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Frances Marion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Francis Marion.

Frances Marion
Marion directing The Love Light, which she also wrote, 1920
Born
Marion Benson Owens

(1888-11-18)November 18, 1888
San Francisco, California, U.S.
DiedMay 12, 1973(1973-05-12) (aged 84)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupations
  • Screenwriter
  • director
  • journalist
  • author
Years active1912–1972
Spouses
Wesley de Lappe
​
​
(m. 1906; div. 1910)​
Robert Pike
​
​
(m. 1911; div. 1917)​
​
​
(m. 1919; died 1928)​
​
​
(m. 1930; div. 1933)​

Frances Marion (born Marion Benson Owens; November 18, 1888[1] – May 12, 1973) was an American screenwriter, director, journalist and author often cited as one of the most renowned female screenwriters of the 20th century alongside June Mathis and Anita Loos. During the course of her career, she wrote over 325 scripts.[2] She was the first writer to win two Academy Awards. Marion began her film career working for filmmaker Lois Weber. She wrote numerous silent film scenarios for actress Mary Pickford, before transitioning to writing sound films.

Early life

[edit]

Marion was born Marion Benson Owens in San Francisco, California, to Minnie Benson and Len Douglas Owens, an advertising and billboard executive ("billposter"),[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] later, developer of Aetna Springs Resort, Aetna Springs, Pope Valley, California.[11][12][13][14][15] She had an older sister, Maude, and a younger brother, Len.[15] After Len D. Owens' health failed,[16] Marion lived in Pope Valley, California and later used it at the setting for her 1935 book Valley People.[17]

"Her father divorced her mother when Marion was almost ten and remarried just a few years later. She was sent to a Christian boarding school..."[18]

She dropped out of school at age 12, after having been caught drawing a cartoon strip of her teacher.

"She was suspended from elementary school when she was twelve for drawing satiric pictures of her teacher and was sent to St. Margaret’s Hall,[19] a private boarding school in San Mateo. At sixteen, she transferred to the Mark Hopkins Art Institute in San Francisco"[20][21][22][23]

She then transferred to a school in San Mateo and then to the Mark Hopkins Art Institute in San Francisco when she was 16 years old. Marion attended this school from 1904 until the school was destroyed by the fire that followed in the wake of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[24]

"In 1906, she married her 19-year-old instructor from the Art Institute, Wesley de Lappe. Following the advice of family friend and acclaimed writer Jack London, to "go forth and live" so that she could capture the human spirit in her art, Marion undertook a series of odd jobs such as telephone operator and fruit cannery worker."[25]

Career

[edit]

Circa 1907-1911, in San Francisco, Marion worked as a photographer's assistant to Arnold Genthe and experimented with photographic layouts and color film. Later she worked for Western Pacific Railroad as a commercial artist, then, at 19, as a "cub"[26][27] reporter for the San Francisco Examiner. After moving to Los Angeles, in 1912,[28] Marion worked as a poster artist for the Morosco Theater[29][30][31][32] as well as an advertising firm doing commercial layouts.[1]

Marion, 1915

In the summer of 1914 she was hired as a writing assistant, an actress and general assistant by Lois Weber Productions, a film company owned and operated by pioneer female film director Lois Weber. She could have been an actor, but preferred work behind the camera.She learned screenwriting from Weber.[citation needed]

When Lois Weber went to work for Universal, she offered to bring Marion with her. Marion decided not to take Weber up on the offer. Soon after, close friend Mary Pickford offered Marion a job at Famous Players–Lasky. Marion accepted, and began working on scenarios for films like Fanchon the Cricket, Little Pal, and Rags. Marion was then cast alongside Pickford in A Girl of Yesterday. At the same time, she worked on an original scenario for Pickford to star in, The Foundling. Marion sold the script to Adolph Zukor for $125. The film was shot in New York, and Moving Picture World gave it a positive pre-release review. But the film negative was destroyed in a laboratory fire before prints could be made.[33]

