. ^ a b Fricke, David (24 June 1982). "Combat Rock". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  21. ^ Robbins, Ira A. (1983). The Trouser Press guide to new wave records. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 54–57. ISBN 978-0684179445.
  22. ^ Marks, Craig; Weisbard, Eric (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679755746.
  23. ^ a b c d e Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 307. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  24. ^ Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 308. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  25. ^ a b Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 320. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  26. ^ Songfacts. "Charlie Don't Surf by The Clash - Songfacts". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  27. ^ a b "ShieldSquare Captcha". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  28. ^ Gray (2005) p. 380
  29. ^ "Guardian Angels' Growing Pains". Time. 18 January 1982. Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  30. ^ Nordberg, Tim (25 April 2009). "Rock History 101: The Clash's "Red Angel Dragnet"". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  31. ^ a b Antonino D'Ambrosio (2012). Let Fury Have the Hour: Joe Strummer, Punk, and the Movement That Shook the Word. Nation Books. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-1-56858-720-2.
  32. ^ Songfacts. "Know Your Rights by The Clash - Songfacts". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  33. ^ a b c Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 306. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  34. ^ a b Webb, Spike (23 January 2014). Topper Headon (The Clash) - Q&A - Fan Questions (Interview). 00:24 minutes in.
  35. ^ a b c Webb, Spike (3 May 2012). Topper Headon (The Clash) talks about 'Mad, Bad and Dangerous' (Interview). 00:54 minutes in.
  36. ^ Temple, Julien (Director) (2007). Strummer:The Future is Unwritten (Motion picture). 68 minutes in.
  37. ^ Patricia Romanowski Bashe; Patricia Romanowski; Holly George-Warren; Jon Pareles (1995). The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-684-81044-7.
  38. ^ Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 321. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  39. ^ a b Gilbert, Pat (2004). Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story of the Clash. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 330. ISBN 1-84513-017-0.
  40. ^ Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies. University of Iowa. 2002.
  41. ^ a b Kreps, Daniel (6 April 2022). "The Clash's 'Combat Rock' Gets 40th Anniversary Reissue With Unreleased Songs, Demos". Rolling Stone. New York. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  42. ^ Sendra, Tim. "Combat Rock – The Clash". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  43. ^ a b "The Clash: Combat Rock". Alternative Press. No. 140. Cleveland. March 2000. pp. 74–75.
  44. ^ a b Wolk, Douglas (21 August 2007). "The Clash: Combat Rock". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  45. ^ Gaca, Anna (24 October 2021). "The Clash: Combat Rock". Pitchfork. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  46. ^ a b "The Clash: Combat Rock". Q. No. 159. London. December 1999. pp. 152–153.
  47. ^ Sheffield, Rob (2004). "The Clash". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  48. ^ "Clash Reissues". Select. No. 114. London. December 1999. p. 88.
  49. ^ Sheffield, Rob (1995). "Clash". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-679-75574-8.
  50. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (10 August 1982). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  51. ^ a b Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (21 August 1982). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. pp. 29–. ISSN 0006-2510. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  52. ^ "UK Chart Archive". everyHit.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  53. ^ "The Clash > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  54. ^ "Discography The Clash". NorwegianCharts.com. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  55. ^ "Discography The Clash". SwedishCharts.com. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  56. ^ "Albums and Tracks of the Year". NME. 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  57. ^ "Gold and Platinum: Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  58. ^ "Top 20 Most-Played Albums of 1982". CMJ New Music Report: 10. 5 January 2004.
  59. ^ "Best Albums of the 1980s". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  60. ^ "Top 50 by Nirvana [Mixtape]". Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  61. ^ Cross, Gaar, Gendron, Martens, Yarm (2013). Nirvana: The Complete Illustrated History. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7603-4521-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ "Kurt Cobain discussing his favourite album by The Clash". faroutmagazine.co.uk. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  63. ^ Chris Knowles (1 December 2003). Clash City Showdown. PageFree Publishing, Inc. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-58961-138-2.
  64. ^ Chris Knowles (1 December 2003). Clash City Showdown. PageFree Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58961-138-2.
  65. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 65. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  66. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 6544". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  67. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Clash – Combat Rock" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  68. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
  69. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2024. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Clash".
  70. ^ "Charts.nz – The Clash – Combat Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  71. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Clash – Combat Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  72. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Clash – Combat Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  73. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  74. ^ "The Clash Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  75. ^ "Ultratop.be – The Clash – Combat Rock + The People's Hall" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  76. ^ "Ultratop.be – The Clash – Combat Rock + The People's Hall" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  77. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Clash – Combat the Rock" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  78. ^ "Italiancharts.com – The Clash – Combat Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  79. ^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2022-06-06/p/5" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  80. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – The Clash – Combat Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  81. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2024-.
  82. ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Clash – Combat Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  83. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  84. ^ "Canadian album certifications – The Clash – Combat Rock". Music Canada.
  85. ^ "French album certifications – The Clash – Combat Rock" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 20 August 2024. Select THE CLASH and click OK. 
  86. ^ "Italian album certifications – The Clash – Combat Rock" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  87. ^ "British album certifications – Clash – Combat Rock". British Phonographic Industry.
  88. ^ "American album certifications – The Clash – Combat Rock". Recording Industry Association of America.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combat_Rock&oldid=1257954522"