Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

HAL AMCA

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
AMCA model displayed during Aero India 2021
Model at Aero India 2021
General information
TypeStealth multirole combat aircraft
National originIndia
ManufacturerHindustan Aeronautics Limited
DesignerAeronautical Development Agency
Aircraft Research and Design Centre (HAL)[1]
Defence Research and Development Organisation
StatusPrototype development[2]
Primary usersIndian Air Force (intended)
Indian Navy (intended)

The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is an Indian single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather fifth-generation stealth, multirole combat aircraft being developed for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The Mark-1 variant of the aircraft will be a fifth generation fighter while the Mark-2 variant will have sixth-generation technologies.[3] The aircraft is designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) - an aircraft design agency under MoD. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) consisting of ADA, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and a private company is being formed for the development and production of AMCA.[4] In March 2024, the project received approval from India's Cabinet Committee on Security for the prototype development and mass production expected to begin by 2035.[5][6][7]

AMCA is designed as a single-seat, twin-engine combat aircraft. The AMCA Mark 1 will come equipped with 5th generation technologies and Mark 2 will have the incremental 6th generation technology upgrades.[8][9][10] The AMCA is intended to perform a multitude of missions including Air supremacy, Ground-Strike, Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) and Electronic Warfare (EW) missions. It is intended to supplant the Sukhoi Su-30MKI air superiority fighter, which forms the backbone of the IAF fighter fleet.[8][11]

The AMCA design is optimized for low radar cross section and supercruise capability.[12][13] Feasibility study on AMCA and the preliminary design stage have been completed, and the project entered the detailed design phase in February 2019.[14] The AMCA is currently the only 5th generation fighter under development in India.[15]

Development

[edit]

AMCA Programme

[edit]

The AMCA programme, earlier known as the Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) programme, is an Indian programme to develop a fifth-generation combat aircraft. It began as a parallel programme to the Indo-Russia Sukhoi/HAL FGFA.[16] The AMCA programme was launched in 2010.[17] Although envisioned as a 20-tonne class fighter earlier,[16] now AMCA is 25-tonne class fighter.[18] A feasibility study was launched in October 2010,[19] followed by Project Definition and Preliminary Design phase in 2013.[20] From November 2013 to December 2014, 9 design configurations of AMCA, starting from 3B-01 to 3B-09, were studied using CAD, low-speed - high-speed wind tunnel testing, and radar cross section (RCS) testing. By the end of 2014, configuration 3B-09 was chosen.[21] In 2015, the basic design configuration of AMCA was finalized,[22] and has been accepted by IAF in 2016.[23] The design work was completed in 2023, and approval for the ₹15,000 crore (US$1.8 billion) project for prototype development was received in March 2024.[24] DRDO expects to roll out the first prototype in three years and the first flight in one to one and (a) half years after that".[18][25] Total 5 prototypes are to be built.[6][7] The first flight is expected in late 2028. The first three prototypes will carry out developmental flight trials, whereas the next two will focus on weapon trials. The prototype will be rolled out at an interval of 8-9 months.[26][27] Mass production of the aircraft is planned to start by 2035.[28][29]

The IAF plan to procure at least 125 AMCA in Mark-1 and Mark-2 configurations.[30] The Mark 2 of AMCA is expected to have a more powerful engine,[18] sixth-generation features and technologies to stay relevant in the coming decades.[31]

Sixth-generation technologies

[edit]

In an interview given in 2020, the then Air Force Chief R. K. S. Bhadauria stated that "The planning process is already underway for combat systems like optionally manned sixth generation technologies, smart wingman concept, swarm drones, long persistent HALE (High-Altitude Long Endurance) platforms and hypersonic weapons, among others.[32] He also added that it is imperative to incorporate such advanced technologies to keep AMCA relevant.[33] It is also reaffirmed by IAF's current chief Vivek Ram Chaudhari.[34]