Marion, having traveled from Los Angeles to New York for The Foundling's premiere, applied for work as a writer at World Films and was hired for an unpaid two-week trial. For her first project, she decided to try recutting existing films that had been shelved as unreleasable. Marion wrote a new prologue and epilogue for a film starring Alice Brady, daughter of World Films boss William Brady. The new portions turned the film from a laughable melodrama into a comedy. The revised film sold for distribution for $9,000, and Brady gave Marion a $200/week contract for her writing services.[34]

Marion (right) with Marshall Neilan and Mary Pickford in 1917

Soon Marion became head of the writing department at World Films, where she was credited with writing 50 films. She left in 1917 when, following the success of The Poor Little Rich Girl, Famous Players–Lasky signed her to a $50,000 a year contract as Mary Pickford's official scenarioist.[35] Marion was reported at this time to be "one of the highest paid script writers in the business."[36] Her first project under the contract was an adaptation of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm.

Marion in her war correspondent uniform, 1918

Marion worked as a journalist and served overseas as a combat correspondent during World War I.[37][38] She documented women's contribution to the war effort on the front lines, and was the first woman to cross the Rhine after the armistice.[39]

Upon Marion's return from Europe in 1919, William Randolph Hearst offered her $2,000 a week to write scenarios for his Cosmopolitan Productions. Marion shared a house with fellow screenwriter Anita Loos on Long Island.[40]

While at Cosmopolitan, Marion wrote an adaptation of Fannie Hurst's Humoresque which was Cosmopolitan's first successful film, and also was the first film to win the Photoplay Medal of Honor, a precursor of the Academy Award for Best Picture.[41] Marion told her best friend Mary Pickford the story she heard during her recent honeymoon in Italy for which Pickford said it was the next movie she wanted to do. Pickford insisted that Marion not only be the writer but also the director of the film, and the result was Marion's directorial debut The Love Light.[42] Her earlier success in adapting the Fannie Hurst novel and her friendship with Hurst contributed to her decision to adapt another Hurst story, "Superman," as her next movie to direct. The resulting film, Just Around the Corner, was a best-seller for the studio.[43] Marion directed only one more movie The Song of Love, co-directing it with Chester Franklin.

She won the Academy Award for Writing in 1931 for the film The Big House, she received the Academy Award for Best Story for The Champ in 1932, both featuring Wallace Beery, and co-wrote Min and Bill starring her friend Marie Dressler and Beery in 1930. She was credited with writing 300 scripts and over 130 produced films.

"Half of all films written before 1925 were written by women, but writers' names rarely appeared on the screen. In fact, this figure is available only through the copyright records at the Library of Congress, where writers' names had to be included."[44]

Personal life

[edit]
Mary Pickford, and Frances Marion, writer and director, on location, for The Love Light, 1920

In 1914, Marion befriended Adela Rogers St. Johns,[45] Marie Dressler,[46] and Mary Pickford.[18][47]

Marion attended this pre-election parade for women's suffrage in New York City, October 23, 1915

On October 23, 1915, Marion participated in a parade of more than thirty thousand supporters of women's suffrage in New York City.[citation needed]

After her success in Hollywood, Marion often visited Aetna Springs Resort in Aetna Springs, California, using it as a personal retreat and often bringing several film-industry colleagues with her on vacations. The resort, in fact, was directly connected to her own family's history, for Marion's father had built the resort in the 1870s.[48]

Mary Pickford (center) with newlyweds Fred Thomson and Frances Marion (1919)

Marion was married four times, first to Wesley de Lappe and then to Robert Pike, both prior to changing her name. In 1919, she wed Fred Thomson, who co-starred with Mary Pickford in The Love Light in 1921.[37][49] She was such close friends with Mary Pickford that they honeymooned together when Mary married Douglas Fairbanks and Frances married Fred.[50]

During the 1920s, Frances Marion and Fred Thomson lived at the 15-acre[51] The Enchanted Hill, in Beverly Hills, designed by architect Wallace Neff.[52][53]

In early December 1928, Thomson stepped on a nail while working in his stables, contracting tetanus, and died in Los Angeles on Christmas Day 1928.[54]

After Thomson's unexpected death, she married director George Hill in 1930, but that marriage ended in divorce in 1933.

