Cork encoding

The Cork (also known as T1 or EC) encoding is a character encoding used for encoding glyphs in fonts.^[1] It is named after the city of Cork in Ireland, where during a TeX Users Group (TUG) conference in 1990 a new encoding was introduced for LaTeX.^[1] It contains 256 characters supporting most west- and east-European languages with the Latin alphabet.^[2]

Details

In 8-bit TeX engines the font encoding has to match the encoding of hyphenation patterns where this encoding is most commonly used.^[3] In LaTeX one can switch to this encoding with \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}, while in ConTeXt MkII this is the default encoding already. In modern engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX Unicode is fully supported and the 8-bit font encodings are obsolete.

Character set

Cork encoding
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
0x	` 0060	´ 00B4	ˆ 02C6	˜ 02DC	¨ 00A8	˝ 02DD	˚ 02DA	ˇ 02C7	˘ 02D8	¯ 00AF	˙ 02D9	¸ 00B8	˛ 02DB	‚ 201A	‹ 2039	› 203A
1x	“ 201C	” 201D	„ 201E	« 00AB	» 00BB	– 2013	— 2014	ZWSP^[a] 200B	₀^[b] 2080	ı^[c] 0131	ȷ^[c] 0237	ﬀ FB00	ﬁ FB01	ﬂ FB02	ﬃ FB03	ﬄ FB04
2x	SP	!	"	#	$	%	&	’ 2019	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/
3x	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	:	;	<	=	>	?
4x	@	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O
5x	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_
6x	‘ 2018	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o
7x	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z	{	\|	}	~	SHY^[d]
8x	Ă 0102	Ą 0104	Ć 0106	Č 010C	Ď 010E	Ě 011A	Ę 0118	Ğ 011E	Ĺ 0139	Ľ 013D	Ł 0141	Ń 0143	Ň 0147	Ŋ 014A	Ő 0150	Ŕ 0154
9x	Ř 0158	Ś 015A	Š 0160	Ş 015E	Ť 0164	Ţ 0162	Ű 0170	Ů 016E	Ÿ 0178	Ź 0179	Ž 017D	Ż 017B	Ĳ 0132	İ 0130	đ 0111	§ 00A7
Ax	ă 0103	ą 0105	ć 0107	č 010D	ď 010F	ě 011B	ę 0119	ğ 011F	ĺ 013A	ľ 013E	ł 0142	ń 0144	ň 0148	ŋ 014B	ő 0151	ŕ 0155
Bx	ř 0159	ś 015B	š 0161	ş 015F	ť 0165	ţ 0163	ű 0171	ů 016F	ÿ 00FF	ź 017A	ž 017E	ż 017C	ĳ 0133	¡ 00A1	¿ 00BF	£ 00A3
Cx	À	Á	Â	Ã	Ä	Å	Æ	Ç	È	É	Ê	Ë	Ì	Í	Î	Ï
Dx	Ð^[e]	Ñ	Ò	Ó	Ô	Õ	Ö	Œ 0152	Ø	Ù	Ú	Û	Ü	Ý	Þ	SS^[f] 1E9E
Ex	à	á	â	ã	ä	å	æ	ç	è	é	ê	ë	ì	í	î	ï
Fx	ð	ñ	ò	ó	ô	õ	ö	œ 0153	ø	ù	ú	û	ü	ý	þ	ß 00DF

Notes

Hexadecimal values under the characters in the table are the Unicode character codes.
The first 12 characters are often used as combining characters.

^ 0x17 is dubbed a “compound word mark” (CWM) in the Cork encoding, and is an innovation of this standard. It is an invisible character that separates compounds in a complex word, for instance in German, in order to disallow esthetic ligatures at compound boundaries.^[2] It is mapped to the Unicode “zero-width space” (ZWSP, U+200B), defined at about the same time, whose purpose is similar, if not identical.
^ 0x18 is a “small o”, used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).^[2]
^ ^a ^b Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).
^ 0x7F is the hyphenation character, not really a soft hyphen (SHY) as defined by Unicode.
^ 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)
^ 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.

Supported languages

The encoding supports most European languages written in Latin alphabet. Notable exceptions are:

Esperanto and Maltese language (using IL3)
Latvian language and Lithuanian language (using L7X)
Welsh language

Languages with slightly suboptimal support include:

Galician language, Portuguese language and Spanish language – due to the lack of characters ª and º, which are not superscript versions of lowercase "a" and "o" (superscripts are thinner) and they are often underlined
Croatian language, Bosnian language, Serbian language – due to the shared use of the slot for Đ
Turkish language – due to dotless i having different uppercase and lowercase combinations than in other languages

References

^ ^a ^b Petrlik, Lukas (1996-06-19). "The Czech and Slovak Character Encoding Mess Explained". cs-encodings-faq. 1.10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, 11 (4): 514–516
^ TeX hyphenation patterns

External links

[4] 0x17 is dubbed a “compound word mark” (CWM) in the Cork encoding, and is an innovation of this standard. It is an invisible character that separates compounds in a complex word, for instance in German, in order to disallow esthetic ligatures at compound boundaries.^[2] It is mapped to the Unicode “zero-width space” (ZWSP, U+200B), defined at about the same time, whose purpose is similar, if not identical.