Design

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

The AMCA is a twin-engine, stealth supersonic multi-role fighter designed for the IAF.[8] At present, the AMCA is planned as a fifth generation fighter but will integrate emerging, best-of-breed sixth-generation technologies over time.[33] The AMCA would be the first fifth generation fighter to enter service with the Indian Air Force.[35][36]

The AMCA is designed with shoulder mounted diamond shaped trapezoidal wings, a profile with substantial area-ruling to reduce drag at transonic speeds, and a stabilator V-tail with large fuselage mounted tail-wing.[37] Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing-edge flaps, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving tailplanes; these surfaces also serve as air brakes. The cockpit features a single seat configuration which is placed high, near the air intakes and wings of the aircraft to provide good visibility to the pilot with a single bubble canopy.[37] A leading-edge root extension (LERX), which is a small fillet, is situated on the front section of the intake and wings of the aircraft. It has a typically roughly rectangular shape, running forward from the leading edge of the wing root to a point along the fuselage.[37] The aircraft features a tricycle landing gear configuration. The weapons bay is placed on the underside of the fuselage between the nose and main landing gear. The AMCA is designed to produce a very small radar cross-section, to accomplish this it features "S-shaped" air-intakes to reduce radar exposure to the fan blade which increases stealth, uses an internal weapons bay and features the use of composites and other materials.[37] The flight control surfaces are controlled by a central management computer system. The AMCA will have some sixth generation characteristics such as an optionally crewed, directed energy weapons, capable of controlling UCAVs, and swarm drones.[38][33]

Stealth and radar signature

[edit]

The AMCA design has inherent radar stealth, achieved through twin-tail layout,[17] platform edge alignment and serration, body conformal antenna and low intercept radar, diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) with serpentine ducts which conceal engine fan blades, internal weapons bay and extensive use of composites in airframe.[17] According to Janes Information Services quoting ADA, the airframe of AMCA will have 38–40% composite. As of October 2022, designers are still in the process of refining the radar deflection capability of AMCA.[39] It will also use radar-absorbent materials wherever necessary.[40]

On November 26, 2024, IIT Kanpur introduced Anālakṣhya, a Meta-material Surface Cloaking System (MSCS) for multi-spectral camouflage. The Meta-material Microwave Absorber improves stealth capabilities against Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging by wave absorption across a wide spectrum. Additionally, it provides great defense against radar-guided missiles. From 2019 to 2024, it was tested in both lab and field settings under various circumstances. Meta Tattva Systems is the licensee of the technology for industrial production and is currently under acquisition by the Indian Armed Forces. This technology is of interest to DRDO for AMCA development.[41][42]

Sensors and avionics

[edit]

The AMCA is expected to have distributed passive sensors with Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted multi-sensor data fusion to increase situational awareness and to work in tandem with the advanced electronic warfare (EW) suite onboard AMCA.[43][44] The AMCA has a distributed processing system employing fast processors and smart subsystems.[45] The AMCA will also have an integrated vehicle health monitoring system which works on sensor fusion.[46]

AMCA will be equipped with a larger and powerful variant of the Uttam AESA Radar which will use gallium nitride (GaN) technology.[47] It will be mounted on a mechanically steerable mount.[37] An onboard condition monitoring system is also planned to be included in the AMCA.[48] The platform will be equipped with a quadruple digital fly-by-optics control system using fibre optic cables to reduce weight, increase the rate of data transfer and reduce electromagnetic interference.[40]

Cockpit

[edit]

The AMCA will have a glass cockpit equipped with a wide panoramic touchscreen display for enhanced man-machine interaction, a multi function display (MFD) placed in portrait orientation and a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD). The AMCA will have hands-on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) arrangement with right hand on stick and left hand on throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.[49][44]

Propulsion

[edit]