She had two sons: US Navy Captain Richard G. Thomson (adopted),[55][56][57] and Frederick Clifton Thomson[58][59][60][61] who earned a PhD in English at Yale, taught there and later joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina, later becoming an editor of the writings of George Eliot, publishing editions of Felix Holt, the Radical in 1980 and later.

Later years and death

[edit]

In 1945, Molly, Bless Her, the 1937 novel written by Frances Marion, was adapted by Roger Burford, as the screenplay for the comedy film, Molly and Me, directed by Lewis Seiler and starring Monty Woolley, Gracie Fields, Reginald Gardiner and Roddy McDowall, released by 20th Century Fox.

For many years she was under contract to MGM Studios. Independently wealthy, she left Hollywood in 1946 to devote more time to writing stage plays and novels.

Frances Marion published a memoir Off With Their Heads: A Serio-Comic Tale of Hollywood in 1972. Marion died[62][27] the following year of a ruptured aneurysm in Los Angeles.[63]

Selected filmography

[edit]
Year Title Featured Stars Notes
1912 The New York Hat Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, Lillian Gish Contributing writer
1915 Camille Clara Kimball Young, Paul Capellani, Robert Cummings Scenario
A Girl of Yesterday Mary Pickford, Frances Marion, Glenn L. Martin Actress
1916 The Foundling Mary Pickford, Mildred Morris, Gertrude Norman Writer
The Gilded Cage Alice Brady, Montagu Love, Alec B. Francis Scenarist/writer
1917 A Little Princess Katherine Griffith, Mary Pickford, Norman Kerry, ZaSu Pitts, Theodore Roberts Writer
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm Mary Pickford, Eugene O'Brien Writer
The Poor Little Rich Girl Mary Pickford, Madlaine Traverse, Charles Wellesley, Gladys Fairbanks Writer
1918 Stella Maris Mary Pickford Photoplay
How Could You, Jean? Mary Pickford Scenario
M'Liss Mary Pickford Writer
Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley Mary Pickford, William Scott, Kate Price Writer
The Temple of Dusk Sessue Hayakawa, Jane Novak, Louis Willoughby, Mary Jane Irving Writer
1919 The Cinema Murder Marion Davies, Eulalie Jensen, Anders Randolf, Reginald Barlow Scenario
Anne of Green Gables Mary Miles Minter Writer
1920 Pollyanna Mary Pickford Adaptation
The Flapper Olive Thomas, Warren Cook Screenplay, story
Humoresque Gaston Glass, Vera Gordon, Alma Rubens Scenario
The Restless Sex Marion Davies, Ralph Kellard Writer
1921 The Love Light Mary Pickford, Evelyn Dumo Director, story (uncredited)
Just Around the Corner Margaret Seddon, Lewis Sargent, Sigrid Holmquist Director, scenario
1922 The Primitive Lover Constance Talmadge, Harrison Ford Scenario
The Toll of the Sea Anna May Wong, Kenneth Harlan, Beatrice Bentley Scenario (uncredited), story
1923 The Famous Mrs. Fair Myrtle Stedman, Huntley Gordon Adaptation, screenplay
The Song of Love Norma Talmadge, Joseph Schildkraut, Arthur Edmund Carewe Director, screenplay
1924 Secrets Norma Talmadge Adaptation
Cytherea Alma Rubens, Constance Bennett, Norman Kerry, Lewis Stone, Irene Rich Adaptation
The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln George A. Billing, Ruth Clifford, George K. Arthur, Louise Fazenda Story, screenplay
1925 Stella Dallas Ronald Colman, Belle Bennett, Lois Moran Adaptation
A Thief in Paradise Doris Kenyon, Ronald Colman, Aileen Pringle Adaptation
Thank You Alec B. Francis, Jacqueline Logan Writer
Lightnin' Jay Hunt, Wallace MacDonald Writer
