Cotinga

Cotingas
	Spangled cotinga (Cotinga cayana)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Parvorder:	Tyrannida
Family:	Cotingidae; Bonaparte, 1849
Genera
	Many, see text
	Geographical range of the cotingas.

The cotingas are a large family, Cotingidae, of suboscine passerine birds found in Central America and tropical South America. Cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges, that are primary frugivorous. They all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. They range in size from 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) of the fiery-throated fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota) up to 48–51 cm (19–20 in) of the Amazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus).^[1]^[2]

Description

Cotingas vary widely in social structure. There is a roughly 50/50 divide in the family between species with biparental care, and those in which the males play no part in raising the young.^[3] The purple-throated fruitcrow lives in mixed-sex groups in which one female lays an egg and the others help provide insects to the chick.^[4]

In cotinga species where only the females care for the eggs and young, the males have striking courtship displays, often grouped together in leks. Such sexual selection results in the males of these species, including the Guianan cock-of-the-rock, being brightly coloured, or decorated with plumes or wattles, like the umbrellabirds, with their umbrella-like crest and long throat wattles. Other lekking cotingids like the bellbirds and screaming piha, have distinctive and far-carrying calls. In such canopy-dwelling genera as Carpodectes, Cotinga, and Xipholena, males gather high in a single tree or in adjacent trees, but male cocks-of-the-rock, as befits their more terrestrial lives, give their elaborate displays in leks on the ground.^[4]

The females of both lekking and biparental species are duller than the males.

Breeding

Nests range from tiny to very large. Many species lay a single egg in a nest so flimsy that the egg can be seen from underneath. This may make the nests hard for predators to find. Fruiteaters build more solid cup nests, and the cocks-of-the-rock attach their mud nests to cliffs.^[4] The nests may be open cups or little platforms with loosely woven plant material, usually placed in a tree. The clutches comprise one to four eggs. Incubation typically takes 15–28 days. Fledging usually occurs at 28–33 days.

Habitat

Deserts, open woodlands, coastal mangroves, and humid tropical forests comprise their habitats. Cotingas face very serious threats from the loss of their habitats.^[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The family Cotingidae was introduced by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1849.^[6] According to the International Ornithological Committee, as of July 2021, the family contains 66 species divided into 24 genera.^[7]

A 2014 molecular phylogenetic study of the cotingas by Jacob Berv and Richard Prum found that the genera formed five monophyletic clades and they proposed that the family could be divided into five subfamilies.^[8] The following cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators published in 2020.^[9]

Cotingidae

Pipreolinae

	Ampelioides – scaled fruiteater

	Pipreola – fruiteaters (11 species)

Rupicolinae

	Snowornis – pihas (2 species)

	Carpornis – berryeaters (2 species)

	Phoenicircus – cotingas (2 species)

	Rupicola – cock-of-the-rocks (2 species)

Phytotominae

Zaratornis – white-cheeked cotinga

Phytotoma – plantcutters (3 species)

Phibalura – cotingas (1 species)

	Doliornis – cotingas (2 species)

	Ampelion – cotingas (2 species)

Cephalopterinae

Haematoderus – crimson fruitcrow

Querula – purple-throated fruitcrow

Pyroderus – red-ruffed fruitcrow

	Perissocephalus – capuchinbird

	Cephalopterus – umbrellabirds (3 species)

Cotinginae

Lipaugus – pihas and cotingas (9 species)

Procnias – bellbirds (4 species)

Cotinga – cotingas (7 species)

Porphyrolaema – purple-throated cotinga

	Conioptilon – black-faced cotinga

	Gymnoderus – bare-necked fruitcrow

	Xipholena – cotingas (3 species)

	Carpodectes – cotingas (3 species)

The genus Tijuca was found to be embedded in Lipaugus, a position that was confirmed by a more detailed 2020 study.^[10]

