Dishna Papers
The Dishna Papers, also often known as the Bodmer Papyri, are a group of twenty-two papyri discovered in Dishna, Egypt in 1952. Later, they were purchased by Martin Bodmer and deposited at the Bodmer Library in Switzerland. The papyri contain segments from the Old and New Testaments, early Christian literature, Homer, and Menander. The oldest, P66 dates to c. 200 AD. Most of the papyri are kept at the Bodmer Library, in Cologny, Switzerland outside Geneva.
In 2007, the Vatican Library acquired Bodmer Papyrus 14–15 (known as P75 and as the Mater Verbi (Hanna)) Papyrus. Since the papers are held not only at the Bodmer Library, but also at the Vatican, Oslo, Barcelona, and other locations, many scholars have preferred the term Dishna Papers since the mid-2010s.[1][2]
Overview
[edit]The Dishna Papers were found in 1952 at Pabau near Dishna, Egypt, the ancient headquarters of the Pachomian order of monks; the discovery site is not far from Nag Hammadi, where the secreted Nag Hammadi library had been found some years earlier. The manuscripts were covertly assembled by a Cypriote, Phokio Tano of Cairo, then smuggled to Switzerland,[3] where they were bought by Martin Bodmer (1899–1971). The series Papyrus Bodmer began to be published in 1954, giving transcriptions of the texts with note and introduction in French and a French translation. The papyri, now partially conserved in the Bodmer Library, in Cologny, outside Geneva,[4] are not a gnostic cache, like the Nag Hammadi Library: they bear some pagan as well as Christian texts, parts of some thirty-five books in all, in Coptic[5] and in Greek. With fragments of correspondence, the number of individual texts represented reaches to fifty.[6] Most of the works are in codex form, a few in scrolls. Three are written on parchment.
Books V and VI of Homer's Iliad (P1), and three comedies of Menander (Dyskolos (P4), Samia and Aspis) appear among the Bodmer Papyri, as well as gospel texts: Papyrus 66 (P66), is a text of the Gospel of John,[7] dating around 200 AD, in the manuscript tradition called the Alexandrian text-type. Aside from the papyrus fragment in the Rylands Library Papyrus P52, it is the oldest testimony for John; it omits the passage concerning the moving of the waters (John 5:3b-4) and the pericope of the woman taken in adultery (John 7:53-8:11). 𝔓72 is the earliest known copy of the Epistle of Jude, and 1 and 2 Peter. Papyrus 75 (P75) is a partial codex containing most of Luke and John. Comparison of the two versions of John in the Bodmer Papyri with the third-century Chester Beatty Papyri convinced Floyd V. Filson that "...there was no uniform text of the Gospels in Egypt in the third century."[8]
There are also Christian texts that were declared apocryphal in the fourth century, such as the Infancy Gospel of James. There is a Greek-Latin lexicon to some of Paul's letters, and there are fragments of Melito of Sardis. Among the works is The Vision of Dorotheus, one of the earliest examples of Christian hexametric poem, attributed to a Dorotheus, son of "Quintus the poet" (assumed to be the pagan poet Quintus Smyrnaeus). (P29). The earliest extant copy of the Third Epistle to the Corinthians is published in Bodmer Papryri X.
The collection includes some non-literary material, such as a collection of letters from the abbots of the monastery of Saint Pachomius, raising the possibility that the unifying circumstance in the collection is that all were part of a monastic library.[9]
The latest of the Bodmer Papyri (P74) dates to the sixth or seventh century.[10]
Vatican acquisition
[edit]Plans announced by the Foundation Bodmer in October 2006[11] to sell two of the manuscripts for millions of dollars, to capitalize the library, which opened in 2003, drew consternation from scholars around the world, fearing that the unity of the collection would be broken.