[5] 0x18 is a “small o”, used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).^[2]

[ij-6] Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).

[7] 0x7F is the hyphenation character, not really a soft hyphen (SHY) as defined by Unicode.

[8] 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)

[9] 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.

[Petrlik_1996_CS-1] Petrlik, Lukas (1996-06-19). "The Czech and Slovak Character Encoding Mess Explained". cs-encodings-faq. 1.10. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.

[Ferguson_1990-2] Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, 11 (4): 514–516

[TeX_Hyphenation-3] TeX hyphenation patterns

[1]

[2]

[3]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]

[f]

v t e Character encodings
Early telecommunications	Telegraph code Needle Morse Non-Latin Wabun/Kana Chinese Cyrillic Baudot and Murray Fieldata ASCII ISO/IEC 646 BCDIC Teletex and Videotex/Teletext T.51/ISO/IEC 6937 ITU T.61 ITU T.101 World System Teletext background sets Transcode
ISO/IEC 8859	Approved parts -1 (Western Europe) -2 (Central Europe) -3 (Maltese/Esperanto) -4 (North Europe) -5 (Cyrillic) -6 (Arabic) -7 (Greek) -8 (Hebrew) -9 (Turkish) -10 (Nordic) -11 (Thai) -13 (Baltic) -14 (Celtic) -15 (New Western Europe) -16 (Romanian) Abandoned parts -12 (Devanagari) Proposed but not approved KOI-8 Cyrillic Sámi Adaptations Welsh Barents Cyrillic Estonian Ukrainian Cyrillic
Bibliographic use	MARC-8 ANSEL CCCII/EACC ISO 5426 5426-2 5427 5428 6438 6862
National standards	ArmSCII Big5 BraSCII CNS 11643 DIN 66003 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 2312 GB 12345 GB 12052 GB 18030 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 KS X 1002 LST 1564 LST 1590-4 PASCII Shift JIS SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
ISO/IEC 2022	ISO/IEC 8859 ISO/IEC 10367 Extended Unix Code / EUC
Mac OS Code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic Central European Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Farsi (Persian) Font X (Kermit) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Keyboard Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham Roman Romanian Sámi Turkish Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian VT100
DOS code pages	437 668 708 720 737 770 773 775 776 777 778 850 851 852 853 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 897 899 903 904 932 936 942 949 950 951 1034 1040 1042 1043 1044 1098 1115 1116 1117 1118 1127 3846 ABICOMP CS Indic CSX Indic CSX+ Indic CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	895 896 912 915 921 922 1006 1008 1009 1010 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1046 1124 1133
Windows code pages	CER-GS 932 936 (GBK) 950 1169 Extended Latin-8 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1270 Cyrillic + Finnish Cyrillic + French Cyrillic + German Polytonic Greek
EBCDIC code pages	Japanese language in EBCDIC DKOI
DEC terminals (VTx)	Multinational (MCS) National Replacement (NRCS) French Canadian Swiss Spanish United Kingdom Dutch Finnish French Norwegian and Danish Swedish Norwegian and Danish (alternative) 8-bit Greek 8-bit Turkish SI 960 Hebrew Special Graphics Technical (TCS)
Platform specific	1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 Acorn RISC OS Amstrad CPC Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC Compucolor 8001 Compucolor II CP/M+ DEC RADIX 50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International Galaksija GEM GSM 03.38 HP Roman HP FOCAL HP RPL SQUOZE LICS LMBCS MSX NEC APC NeXT PETSCII PostScript Standard PostScript Latin 1 SAM Coupé Sega SC-3000 Sharp calculators Sharp MZ Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 DIN 91379 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU TACE16 Comparison of Unicode encodings
TeX typesetting system	Cork LY1 OML OMS OT1
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP ASMO 449 Digital encoding of APL symbols ISO-IR-68 ARIB STD-B24 Fieldata HZ IEC-P27-1 INIS 7-bit 8-bit ISO-IR-169 ISO 2033 KOI KOI8-R KOI8-RU KOI8-U Mojikyō SEASCII Stanford/ITS Symbol TRON Unified Hangul Code
Control character	Morse prosigns C0 and C1 control codes ISO/IEC 6429 JIS X 0211 Unicode control, format and separator characters Whitespace characters
Related topics	CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware code page MICR code Mojibake Variable-length encoding
Character sets