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Europe of Nations and Freedom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Europe of Nations and Freedom
European Parliament group
English abbr.ENF
French abbr.ENL
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[10][11] to
far-right[4][12][13][14][15]
European partiesMovement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
From15 June 2015
To13 June 2019
Succeeded byIdentity and Democracy
Chaired byNicolas Bay
Marcel de Graaff
Websiteenf.eu (archived URL)

Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF; French: Europe des nations et des libertés, ENL) was a far-right[16][17][18][19] political group that operated in the European Parliament between 2015 and 2019. It was composed of 37 MEPs and only existed during the European Parliament's 8th term. Most of its MPs were members of the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom political party.

Ideologically, ENF was right-wing populist and Eurosceptic. Its members included far-right parties such as French National Front (known as National Rally after 2018), Italian Lega Nord, Dutch Party for Freedom, and Vlaams Belang. After the 2019 European Parliament election, ENF was transformed into the Identity and Democracy group.[20]

History

[edit]

Following the 2014 European elections on 22–25 May 2014, the European Alliance for Freedom (EAF), comprising far-right parties from across Europe, aimed to form a stable parliamentary group in the European Parliament prior to the start of the 8th term. A previous attempt to create a far-right group in the European Parliament during the 6th term was the short-lived Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (ITS) group in 2007.[21]

On 28 May 2014, it was announced at a press conference in Brussels that the alliance led by Marine Le Pen of the French National Front (FN) and Geert Wilders of the Dutch Party for Freedom (PVV), including Northern League (LN) leader Matteo Salvini, were in negotiations to create a parliamentary group.[22] On 24 June 2014, it was announced that the Le Pen/Wilders alliance had failed to gather the requisite 25 MEPs from seven EU member nations, thus starting the parliamentary term as Non-Inscrits members.[23][24] Later in 2014, the EAF was succeeded by the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom (MENL), without the participation of the PVV.[25]

On 15 June 2015, Marine Le Pen announced that a new group in the European Parliament would be launched the following day, set to comprise MEPs from the FN, PVV, LN, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), Flemish Interest (VB),[14][26][27] the Polish Congress of the New Right (KNP) and former UK Independence Party member Janice Atkinson.[28] Together with the availability of the excluded UKIP MEP, the creation of the group with representation from seven member states was made possible by the recent side-lining of two historical but controversial figures of the far-right: Jean-Marie Le Pen was suspended by his own National Front, while Janusz Korwin-Mikke's departure from the KNP allowed Marine Le Pen and Wilders to accept the two remaining members of the party in their group, something they had rejected during the discussions held in June 2014.[29][30] Among the FN delegation, Bruno Gollnisch chose not to join in solidarity with former president Jean-Marie Le Pen, while Aymeric Chauprade, on a trip to Fiji,[29] joined a few days later.[31] One of the four seats won by the PVV was vacant at the time of the group's creation until 8 September 2015, when Auke Zijlstra replaced Hans Jansen, who had died on 5 May 2015.[32]

In July 2015, the European Parliament decided the group would earn €3 million per year from EU funds.[33] By adding up all the grants for the group as well as for the linked political party and think tank, the funds will amount to €17.5 million for the next four years of their mandate.[34] Reviewing votes in the EU Parliament on resolutions critical of Russia or measures not in the Kremlin's interests (e.g., the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement), Hungary's Political Capital Institute found that future members of the ENF voted "no" in 93% of cases.[35][relevant?] The first convention of the ENL took place on 28 and 29 January 2016 in Milan with all the leaders of ENL's member parties along with Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) leader Tomio Okamura, whose party was not a member of the ENL as it had no MEPs. During this convention, each leader made a speech followed by a press conference the next day.[36] During the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party convention on 30 April 2016, it was announced that Marcus Pretzell MEP would join the ENL group.[37] The AfD's other MEP Beatrix von Storch joined the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group in March 2016, both MEPs having been expelled from the ECR group.[38]

On 15 July 2015, Romanian MEP Laurențiu Rebega left both the Conservative Party and the S&D group to join the ENF.[39] On 9 November 2015 Aymeric Chauprade left the group.[40] On 2 October 2017, 3 MEPs left the Front National and joined the EFDD group two days later. On 2 March 2018, Romanian MEP Laurențiu Rebega left the group. In May 2018, another MEP, Bernard Monot, left the Front National to join the EFDD group.[41] In January 2019, three UK Independence Party MEPs joined the group.[42] In April 2019, one of those MEPs, Jane Collins, returned to the EFDD group.[43]

On 12 June 2019, following the 2019 European Parliament elections, the successor group to ENF was announced as Identity and Democracy group, to be launched the following day.[44][45]

Member parties before being dissolved

[edit]

The ENF group had members from eight countries.[46][47]