The AMCA is to be powered by two afterburning turbofan engines. The plan is to equip General Electric F414 afterburning turbofan engine on AMCA Mark-1,[50] while a more powerful joint venture (JV) engine is planned for AMCA Mark-2.[46][51]

As per Government statement in Rajya Sabha during Winter Session 2021, there is a proposal to jointly develop engine for AMCA with the help of foreign partner using the know how from Kaveri engine development programme.[52]

On 15 July 2023, India and France agreed to collaborate for the joint development of a combat aircraft engine, which would power the Mark-2 variant of AMCA as part of the Horizon 2047 document for India-France strategic partnership. A roadmap for this project will be prepared between French firm Safran and India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) before the end of 2023.[53][54]

On 18 November 2023, Dr. Samir V. Kamat of DRDO announced that the United States has provided the necessary permits, opening the door for GE Aerospace and HAL to jointly produce the General Electric F414 engine in India for HAL Tejas Mark 2 and for the first two squadrons of AMCA.[55][56]

As of September 2024, foreign firms who offered Joint Venture development includes US-origin General Electric, UK-origin Rolls-Royce and French-origin Safran. The latter two has also offered 100% intellectual property (IP) of engine design. The Safran and Rolls-Royce has also received clearance from their respective countries for the engine development.[57][58] Reportedly, Safran is the frontrunner for the deal and discussions are underway among Safran, ADA and GTRE as of October 2024. In October 2023, Safran and HAL also signed an MoU to develop industrial cooperation in forging parts’ manufacturing for commercial engines.[59]

Armament

[edit]

The AMCA features an internal weapons bay for carrying missiles and standoff precision guided munitions in stealthy configuration, while also has provision for external hardpoints for carrying ordinance externally for non-stealthy missions.[60][61] Directed energy weapons are also planned to be equipped on the AMCA.[62]

Operators

[edit]
 India

Indian Air Force – 7 squadrons (planned)[63]

Specifications (projected)

[edit]

Specifications can vary as the aircraft is still in development. All the information is based on available non-official sources - approximate and preliminary.

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft[64]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 17.6 m (57 ft 9 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.13 m (36 ft 6 in)
  • Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 55 m2 (590 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 12,000 kg (26,455 lb) (estimated)
  • Gross weight: 18,000 kg (39,683 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 27,000[65] kg (59,525 lb) (estimated)
  • Fuel capacity: 6,500 kg (14,300 lb)
  • Payload: 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) ― 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) internal and 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) external stores[66]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Modified GE F414 (initial production)[67] afterburning turbofan

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 2,600 km/h (1,600 mph, 1,400 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.15
  • Range: 3,240 km (2,010 mi, 1,750 nmi)
  • Combat range: 1,620 km (1,010 mi, 870 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 5,324 km (3,308 mi, 2,875 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 20,000 m (65,000 ft)