1926 The Scarlet Letter Lillian Gish, Lars Hanson Adaptation, scenario, titles
The Winning of Barbara Worth Ronald Colman, Vilma Bánky Adaptation
Son of the Sheik Rudolph Valentino, Vilma Bánky, Montagu Love, Karl Dane, George Fawcett Adaptation
1927 The Red Mill Marion Davies Adaptation, screenplay
Love John Gilbert, Greta Garbo Continuity
Madame Pompadour Dorothy Gish Writer
1928 The Wind Lillian Gish, Lars Hanson, Montagu Love, Dorothy Cumming Scenario
The Awakening Vilma Bánky, Walter Byron Story
Bringing Up Father J. Farrell MacDonald, Polly Moran, Marie Dressler Writer
1929 Their Own Desire Norma Shearer, Belle Bennett, Lewis Stone, Robert Montgomery, Helene Millard Screenplay
1930 Min and Bill Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery Dialogue, scenario
The Big House Robert Montgomery, Wallace Beery, Chester Morris, Lewis Stone Dialogue, story
Won the Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay)
Good News Mary Lawlor, Stanley Smith Scenario
The Rogue Song Lawrence Tibbett, Catherine Dale Owen Writer
Anna Christie Greta Garbo, Charles Bickford, George F. Marion, Marie Dressler Writer
1931 The Secret Six Wallace Beery, Lewis Stone, John Mack Brown, Jean Harlow, Clark Gable, Ralph Bellamy, Marjorie Rambeau Dialogue, screenplay
The Champ Wallace Beery, Jackie Cooper, Irene Rich, Roscoe Ates Story
Won the Academy Award for Best Story
1932 Blondie of the Follies Marion Davies, Robert Montgomery, Billie Dove Screenplay, story
Emma Marie Dressler, Richard Cromwell, Jean Hersholt, Myrna Loy Story
1933 Peg o' My Heart Marion Davies, Onslow Stevens, J. Farrell MacDonald Adaptation
Dinner at Eight Marie Dressler, John Barrymore, Wallace Beery, Jean Harlow, Lionel Barrymore, Billie Burke Screenplay
The Prizefighter and the Lady Myrna Loy, Max Baer, Walter Huston, Primo Carnera, Jack Dempsey Story
Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story
Going Hollywood Marion Davies, Bing Crosby, Fifi D'Orsay, Stuart Erwin Story (uncredited)
Secrets Mary Pickford, Leslie Howard Writer
1936 Camille Greta Garbo, Robert Taylor, Lionel Barrymore Screenplay
Riffraff Jean Harlow, Spencer Tracy Screenplay, story
Poor Little Rich Girl Shirley Temple, Alice Faye, Jack Haley, Gloria Stuart, Michael Whalen, Claude Gillingwater Writer
1937 Knight Without Armour Marlene Dietrich, Robert Donat Adaptation
Love from a Stranger Ann Harding, Basil Rathbone Adaptation
1940 Green Hell Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Vincent Price, Joan Bennett, Alan Hale Sr., George Sanders, John Howard Original story, screenplay

Published works

[edit]
  • The Secret Six. NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 1931 (novelization of her own screenplay of The Secret Six)
  • Valley People. NY: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1935
"The book’s portrayal of the community as isolated inbreds bent on self-destruction and domination understandably ruffled many feathers"[64][65][66]
  • How to Write and Sell Film Stories. NY: Covici-Friede, 1937
  • Molly, Bless Her. NY: Harper & Brothers, 1937
  • Westward The Dream. Garden City NY: Doubleday and Company, 1948
  • The Passions of Linda Lane. NY: Diversey Publications, 1949 [paperback; revised edition of Minnie Flynn]
  • The Powder Keg. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953
  • Off With Their Heads!: A Serio-Comic Tale of Hollywood (via Internet Archive (registration required)) NY: The Macmillan Company, 1972 memoir