Country Name Ideology EU party MEPs Notes
 Austria Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ National conservatism
Right-wing populism 		MENF[48]
4 / 18
 Franz Obermayr, Georg Mayer, Harald Vilimsky, Barbara Kappel
 Belgium Vlaams Belang VB Flemish nationalism
Right-wing populism
1 / 21
 Gerolf Annemans
 France National Rally RN French nationalism
Right-wing populism
15 / 74
 Marie-Christine Arnautu, Nicolas Bay, Dominique Bilde, Marie-Christine Boutonnet, Steeve Briois, Jacques Colombier, Jean-François Jalkh, France Jamet, Gilles Lebreton, Christelle Lechevalier, Philippe Loiseau,[49][50] Dominique Martin, Joëlle Mélin, Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, Mylène Troszczynski
 Germany The Blue Party BP National conservatism
Economic liberalism
1 / 96
 Marcus Pretzell
 Italy Lega Nord LN Nationalism
Right-wing populism
6 / 83
 Mara Bizzotto, Mario Borghezio, Angelo Ciocca, Giancarlo Scottà,[51] Marco Zanni,[52] Danilo Oscar Lancini
 Netherlands Party for Freedom PVV Dutch nationalism
Right-wing populism 		None
4 / 26
 Marcel de Graaff, André Elissen,[53] Olaf Stuger, Auke Zijlstra[54]
 Poland Congress of the New Right KNP Libertarian conservatism
Right-wing populism 		EAF (Marusik)[55]
2 / 51
 Michał Marusik, Stanisław Żółtek
 United Kingdom UK Independence Party UKIP Right-wing populism
British nationalism 		None
2 / 73
 Gerard Batten, Stuart Agnew

Former members

[edit]
Country Initial party MEPs Duration Joined party Moved to
 France National Rally RN Aymeric Chauprade 24 June–9 November 2015[31][40] The Free French LFL Non-Inscrits
Mireille d'Ornano 15 June 2015 – 2 October 2017 The Patriots LP EFDD
Sophie Montel
Florian Philippot
Bernard Monot 24 June 2015 – 31 May 2018[31][40] Debout la France DLF EFDD
Sylvie Goddyn 15 June 2015 – 19 October 2018
 Romania Conservative Party[56] PC Laurențiu Rebega 15 July 2015 – 2 March 2018 Independent Non-Inscrits
 United Kingdom UK Independence Party[43] UKIP Jane Collins 16 January–15 April 2019 Brexit Party BP EFDD