Image	Genus	Living species
	Ampelioides Verreaux, 1867	Scaled fruiteater, Ampelioides tschudii
	Pipreola Swainson, 1838	Fiery-throated fruiteater, Pipreola chlorolepidota Scarlet-breasted fruiteater, Pipreola frontalis Handsome fruiteater, Pipreola formosa Red-banded fruiteater, Pipreola whitelyi Black-chested fruiteater, Pipreola lubomirskii Orange-breasted fruiteater, Pipreola jucunda Masked fruiteater, Pipreola pulchra Golden-breasted fruiteater, Pipreola aureopectus Barred fruiteater, Pipreola arcuata Band-tailed fruiteater, Pipreola intermedia Green-and-black fruiteater, Pipreola riefferii
	Snowornis Prum, 2001	Grey-tailed piha, Snowornis subalaris Olivaceous piha, Snowornis cryptolophus
	Carpornis G.R. Gray, 1846	Hooded berryeater, Carpornis cucullata Black-headed berryeater, Carpornis melanocephala
	Rupicola Brisson, 1760	Andean cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola peruvianus Guianan cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola rupicola
	Phoenicircus Swainson, 1832	Guianan red cotinga, Phoenicircus carnifex Black-necked red cotinga, Phoenicircus nigricollis
	Zaratornis Koepcke, 1954	White-cheeked cotinga, Zaratornis stresemanni
	Phytotoma Molina, 1782	Rufous-tailed plantcutter or Chilean plantcutter, Phytotoma rara Peruvian plantcutter, Phytotoma raimondii White-tipped plantcutter or reddish plantcutter, Phytotoma rutila
	Phibalura Vieillot, 1816	Swallow-tailed cotinga, Phibalura flavirostris
	Doliornis Taczanowski, 1874	Bay-vented cotinga, Doliornis sclateri Chestnut-bellied cotinga, Doliornis remseni
	Ampelion Tschudi, 1845	Red-crested cotinga, Ampelion rubrocristatus Chestnut-crested cotinga, Ampelion rufaxilla
	Haematoderus Bonaparte, 1854	Crimson fruitcrow, Haematoderus militaris
	Querula Vieillot, 1816	Purple-throated fruitcrow, Querula purpurata
	Pyroderus G.R. Gray, 1840	Red-ruffed fruitcrow, Pyroderus scutatus
	Cephalopterus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809	Bare-necked umbrellabird, Cephalopterus glabricollis Long-wattled umbrellabird, Cephalopterus penduliger Amazonian umbrellabird, Cephalopterus ornatus
	Perissocephalus Oberholser, 1899	Capuchinbird, Perissocephalus tricolor
	Lipaugus F. Boie, 1828	Rufous piha, Lipaugus unirufus Cinnamon-vented piha, Lipaugus lanioides Rose-collared piha, Lipaugus streptophorus Screaming piha, Lipaugus vociferans Dusky piha, Lipaugus fuscocinereus Scimitar-winged piha, Lipaugus uropygialis Chestnut-capped piha, Lipaugus weberi Black-and-gold cotinga, Lipaugus ater Grey-winged cotinga, Lipaugus conditus
	Procnias Illiger, 1811	White bellbird, Procnias albus Three-wattled bellbird, Procnias tricarunculatus Bare-throated bellbird, Procnias nudicollis Bearded bellbird, Procnias averano
	Cotinga Brisson, 1760	Plum-throated cotinga, Cotinga maynana Spangled cotinga, Cotinga cayana Lovely cotinga, Cotinga amabilis Blue cotinga, Cotinga nattererii Turquoise cotinga, Cotinga ridgwayi Banded cotinga, Cotinga maculata Purple-breasted cotinga, Cotinga cotinga
	Porphyrolaema Bonaparte, 1854	Purple-throated cotinga, Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema
	Conioptilon Lowery & O'Neill, 1966	Black-faced cotinga, Conioptilon mcilhennyi
	Gymnoderus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809	Bare-necked fruitcrow, Gymnoderus foetidus
	Xipholena Gloger, 1841	Pompadour cotinga, Xipholena punicea White-tailed cotinga, Xipholena lamellipennis White-winged cotinga, Xipholena atropurpurea
	Carpodectes Salvin, 1865	Black-tipped cotinga, Carpodectes hopkei Yellow-billed cotinga, Carpodectes antoniae Snowy cotinga, Carpodectes nitidus

A number of species previously placed in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (genera Laniisoma, Laniocera and Iodopleura)^[11]

References

^ Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Fiery-throated Fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.fitfru1.01. S2CID 243289215. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ Snow, D. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Amazonian Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.amaumb1.01. S2CID 216264434. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^ Cockburn, Andrew (2006). "Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1375–1383. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458. PMC 1560291. PMID 16777726. Supplementary Material.
^ ^a ^b ^c Prum, Richard O.; Snow, David W. (2003). "Cotingas". In Christopher Perrins (ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 432–433. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
^ Complete Birds of the World. National Geographic. p. 200.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 149. hdl:2246/830.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
^ Berv, J.S.; Prum, R.O. (2014). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 81: 120–136. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.001. PMID 25234241.
^ Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S.; O’Meara, B.C.; Faircloth, B.C.; Edwards, S.V.; Pérez-Emán, J.; Moyle, R.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Aleixo, A.; Smith, B.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Silveira, L.F.; Cracraft, J.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. PMID 33303617. S2CID 228084618. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.
^ Settlecowski, A.E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Tello, J.G.; Harvey, M.G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "Investigating the utility of traditional and genomic multilocus datasets to resolve relationships in Lipaugus and Tijuca (Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 147: 106779. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106779. PMID 32135309. S2CID 212568712.
^ Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

External links

Cotinga videos on the Internet Bird Collection

[1] Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Fiery-throated Fruiteater (Pipreola chlorolepidota)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.fitfru1.01. S2CID 243289215. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

[2] Snow, D. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Amazonian Umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.amaumb1.01. S2CID 216264434. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

[3] Cockburn, Andrew (2006). "Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1375–1383. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458. PMC 1560291. PMID 16777726. Supplementary Material.

[PS-4] Prum, Richard O.; Snow, David W. (2003). "Cotingas". In Christopher Perrins (ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 432–433. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.

[5] Complete Birds of the World. National Geographic. p. 200.

[6] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 149. hdl:2246/830.

[ioc-7] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 December 2021.

[berv-8] Berv, J.S.; Prum, R.O. (2014). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 81: 120–136. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.001. PMID 25234241.

[9] Harvey, M.G.; Bravo, G.A.; Claramunt, S.; Cuervo, A.M.; Derryberry, G.E.; Battilana, J.; Seeholzer, G.F.; McKay, J.S.; O’Meara, B.C.; Faircloth, B.C.; Edwards, S.V.; Pérez-Emán, J.; Moyle, R.G.; Sheldon, F.H.; Aleixo, A.; Smith, B.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Silveira, L.F.; Cracraft, J.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. Bibcode:2020Sci...370.1343H. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. PMID 33303617. S2CID 228084618. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.

[10] Settlecowski, A.E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Tello, J.G.; Harvey, M.G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "Investigating the utility of traditional and genomic multilocus datasets to resolve relationships in Lipaugus and Tijuca (Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 147: 106779. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106779. PMID 32135309. S2CID 212568712.

[11] Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine American Ornithologists' Union. Accessed 12 December 2007.

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