In March 2007, the Vatican announced that it had acquired the Bodmer Papyrus XIV-XV (P75), which is believed to contain the world's oldest known written fragment from the Gospel of Luke, the earliest known Lord's Prayer, and one of the oldest written fragments from the Gospel of John.[12]
The papyri had been sold for an undisclosed "significant" price to Frank Hanna III, of Atlanta, Georgia. In January 2007, Hanna presented the papyri to the Pope. They are kept in the Vatican Library and will be made available for scholarly review, and in the future, excerpts may be put on display for the general public. They were transported from Switzerland to the Vatican in "An armed motorcade surrounded by people with machine guns."[13]
Relationship with the Nag Hammadi library
[edit]Lundhaug (2018) argues that the Dishna Papers in fact came from the same monastic library as the Nag Hammadi library.[1] Linjamaa (2024) also recognizes that the Dishna Papers likely came from the same monastic scribal group that had copied the Nag Hammadi texts.[2]
Bible-related manuscripts
[edit]Greek
[edit]- Papyrus Bodmer II (𝔓66)
- Bodmer V – Nativity of Mary, Apocalypse of James; fourth century
- Papyrus Bodmer VII-IX (𝔓72) — Epistle of Jude, 1-2 Peter, Psalms 33-34
- Bodmer X – Epistle of Corinthians to Paul and Third Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians; third/fourth century
- Bodmer XI – Ode of Solomon 11; fourth century
- Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV (𝔓75)
- Papyrus Bodmer XVII (𝔓74)
- Bodmer XXIV – Psalms 17:46-117:44; third/fourth century
- Bodmer XLVI – Daniel 1:1-20
- Papyrus Bodmer L – Matthew 25-26; seventh century
Coptic
[edit]- Bodmer III – John 1:1-21:25; Genesis 1:1-4:2; fourth century; Bohairic
- Bodmer VI – Proverbs 1:1-21:4; fourth/fifth century; Paleo-Theban ("Dialect P")
- Bodmer XVI – Exodus 1:1-15:21; fourth century
- Bodmer XVIII – Deuteronomium 1:1-10:7; fourth century
- Bodmer XIX – Matthew 14:28-28:20; Romans 1:1-2:3; fourth/fifth century; Sahidic
- Bodmer XXI – Joshua 6:16-25; 7:6-11:23; 22:1-2; 22:19-23:7; 23:15-24:2; fourth century
- Bodmer XXII (Mississippi Codex II) – Jeremiah 40:3-52:34; Lamentations; Epistle of Jeremiah; Book of Baruch; fourth/fifth century
- Bodmer XXIII – Isaiah 47:1-66:24; fourth century
- Bodmer XL – Song of Songs
- Bodmer XLI – Acta Pauli; fourth century; sub-Achmimic
- Bodmer XLII – 2 Corinthians; dialect reported by Wolf-Peter Funk to be Sahidic
- Bodmer XLIV – Book of Daniel; Bohairic
- Crosby-Schøyen Codex MS 193 (Mississippi Codex I) - Jonah, 1 Peter, Peri Pascha, third century
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Lundhaug, Hugo. ‘The Dishna Papers and the Nag Hammadi Codices: The Remains of a Single Monastic Library?’, in The Nag Hammadi Library and Late Antique Egypt, ed. Hugo Lundhaug and Lance Jenott. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018, 329–386.
- ^ a b Linjamaa, Paul (2024). The Nag Hammadi Codices and Their Ancient Readers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-44148-3.
- ^ A. H. M. Kessels and P. W. Van Der Horst, "The Vision of Dorotheus (Pap. Bodmer 29): Edited with Introduction, Translation and Notes", Vigiliae Christianae 41.4 (December 1987, pp. 313-359, p 313.
- ^ Some papyri from the same provenance escaped Martin Bodmer and are conserved elsewhere. Sir Alfred Chester Beatty acquired some of the material, and further material is at Oxford, Mississippi, Cologne and Barcelona. For convenience scholars also refer to these as "Bodmer Papyri". (Anchor Bible Dictionary).
- ^ Texts in the Bohairic dialect of Coptic had not previously been known older than the ninth century (6. p 51.
- ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary.
- ^ John 1:1-6:11, 6:35b-14:26 and fragments of forty other pages of John 14-21.
- ^ "A comparison of all three, which had their origins in Egypt, shows that there was no uniform text of the Gospels in Egypt in the third century." (Filson 1962: 52).
- ^ Kessels and Van der Horst 1987:214.
- ^ Filson 1962:52.
- ^ Sale of Bodmer Papyri
- ^ "Bodmer Papyrus: History Becomes Reality". Ewtn.com. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
- ^ "Earliest Gospels Acquired by Vatican", by Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News, March 5, 2007
References
[edit]- Anchor Bible Dictionary 1:766-77 "Bodmer Papyri".
- Robinson, James M. 1987. The Story of the Bodmer Papyri, the First Christian Monastic Library (Nashville) Includes an inventory of the Bodmer Papyri.
External links
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