Leadership

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Le Pen finds common cause with Europe's nationalists". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
  2. ^ "EU Parliament: Liberal ALDE group rebrands as 'Renew Europe". Euronews. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  3. ^ Heijmans, Philip; de Goeij, Hana (16 December 2017). "European Far-Right Leaders, Meeting to Condemn the E.U., Are Greeted With Boos". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  4. ^ a b Alan Siaroff (2019). Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-317-49876-6.
  5. ^ Tobias Gerhard Schminke. "Instabile Rechtsfraktion im EU-Parlament – Treffpunkt Europa | europäisch, politisch, kritisch". Treffpunkteuropa.de. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  6. ^ Europe’s right-wing populist leaders to confer in Germany. The Washington Post. Published 19 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Building blocs: EU leaders make post-election deals for top jobs". Al Jazeera. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  8. ^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  9. ^ Canepa, Francesco (16 February 2018). "Soros lobbies ECB for more euro zone integration, draws criticism". Reuters. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  10. ^ EU's right-wing ENF faction unites to fight for 'patriotism, sovereignty and identity'. Deutsche Welle. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  11. ^ Europe’s top rightwing politicians gather in Koblenz. Financial Times. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  12. ^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  13. ^ Samuel, Henry; Holehouse, Matthew (16 June 2015). "Marine Le Pen forms far-Right group in European Parliament". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  14. ^ a b Rettman, Andrew (15 June 2015). "Far-right parties form group in EU parliament". EU Observer. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Far right MEPs form EU parliamentary group | The Parliament Magazine". Theparliamentmagazine.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Far-right poised to double EU seats – DW – 03/09/2019". dw.com. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  17. ^ Norman, Ludvig (November 2017). "Defending the European political order: Visions of politics in response to the radical right". European Journal of Social Theory. 20 (4): 531–549. doi:10.1177/1368431016679670.
  18. ^ Woertz, Eckart; Soler i Lecha, Eduard (27 May 2022). "Populism and Euro-Mediterranean cooperation: The Barcelona Process 25 years after". Mediterranean Politics. 27 (3): 273–296. doi:10.1080/13629395.2020.1799165.
  19. ^ Oltermann, Philip (24 October 2017). "Austria's far-right Freedom party invited to enter coalition talks". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  20. ^ "France's Le Pen unveils new far-right European Parliament group". Reuters. 13 June 2019.
  21. ^ Laible, Janet (2008). Separatism and Sovereignty in the New Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-230-61700-1.
  22. ^ "Le Pen party steals Farage's Italian allies". The Times. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  23. ^ Willsher, Kim; Traynor, Ian (24 June 2014). "Marine Le Pen fails to form far-right bloc in European parliament | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  24. ^ "Le Pen's Far-Right EU Parliament Alliance Fails at Start". Ibtimes.co.uk. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  25. ^ Cas Mudde. "The EAF is dead! Long live the MENL!". openDemocracy. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  26. ^ "France's National Front says forms group in European Parliament – Yahoo News UK". Uk.news.yahoo.com. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  27. ^ Payne, Sebastian (15 June 2015). "France's far right forms bloc in European Parliament – POLITICO". Politico.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  28. ^ Mason, Rowena (16 June 2015). "Ex-Ukip Janice Atkinson joins Le Pen-led EU group | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  29. ^ a b Olivier Faye; Jean-Baptiste Chastand (16 June 2015). "Marine Le Pen annonce la création d'un groupe au Parlement européen". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  30. ^ "Parlement européen : le FN forme un groupe sans Jean-Marie Le Pen et Bruno Gollnisch". France Info (in French). 16 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  31. ^ a b c "Aymeric Chauprade rejoint le groupe de Marine Le Pen". L'Opinion. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  32. ^ "PVV'er Hans Jansen wist dat hij voor niets in het Europees Parlement zat". tpo.nl (in Dutch). 6 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  33. ^ Payne, Sebastian (16 June 2015). "Le Pen's €3 million pot – POLITICO". Politico.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  34. ^ Crisp, James (16 June 2015). "Le Pen's new EU Parliament group to scoop €17.5 million of public money". EurActiv. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  35. ^ Krekó, Péter; Macaulay, Marie; Molnár, Csaba; Győri, Lóránt (3 August 2015). "Europe's New Pro-Putin Coalition: the Parties of 'No'". Political Capital Institute (Hungary). Institute of Modern Russia.
  36. ^ "European far-right, nationalist parties meet in Milan | Europe | pantagraph.com". 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016.
  37. ^ "AfD: EU-Abgeordneter Pretzell wechselt zur Front-National-Fraktion | ZEIT ONLINE". Die Zeit. 30 April 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  38. ^ "Europe Online". En.europeonline-magazine.eu. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  39. ^ "Eurodeputatul Laurenţiu Rebega pleacă de la socialişti la grupul extremiştilor Marine Le Pen şi Gianluca Buonnano. Partidul lui Tăriceanu nu se alege cu niciun reprezentant la Bruxelles". europeanul.org (in Tongan). Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  40. ^ a b c "MEP quits Front National accusing Marine Le Pen of treason". RFI. 10 November 2015.
  41. ^ "L'eurodéputé et économiste du FN Bernard Monot rejoint Debout la France". Challenges. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  42. ^ "UKIP leader joins Marine Le Pen's far-right EU group". www.thelocal.fr. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  43. ^ a b "Register of MEPs: European Freedom and Democracy Group". europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  44. ^ "Salvini alliance to be named Identity and Democracy". POLITICO. 12 June 2019.
  45. ^ Tobutt, Alfie (13 June 2019). "Marine Le Pen to unveil new far-right alliance in European Parliament". euronews.
  46. ^ "Nieuw rechts blok EU: 'Wij zijn de stem van het verzet'". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  47. ^ "Le Pen informs about the new member". Twitter (in French). 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  48. ^ "National delegations". MENL. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  49. ^ "Minutes of the sitting of Thursday 3 July 2014". European Parliament. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  50. ^ "L'Orléanaise Jeanne Pothain (FN) démissionne de son mandat de députée européenne" [Orleans' Jeanne Pothain (FN) resigns her MEP seat]. La République du Centre (in French). 26 June 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  51. ^ "Account Suspended". www.lintraprendente.it.
  52. ^ "M5S, l'europarlamentare Marco Zanni: "Con Lega e l'Enf condivido battaglia contro euro e per nuova Europa"". Ilfattoquotidiano.it. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  53. ^ ANP (26 May 2017). "Wilders bedankt opnieuw voor plek in Europees Parlement". limburger.nl. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  54. ^ "Benoeming A.J. Zijlstra tot lid van het Europees Parlement".
  55. ^ "Aftermath of the elections, a future for the EU or a future for Europe?". European Alliance for Freedom. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  56. ^ "Diaconu denies link between PRU and European nationalists by criminal charges of Rebega". Replica (in Romanian). 17 July 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  57. ^ "Charter". www.enfgroup-ep.eu. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
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