Sources

[edit]
  • Beauchamp, Cari (1997). Without lying down: Frances Marion and the powerful women of early Hollywood. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21492-7. ISBN 9780520214927
  • Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Power of Women in Hollywood — Turner Classic Movies & Kino Lorber via YouTube
  • Beauchamp, Cari. Marion, Frances. American National Biography Online, February 2000.[20]
  • Tieber, Claus (2010), "Not Quite Classical Hollywood Cinema: the Narrative Structure of Frances Marion's Screenplays", in Bull, Sofia; Widding, Astrid Söderbergh (eds.), Not so Silent: Women in Cinema before Sound, Stockholm Studies in Film History, Stockholm, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, pp. 96, 99–100, ISBN 978-91-86071-40-0 via researchgate
  • Leslie Kreiner Wilson. NOTES ON FRANCES MARION'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY: OFF WITH THEIR HEADS June 2015, Pepperdine University Magazine Americana ISSN 1553-8923
  • Leslie Kreiner Wilson. Frances Marion, The Secret Six, and the Evolving American Heroine of the Early 1930s, Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television, March 2017
  • Leslie Kreiner Wilson. Frances Marion, Studio Politics, Film Censorship, and the Box Office: Or, The Business of Adapting Dinner at Eight at MGM, 1933, Literature/Film Quarterly, 42.1, 2014.
  • Leslie Kreiner Wilson. The Education of Frances Marion and Irving Thalberg: Censorship, Development, and Distribution at MGM, 1927-1930, Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 31.2, 2014.
  • Leslie Kreiner Wilson. Frances Marion: Censorship and the Screenwriter in Hollywood, 1929-1931, Journal of Screenwriting, 3.2, 2012. doi:10.1386/josc.3.2.141_1
  • Christopher Scott Zeidel, Frances Marion and Mary Pickford California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo MA History doi:10.15368/theses.2009.25

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Beauchamp, Cari (1997). Without Lying Down. University of California Press. pp. 22–37. ISBN 978-0-520-21492-7.
  2. ^ Kwong, Jess. "17 Women Who Made History — That You've Never Heard Of". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  3. ^ * Polk's Crocker-Langley San Francisco City Directory 1888
  4. ^ San Francisco blue book. San Francisco Public Library. San Francisco, Calif. : Charles C. Hoag. 1904.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ CARSON, L. PIERCE (August 9, 2012). "Mother and son turn historic resort land into winemaking venture". The Napa Valley Register. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  6. ^ "History". THE POPE VALLEY FARM CENTER. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  7. ^ "Thomas H. B. Varney advertising". The San Francisco Call and Post. April 24, 1898. p. 33. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  8. ^ "Len D. Owens – Napa County Historical Society". napahistory.org. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  9. ^ Moore, Sam. "Famed Napa Valley hot springs resort awaits a revival". SFGATE. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  10. ^ "Desert Sun 21 March 1968 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  11. ^ * https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/napavalleyregister.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/f/da/fda7e7f4-738a-518d-b3ac-1f5efd826b44/5afcc3b3a23f9.pdf.pdf
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  14. ^ "Best Of 2012: Recreation". Bohemian | Sonoma & Napa Counties. March 21, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  15. ^ a b 1900 United States Federal Census
  16. ^ The Billboard [1903-02-28] — "Len D. Owens' health has failed..."
  17. ^ Yerger, Rebecca (May 16, 2021). "Napa County's Literary Legacy". Napa Valley Register. Napa, California.
  18. ^ a b https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6948-the-woman-who-invented-the-hollywood-screenwriter [bare URL]
  19. ^ Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces 1906-05-19: Vol 43 Iss 38. Gannett Co. May 19, 1906.
  20. ^ a b * Marion, Frances (18 November 1888–12 May 1973)
  21. ^ Beauchamp, Cari (2000). "Marion, Frances (1888-1973), screenwriter". American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1800790. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  22. ^ "Search Results for Frances Marion". American National Biography. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  23. ^ "Search Results for Marion, Frances". American National Biography. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
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  25. ^ "Frances Marion". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  26. ^ "Article clipped from The News Journal". The News Journal. May 14, 1973. p. 1. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Article clipped from The San Francisco Examiner". The San Francisco Examiner. May 14, 1973. p. 50. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  28. ^ "Classic Hollywood: Film pioneers describe early days in 'My First Time in Hollywood'". Los Angeles Times. May 30, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  29. ^ "Morosco theatre opening". The Los Angeles Times. January 5, 1913. p. 25. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  30. ^ "Globe Theatre, Los Angeles, Los Angeles: Downtown". www.historictheatrephotos.com. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  31. ^ "Globe Theatre in Los Angeles, CA - Cinema Treasures". cinematreasures.org. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
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  34. ^ Beauchamp (1997). pp. 47–52.
  35. ^ Beauchamp (1997). pp. 69–70.
  36. ^ Photoplay. Media History Digital Library. Chicago, Photoplay Magazine Publishing Company. September 1, 1917. pp. 113.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  37. ^ a b Biography.com. "Frances Marion Biography". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
  38. ^ Motion Picture Magazine. MBRS Library of Congress. The Motion Picture Publishing Co. November 1, 1918. pp. 53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  39. ^ The Photo-Play Journal. MBRS Library of Congress. Central Press Company. May 1, 1919. pp. 252.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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  41. ^ "Photoplay Awards, Awards for 1920, Medal of Honor Winner". IMDb.
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  43. ^ Beauchamp (1997). pp. 117–121.
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  46. ^ Critic, Mick LaSalle, Chronicle Staff. "When Women Ruled / PFA shows films of early Hollywood's female screenwriters". SFGATE. Retrieved April 25, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ admin (March 28, 2020). "Mary and Doug Get Married". Mary Pickford Foundation. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
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  51. ^ Estate of Fred Thomson and Frances Marion, 1928, retrieved April 25, 2024
  52. ^ Meares, Hadley (July 22, 2014). "How old Hollywood and starchitecture built Santa Monica's Gold Coast". Curbed LA. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  53. ^ Meares, Hadley (October 22, 2015). "Mapping LA's most incredible lost mansions". Curbed LA. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  54. ^ "Fred C. Thomson, Screen Actor, Dies. Rival of Tom Mix in Western Roles. Was a Minister. Star Athlete While at Princeton". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 27, 1928. Retrieved July 24, 2009. Fred C. Thomson, screen actor, featured in Western roles, died here shortly before midnight last night. He failed to rally from an operation for gallstones, performed three weeks ago.
  55. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1983/03/18/aye-tis-the-wedding-o-the-green/266ef849-3926-4744-b56c-6440337ed90c/ [bare URL]
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  59. ^ "Frederick Clifton Thomson, Born 12/08/1926 in California | CaliforniaBirthIndex.org". californiabirthindex.org. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
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  61. ^ "fred thomson – NC Miscellany". May 26, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  62. ^ "Frances Marion Dies on Coast; Screenwriter Won Two Oscars". The New York Times. May 14, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  63. ^ Sicherman, Barbara; Hurd Green, Carol (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period : A Biographical Dictionary. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 457. ISBN 0-674-62732-6.
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  65. ^ STAFF, REGISTER (May 16, 2021). "Rebecca Yerger, Memory Lane : Napa County's literary legacy". The Napa Valley Register. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  66. ^ Strauss, Harold (August 4, 1935). "A Portrait Gallery of Village People; VALLEY PEOPLE. By Frances Marion. 282 pp. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. $2". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
[edit]
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