Conservation in Australia
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Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world,[1] with a large portion of species endemic to Australia. Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations. 25% of Australia is managed for conservation.[2]
Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve the population and diversity of animal species. Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken, and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions.
According to Janine Benyus, the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia is great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator. Research on natural processes can only occur if the habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive.
Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation.
Conservation issues
[edit]A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity, especially by protecting the remaining rainforests. The destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing, remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. The importance of the Australian rainforests to the conservation movement is very high.[3] Australia is the only western country to have large areas of rainforest intact.[4] Forests provide timber, drugs, and food and should be managed to maximize the possible uses. Currently, there are a number of environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on saving the environment, one such campaign is the Big Switch.[5]
Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, reafforestation of once-cleared areas, control of exotic weeds and pests, expansion of dryland salinity, and changed fire regimes. Intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important factors affecting the persistence of species.[2] Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. In central New South Wales where there are large plains of grassland, problems have arisen from—unusual to say—lack of land clearing.
Shark culling (the killing of sharks) currently occurs in New South Wales and Queensland (in government "shark control" programs).[6] These programs have damaged the marine ecosystem.[6] Roughly 50,000 sharks have been killed by Queensland authorities since 1962, including in the Great Barrier Reef.[7][8] Queensland's "shark control" program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective".[8] The "shark control" programs in New South Wales and Queensland have killed thousands of animals, such as turtles and dolphins.[6][9] In 2018, the Humane Society International filed a lawsuit against the government of Queensland to stop shark culling in the Great Barrier Reef.[8]
The protection of the iconic Wollemi Pine is an important conservation issue because the tree is one of the rarest in the world.[10] There are only 46 mature individual trees remaining in the wild.[10] The small grove of unusual conifers in a remote canyon are threatened due to its highly restricted distribution, extremely small population size, the ongoing impacts from exotic pathogens, inappropriate fire regimes, unauthorized site visitation and climate change.[10]
Specific issues:
- Blue Gum Forest
- Fraser Island
- Franklin Dam
- Lake Pedder
- Uranium mining in Kakadu National Park
- Plight of the Murray River system
Legal framework
[edit]Conservation of the natural environment in Australia is derived from five different sources of law, namely international law, federal law, State law and local government law as well as the application of the common law.
International environmental law
[edit]International agreements that affect conservation policy in Australia.
| Entry in force | Title, date, place of agreement |
|---|---|
| 1948 | International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 1946, Washington |
| 1961 | Antarctic Treaty, 1959, Washington |
| 1975 | Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, Ramsar |
| 1975 | Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, Paris |
| 1975 | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973, Washington |
| 1982 | Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources, 1980, Canberra |
| 1983 | Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, Bonn |
| 1985 | International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983, Geneva |
| 1993 | Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, Rio de Janeiro, leading to Australia's Biodiversity Action Plan |
| 1993 | United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, 1994, Paris |
| 1994 | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Montego Bay |
| 1994 | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, New York |
Federal law
[edit]The primary federal law is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), usually referred to as the EPBC Act.[2]
Protected areas
[edit]There are numerous protected areas in all States and Territories that have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems. Protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands which are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites. As of 2002[update], 10.8% (774,619.51 km2 or 299,082.26 sq mi) of the total land area of Australia is within a protected area.[11] Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002 they cover about 7% (646,000 km2 or 249,000 sq mi) of Australia's marine jurisdiction.[12] In Australia forest cover is around 17% of the total land area, equivalent to 134,005,100 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 133,882,200 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 131,614,800 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 2,390,300 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 18% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 67% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership, 32% private ownership and 1% with ownership listed as other or unknown. [13] [14]
Protected areas of include those managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Energy, and national parks and other protected areas managed by the states, Agencies responsible for protected areas include:
- Director of National Parks
- Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
- New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change
- Parks Victoria
- Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
- Department of Environment and Water (South Australia)
- Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)
- Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service
- Chief Minister's Department (Australian Capital Territory)
- Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory
Threatened species
[edit]Conservation organisations
[edit]A number of governmental and non-governmental organisations work in the conservation and restoration of the Australian environment.
- Australian Conservation Foundation
- Australian Koala Foundation
- Australian Marine Conservation Society
- Australian Native Plants Society
- Australian Rainforest Conservation Society
- Australian Wildlife Society
- Australian Wildlife Conservancy
- Banksia Environmental Foundation
- BirdLife Australia
- Bush Heritage Australia
- Clean Up Australia
- Conservation Volunteers Australia
- Environment Tasmania[15]
- Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife
- Green Corps
- Greening Australia
- Invertebrates Australia[16]
- Landcare Australia
- National Parks Australia Council[17]
- Natural Heritage Trust Australia
- Nature Foundation
- NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service
- Planet Ark
- Queensland Trust for Nature (see Avoid Island)
- Rainforest Rescue[18]
- Sustainable Population Australia
- Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Service
- Wilderness Society
- Trees for Life
- Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland
- Wildlife Warriors
- World Wide Fund for Nature#WWF-Australia
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Davison, Annette D.; Yeates, Christine; Gillings, Michael R.; de Brabandere, Jan (1999). "Microorganisms, Australia and the Convention on Biological Diversity". Biodiversity & Conservation. 8 (10): 1410. doi:10.1023/A:1008986324592. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Broadhurst, Linda; Coates, David (December 2017). "Plant conservation in Australia: Current directions and future challenges". Plant Diversity. 39 (6): 348–356. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.005. PMC 6112320. PMID 30159528.
- ^ McIntyre, Iain (2020-11-04). "Environmental Blockading in Australia and Around the World - Timeline 1974-1997". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
- ^ Our Rainforests and the issues by Beryl Morris, Tondy Sadler and Graham N. Harrington. 1992. CSIRO. ISBN 0-643-05141-4
- ^ "The Big Switch". Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
- ^ a b c https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102324/https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/shark-culling.html "Shark Culling". marineconservation.org.au. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
- ^ https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/aussie-shark-population-is-staggering-decline/news-story/49e910c828b6e2b735d1c68e6b2c956e Aussie shark population in staggering decline. Rhian Deutrom. December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
- ^ a b c https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/queensland-government-kills-sharks-faces-court-challenge "Queensland Government Kills Sharks, Faces Court Challenge". maritime-executive.com. September 4, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
- ^ http://www.afd.org.au/news-articles/queenslands-shark-control-program-has-snagged-84000-animals Action for Dolphins. Queensland’s Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals. Thom Mitchell. November 20, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
- ^ a b c Mackenzie, Berin D.E.; Clarke, Steve W.; Zimmer, Heidi C.; Liew, Edward C.Y.; Phelan, Maureen T.; Offord, Catherine A.; Menke, Lisa K.; Crust, David W.; Bragg, Jason; McPherson, Hannah; Rossetto, Maurizio; Coote, David M.; Yap, Jia-Yee Samantha; Auld, Tony D. (2022). "Ecology and Conservation of a Living Fossil: Australia's Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis)". Imperiled: The Encyclopedia of Conservation: 884–894. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00188-4. ISBN 978-0-12-821139-7. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type Archived 2006-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA) Archived 2005-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.
- ^ "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Australia". Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ ET
- ^ Invertebrates Australia
- ^ NPAC
- ^ Rainforest Rescue