Armament

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ M, Anantha Krishnan (6 August 2020). "Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022-23". The Week. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  2. ^ Dubey, Ajit (7 March 2024). "India clears project to develop AMCA 5th generation stealth fighter aircraft". aninews.in. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  3. ^ Kumar, KP Sanjeev (24 October 2020). "When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First 'Desi' 5th Gen Fighter Jet?". TheQuint. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  4. ^ Pubby, Manu (8 March 2024). "Big gain for IAF: Govt clears next-gen fighter prototypes and development". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  5. ^ "India to begin production of LCA Mark2 jets by 2029, 5th gen fighter AMCA by 2035". ANI. 11 August 2024.
  6. ^ a b Dubey, Ajit (7 March 2024). "India clears project to develop AMCA 5th generation stealth fighter aircraft". aninews.in. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Fifth-gen fighter AMCA project gets CCS nod". The Indian Express. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  8. ^ a b c "ADA-Advanced Medium Fighter Aircraft". Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  9. ^ Pubby, Manu. "India likely to produce next generation fighter jets in a private sector-led joint venture". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  10. ^ Rao, Ch Sushil (5 August 2021). "Midhani supplies titanium alloy for medium combat jets' airframe". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  11. ^ Mathews, Neelam (12 September 2018). "India Looks to Indigenous Fighters". AINonline. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  12. ^ "Scientists face uphill task developing India's first 5th generation fighter". Bangalore Mirror. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  13. ^ Jha, Manish Kumar (17 November 2021). "With Certainty, LCA MK 2 Aircraft Is Slated To Enter Production By 2027 And AMCA By 2035--HAL CMD R. Madhavan". BW Businessworld. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  14. ^ Kumar, Chetan (23 February 2019). "Aero India 2019: HAL-developed Advanced Medium Aicraft [sic] will be IAF's 1st option for fifth-gen fighter". Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  15. ^ Pandit, Rajat (22 November 2021). "AMCA Fighter Jet: Made-in-India stealth fighter project set to take off in 2022". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  16. ^ a b Rao, Radhakrishna (6 October 2008). "India reveals plan to develop indigenous medium fighter". Flight International. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
  17. ^ a b c Chandra, Atul (9 February 2021). "New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Peri, Dinakar (28 October 2022). "Fifth gen fighter AMCA can be rolled out in three years after project sanction: scientists". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  19. ^ Y. Mallikarjun (21 November 2010). "Plans for Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010.
  20. ^ Jha, Saurav (27 December 2014). "A note on India's Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project". News 18. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  21. ^ 30th Audit report ADA (PDF) (Report).
  22. ^ Peri, Dinakar (20 February 2015). "Development of indigenous AMCA on track". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  23. ^ 31st ADA Audit Report (PDF) (Report).
  24. ^ Peri, Dinakar (7 March 2024). "5th generation fighter jet project gets Cabinet Committee on Security approval". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  25. ^ Kadidal, Akhil (19 October 2022). "Defexpo 2022: AMCA ready to be rolled out in three years if approved". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  26. ^ "HAL Plans 8-9 Month Prototype Rollout to Fast-Track AMCA Development". Defence.in. 27 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  27. ^ Peri, Dinakar (2 July 2024). "Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft prototype expected by 2028-29". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  28. ^ "India's plan for advanced fighters: LCA Mark2 by 2029, AMCA by 2035". The Economic Times. 11 August 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  29. ^ "Cutting edge projects avoided due to aversion to risk and intolerance of failure: DRDO chief". The Hindu. 21 September 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  30. ^ "IAF plans to have 125 advanced combat jets". THE TRIBUNE. 8 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  31. ^ Singh, Rahul (17 March 2021). "Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  32. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (8 October 2020). "Air Chief Marshal R K S Bhadauria interview: 'Indigenisation essential for strategic development'". www.onmanorama.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  33. ^ a b c "India's 5th-Gen Fighter Jet 'AMCA' Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force". Eurasian Times. 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  34. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (22 October 2021). "Exclusive- Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari to FE Online: Ready for two-front war; IAF is aiming for self reliance in all spheres". Financialexpress. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  35. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (13 April 2018). "India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  36. ^ Singh, Mayank (5 February 2021). "India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024". New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d e Iyer-Mitra, Abhijit; Das, Pushan. "The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft:A Technical Analysis" (PDF). Observer Research Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  38. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (5 February 2020). "AMCA could fly undetected during dangerous missions". Onmanorama. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  39. ^ Kadidal, Akhil (19 October 2022). "Defexpo 2022: AMCA ready to be rolled out in three years if approved". Janes. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  40. ^ a b Sinha, Amartya (16 May 2023). "Indigenous combat jets and Kaveri turbofan engine: All About IAF's new aerospace plan". India Today. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  41. ^ Shukla, Ajai (27 November 2024). "IIT Kanpur develops revolutionary tech to make aircraft invisible to radar". Business Standard. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  42. ^ "IIT Kanpur Unveils Groundbreaking Revolutionary Camouflage Technology for Defence". Financialexpress. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  43. ^ Iyer-Mitra, Abhijit (11 October 2019). "Air Chief Bhadauria's focus on homegrown AMCA shows IAF learnt nothing from Tejas failure". The Print. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  44. ^ a b Dar, Younis (12 April 2021). "HAL AMCA: Why India Needs Its Own Lockheed-Martin To Develop 5th-Gen, Stealth Fighter Aircraft?". EurAsian Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  45. ^ Karnozov, Vladimir (13 June 2013). "Indian 'Home-Grown' AMCA, An Alternative To FGFA". AIN Online. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  46. ^ a b Krishnan M, Anantha (20 February 2019). "Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines". The Week. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  47. ^ "Next Generation Radar for AMCA". Alpha Defence. 25 April 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  48. ^ S. Anandan (19 May 2016). "DRDO developing onboard equipment monitoring system for submarines". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  49. ^ Kappan, Rasheed (5 February 2021). "Aero India 2021: Futuristic Cockpit Simulator a big draw at airshow". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  50. ^ Peri, Dinakar (12 September 2021). "LCA-Mk2 to roll out next year, first flight in 2023, says scientist". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  51. ^ Kaushik, Krishn (5 February 2021). "Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  52. ^ Punj, Vivek (29 November 2021). "HAL to manufacture first four light utility helicopters by 2022-23: Centre". Mint. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  53. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (15 July 2023). "India, France to jointly develop engine to power AMCA fighter". THE PRINT.
  54. ^ "CONFIRMED: India and France to jointly develop a new high thrust jet engine for Indian 5th Gen Stealth Jet AMCA Mk2". India's growing Military power. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  55. ^ "All US clearances received: HAL, GE to produce jet engines for LCA Mark2, AMCA fighter jets in India". The Economic Times. 18 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  56. ^ "General Electric F414 engine to be Made in India with 100% technology transfer, but without IPR; To be used for Tejas Mk2 and AMCA Mk1". India's growing Military power. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  57. ^ Peri, Dinakar (26 January 2024). "Jet engine deal with France will give 100% access to technology, says Indian envoy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  58. ^ Choudhary, Puran (22 September 2024). "India is 10-15 years behind most countries in traditional technologies, says DRDO chief". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  59. ^ Deshpande, Smruti (15 October 2024). "France's Safran, frontrunner to power 5th-gen fighter AMCA, expands India operations". ThePrint. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  60. ^ Perrett, Bradley; Menon, Jay (23 February 2017). "India's AMCA Fighter Targets Mid-2020s First Flight". Aerospace Daily & Defense Report. Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.(registration required)
  61. ^ "Medium Combat Aircraft". MCA Handouts at AI-09. Aeronautical Development Agency. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  62. ^ Pubby, Manu. "India looks at a tight deadline to develop next generation fighter jets". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  63. ^ "IAF plans to induct AMCA, LCA along with 114 multirole fighters under Make in India : IAF Chief". ANI News. 17 July 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  64. ^ Jackson, Paul; Peacock, Lindsay; Bushell, Susan; Willis, David; Winchester, Jim, eds. (2016–2017). "India". IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production. Couldson. p. 297. ISBN 978-0710631770.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  65. ^ "Indian 5.5 gen AMCA fighter plane prototype to be ready in next four years". ANI News. 28 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  66. ^ Peri, Dinakar (12 September 2021). "LCA-Mk2 to roll out next year, first flight in 2023, says scientist". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  67. ^ "Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines". The Week. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  68. ^ M, Tushar (19 August 2021). "Bharat Dynamics, MBDA missiles deal to help indigenous programs in India". Global Data. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  69. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (19 February 2015). "OneIndia Exclusive: Hypersonic, next-gen missiles on BrahMos' wishlist: Mishra". OneIndia. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HAL AMCA.
Flight videos and photos
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_AMCA&oldid=1263682780"