Fortified district (Japan)
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A Fortified District is a territory within which a system of defensive fortifications was constructed by the Japanese Army and in certain cases the Japanese Navy during World War II. A district was created in order to prevent invasion and provide a base for offensive operation. These fortified districts were built in the area of Manchukuo; Chosen in Korea; Karafuto; Southern Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands - a front of over 6,000 kilometers.
Examples
[edit]The Japanese forces had built 17 "fortified districts" and over 4,500 permanent emplacements along the USSR border. Other similar structures were constructed inland in these provinces. In similar form it organized other fortified districts inside mainland Japan (coastal and inner mountainous areas) and overseas provinces (Taiwan, Ryukyu, South Seas Mandate, etc.)
Such installations that were constructed for defensive/offensive purposes were used by both sides. They were designed by the Japanese and used by the Russians during 'August Storm' operations in August 1945, when fire from heavy guns on land and coastal Tochkas was used against Japanese forces.
Examples of heavy Japanese fortified artillery:
- Type 94 37mm anti-tank (AT) Gun
- Type 1 37mm AT Gun
- Type 1 47mm AT Gun
- Type 92 70mm Infantry Gun
- Type 98 20mm AA Cannon
- Type 2 20mm AA Cannon
- Type 4 20mm AA Twin Cannon
- Type 11 75mm AA Gun
- Type 88 75mm AA Gun
- Type 4 75mm AA Gun
- Type 99 88mm AA Gun
- Type 14 10 cm AA Gun
- Type 3 12 cm AA Gun
- Type 5 15 cm AA Gun (Kugayama Cannon)
- 28 cm Heavy Howitzer
- Type 38 15 cm Howitzer
- Type 45 24 cm Howitzer
- Type 45 15 cm Gun
- Type 7 30 cm Howitzer
- Type 7 10 cm Gun
- Type 7 15 cm Gun
- Type 11 75mm Gun
- Type 89 15 cm Gun
- Type 96 24 cm Howitzer
- Type 96 15 cm Gun
- Experimental 41 cm Howitzer
- Type 90 24 cm Railway Gun (Futtsu Cannon)
- and other types of special heavy artillery
Examples remain in:
- Chosen Fortifications:
- Seishin (now Chongjin) with 4,000 officers and men, protected by heavy coastal artillery, an armored train, a regular train carrying combat equipment, and eight concrete fortifications and emplacements.
- Etetin (now Odetsin)
- Genzan (now Wonsan) with 6,238 Japanese officers and soldiers
- Rashin (now Najin)
- Yuki (called Unggi in Korean, now called Sonbong, or "Vanguard" in North Korea.)
- Manchoukouan Fortifications:
- Manzhouli
- Kotou
- Fuyuan
- Sungari and the Japanese Army Sungari Flotilla
- Xinjing (Changchun) fortified district/defense center
- Tuntsiang defense center
- Fuqing fortified district with five permanent emplacements, a munitions depot and six mortar batteries.
- Sun’u with 20,000 Japanese officers and soldiers
- Sanjiang
- Kwantung Fortifications: