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HMS Racoon (1910)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Racoon.

History
United Kingdom
NameRacoon
NamesakeRacoon
BuilderCammell Laird, Birkenhead
Laid down1 May 1909
Launched15 February 1910
CompletedOctober 1910
Out of service9 January 1918
FateWrecked off the coast of Ireland
General characteristics
Class and typeBeagle-class destroyer
Displacement913 long tons (928 t) (normal)
Length266 ft 2 in (81.1 m)
Beam28 ft 2 in (8.6 m)
Draught16 ft 6 in (5.0 m)
Installed power5 x coal-fired Yarrow boilers, 12,000 shp (8,900 kW)
Propulsion3 x Parsons steam turbines driving 3 shafts
Speed27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph)
Range2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement96
Armament

HMS Racoon was a Beagle-class (or G-class) destroyer of the British Royal Navy. The Beagles were coal-fuelled ships, designed for a speed of 27 kn (31 mph; 50 km/h) and armed with a 4 in (102 mm) gun and two torpedo tubes. Built by Harland & Wolff and launched in 1910, Racoon was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1913. In the run up to the First World War, the destroyer was deployed to Durazzo to observe the situation in Albania, but was swiftly redeployed back to Malta. The vessel was sent to protect shipping in the Suez Canal and Red Sea. In 1915, the destroyer served in the Dardanelles Campaign, escorting pre-dreadnought battleships attacking Ottoman defences and minesweepers that were attempting to clear the Dardanelles straits. During these operations, Racoon was damaged while assisting the stricken battleship Irresistible, which subsequently sank. Racoon also supported the Battle of Gully Ravine and landing at Suvla Bay. In 1917, the destroyer was transferred to Buncrana in the north of Ireland and served as a convoy escort against German submarines. Racoon was wrecked during a snowstorm off the Irish coast in 1918.

Design and development

[edit]
Main article: Beagle-class destroyer

Racoon was one of the Beagle-class destroyers ordered as part of the 1908–1909 shipbuilding programme.[1][2] The vessels were coal-burning after concerns had been raised about the availability of fuel oil in time of war and the bridge was larger and higher than previous designs.[3] This reduced costs, although it also meant that five boilers were needed, the extra machinery meaning that deck space became more premium.[4] Otherwise, the Beagle class vessels were not built to a standard design, with detailed design being left to the builders of individual ships in accordance with a loose specification.[5] The vessels were known as the G class from October 1913 as part of a wider renaming of the Royal Navy's warships into classes named alphabetically, although they did not change their names.[6] It was not until the introduction of the L- or Laforey class that the destroyers' names matched the class designation.[7]

Racoon was 266 feet 2 inches (81.1 m) long, with a beam of 28 feet 2 inches (8.6 m) and a draught of 16 feet 6 inches (5 m).[8] Normal displacement was 913 long tons (928 t), which increased to 983 long tons (999 t) by the end of the First World War.[9][10] Five Yarrow boilers fed direct-drive Parsons steam turbines driving three shafts.[11] Two funnels were fitted. The machinery was rated at 12,000 shaft horsepower (8,900 kW) giving a design speed of 27 kn (31 mph; 50 km/h).[12] During sea trials, the destroyer reached a speed of 27.141 kn (31.233 mph; 50.265 km/h) at a power output of 13,627 shp (10,162 kW) and displacement of 923 long tons (938 t). Up to 226 long tons (230 t) of coal was carried, giving a design range of 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[13] The ship had a complement of 96 officers and ratings.[11][14]

Armament consisted of one 4 in (102 mm) BL Mk VIII gun forward and three 3 in (76 mm) QF 12-pounder 12 cwt guns aft.[a] Torpedo armament consisted of two 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes, one placed forward and the other aft. Two spare torpedoes were carried.[15][16] On 8 April 1916, the Admiralty approved fitting the destroyer with depth charges. Two depth charge launchers and two charges were carried.[17]

Construction and career

[edit]

Racoon was laid down at Cammell Laird's Birkenhead shipyard on 9 April 1909, was launched on 14 March the following year and completed during October.[18] The ship was the sixth of the name to serve in the Royal Navy.[19] The vessel was commissioned at Portsmouth and joined the First Destroyer Flotilla.[20] During the following year, the destroyer was deployed to Malta, arriving on 14 March.[21] In 1912, a reorganisation of the Home Fleet resulted in the ships of the Beagle class forming the Third Destroyer Flotilla.[22] Racoon was recommissioned at Sheerness on 12 January and joined the flotilla at Harwich.[23] The vessel remained part of the Third Flotilla in March 1913.[24] Racoon subsequently joined the Fifth Destroyer Flotilla as part of the Mediterranean Fleet.[25]

As the First World War approached, Racoon was part of the Fourth Division of the Fifth Flotilla and based in Durazzo.[26] Along with the armoured cruiser Defence, the destroyer was part of an international squadron under Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge monitoring Albania, where the new German ruler, Wilhelm, Prince of Albania, was under threat from internal factions wishing to depose him.[27] The two ships sailed to Malta, joining the rest of the flotilla on 29 July.[28] The island had a coal shortage, which restricted the vessel's activity.[29] On 6 August 1914, the destroyer was deployed searching for the German warships Goeben and Breslau but this was curtailed by a lack of fuel.[30] On 13 August, the destroyer was deployed to Suez to deter the Ottoman Empire from restricting British access to the Suez Canal.[31] The ship subsequently joined the force based in the Suez Canal and Red Sea to protect the sea lane for Allied shipping.[32] Duties varied and included escorting the ex-Union-Castle Line ship Grantully Castle carrying the Suffolk Regiment from Alexandria to Malta on 9 October.[33] Two weeks later, on 25 October, the destroyer was in the Gulf of Suez searching for mines.[34]

Racoon (foreground) off Dardanelles during the Gallipoli campaign

On 19 November, Racoon sailed for Tenedos and spent the next year supporting the naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign.[34] In preparation for the assault, the Admiralty decided to attack the defences on the Dardanelles strait with the pre-dreadnought battleships Albion, Majestic and Triumph. The attack was largely ineffective as the troops moved the batteries so they were safe from bombardment. On 26 February, Racoon, alongside sister ship Basilisk, escorted the battleships Cornwallis, Irresistible and Vengeance as they attempted to land parties to attack the batteries.[35][36] This was also largely ineffective and also exposed the force to the presence of large minefields across the narrows of the Dardanelles straits.[37] On the night of 1/2 March, along with sister ships Basilisk, Grasshopper and Mosquito, the destroyer escorted trawlers attempting to clear the minefields. The force came under heavy fire from Turkish guns, and were forced to turn back before reaching the minefields.[38]

On the night of 17/18 March, the destroyer was involved in another attempt to clear the mines, this time escorting three trawlers and two picket boats. Once again, they had to turn back under heavy fire.[39] It was then decided to clear the minefields by day while the British and French battleships suppressed the Turkish guns that protected the minefields.[40][41] This was attempted on the following day, with Basilisk, Grasshopper, Mosquito and Racoon again escorting the minesweeping trawlers.[42] The attempt failed, however, with the fire from mobile guns forcing the minesweepers to turn back. Even more consequentially, the battleships Bouvet, Ocean and Irresistible hit mines and sank.[43][44] Racoon was also damaged by a mine or shell while attempting to rescue the crew of Irresistible, but managed to avoid sinking.[45][46] Once repaired, the destroyer returned on 28 June to escort the protected cruiser Talbot shelling Ottoman positions in support of the Lowland Division during the Battle of Gully Ravine.[47] On 6 August, the ship carried troops of the IX Corps to their landing at Suvla Bay.[48]

The following year saw Racooon still a member of the Fifth Destroyer Flotilla within the Mediterranean Fleet.[49] The year saw an intensification of submarine action by the Imperial German Navy in the Mediterranean Sea. In February alone, fifty ships, totalling 101,000 long tons (103,000 t), were lost. Due to a lack of resources, the destroyers in the Mediterranean Fleet could only escort high value ships, like troopships.[50] Racoon remained with the Fifth Destroyer Flotilla into 1917.[51] In March, the destroyer attacked a German submarine with depth charges while escorting the troopship Osmanieh.[52] However, by October that year, the vessel had moved to the Second Destroyer Flotilla, based at Buncrana in the north of Ireland.[53] The Admiralty deployed the destroyers based there as escorts to convoys to protect them from German submarines.[54] The service was demanding, but succeeded in bringing many ships safely to port.[55] However, Racoon did not last long in this role and, on 4 January 1918, ran aground in a snowstorm off the Irish coast.[19][56][57] There were no survivors.[58]

Pennant numbers

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Pennant numbers
Pennant number Date
HA7 January 1918[59][60]

Notes

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  1. ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Friedman 2009, pp. 118, 305–306.
  2. ^ Manning 1961, p. 56.
  3. ^ Cocker 1981, p. 23.
  4. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 116.
  5. ^ Brown 2010, p. 68.
  6. ^ Preston 1985, p. 74.
  7. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 132.
  8. ^ March 1966, p. 85.
  9. ^ "402: Racoon. Torpedo boat Destroyer". The Navy List: 365. March 1913. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via National Library of Scotland.
  10. ^ Parkes & Prendergast 1969, p. 114.
  11. ^ a b Preston 1985, p. 73.
  12. ^ Manning 1961, pp. 54, 57.
  13. ^ March 1966, p. 86.
  14. ^ Hythe 1912, p. 249.
  15. ^ Friedman 2009, pp. 116, 118.
  16. ^ Preston 1985, pp. 73–74.
  17. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 151.
  18. ^ Friedman 2009, p. 306.
  19. ^ a b Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 285.
  20. ^ "Naval And Military Intelligence". The Times. No. 39408. 20 October 1910. p. 12.
  21. ^ "Movements of Ships". The Times. No. 39533. 15 March 1911. p. 7.
  22. ^ Manning 1961, p. 25.
  23. ^ "Naval And Military Intelligence". The Times. No. 39794. 13 January 1912. p. 7.
  24. ^ "Fleets and Squadrons in Commission at Home and Abroad: Flotillas of the First Fleet". The Navy List: 269a. March 1913. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via National Library of Scotland.
  25. ^ "Fleets and Squadrons in Commission at Home and Abroad: Mediterranean Fleet". The Monthly Navy List: 270a. November 1913. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via National Library of Scotland.
  26. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 4 1919, p. 179.
  27. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, p. 6.
  28. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 4 1919, p. 181.
  29. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, p. 8.
  30. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, pp. 35–36.
  31. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, p. 57.
  32. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, p. 79.
  33. ^ Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, p. 71.
  34. ^ a b Naval Staff Monograph No. 21 1923, p. 74.
  35. ^ Corbett 1921, pp. 161, 163.
  36. ^ Grehan & Mace 2014, p. 8.
  37. ^ Corbett 1921, p. 168.
  38. ^ Corbett 1921, p. 169.
  39. ^ Corbett 1921, p. 205.
  40. ^ Dorling 1932, p. 50.
  41. ^ Massie 2007, pp. 450–446.
  42. ^ Dorling 1932, p. 53.
  43. ^ Massie 2007, pp. 458–463.
  44. ^ Corbett 1921, pp. 216–223.
  45. ^ Grehan & Mace 2014, p. 22.
  46. ^ Smith 1971, p. 112.
  47. ^ Corbett 1923, p. 71.
  48. ^ Corbett 1923, p. 93.
  49. ^ "XI.—Mediterranean Fleet". Supplement to the Monthly Naval List: 20. January 1916. Retrieved 22 January 2024 – via National Library of Scotland.
  50. ^ Newbolt 1928, p. 277.
  51. ^ "XI.—Mediterranean Fleet". Supplement to the Monthly Naval List: 21. August 1917. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via National Library of Scotland.
  52. ^ Newbolt 1919, p. 206.
  53. ^ "VII.—Coast of Ireland Station". Supplement to the Monthly Naval List: 17. September 1917. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via National Library of Scotland.
  54. ^ Newbolt 1931, pp. 134–135.
  55. ^ Newbolt 1931, p. 144.
  56. ^ Admiralty 1988, p. 4.
  57. ^ Cocker 1981, p. 24.
  58. ^ Smith 1971, p. 113.
  59. ^ Smith 1971, p. 174.
  60. ^ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 79.

Bibliography

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  • Admiralty (1988) [1919]. "Navy Losses, 1914–1918". British Vessels Lost at Sea, 1914-18 and 1939-45 (3rd ed.). Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. pp. 3–33. ISBN 1-85260-134-5.
  • Brown, David K. (2010). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-085-7.
  • Bush, Steve; Warlow, Ben (2021). Pendant Numbers of the Royal Navy: A Complete History of the Allocation of Pendant Numbers to Royal Navy Warships & Auxiliaries. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-52679-378-2.
  • Cocker, Maurice (1981). Destroyers of the Royal Navy, 1893–1981. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-71101-075-8.
  • Corbett, Julian S. (1921). Naval Operations: Volume II. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  • Corbett, Julian S. (1923). Naval Operations: Volume III. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  • Colledge, J.J.; Warlow, Ben (2006). Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy. London: Chatham Press. ISBN 978-1-93514-907-1.
  • Dorling, Taprell (1932). Endless Story: Being an account of the work of the Destroyers, Flotilla-Leaders, Torpedo-Boats and Patrol Boats in the Great War. London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 55531197.
  • Friedman, Norman (2009). British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9.
  • Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2014). Gallipoli and the Dardanelles 1915–1916. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-47383-819-2.
  • Hythe, Thomas, ed. (1912). The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.
  • Manning, Thomas Davys (1961). The British Destroyer. London: Putnam. OCLC 6470051.
  • March, Edgar J. (1966). British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953; Drawn by Admiralty Permission From Official Records & Returns, Ships' Covers & Building Plans. London: Seeley Service. OCLC 164893555.
  • Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09952-378-9.
  • Monograph No. 4 – Operations in the Mediterranean, August 4th–10th 1914 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. I. Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1919. pp. 176–217.
  • Monograph No. 21: The Mediterranean 1914–1915 (PDF). Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Vol. VIII. The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division. 1923.
  • Moretz, Joseph (2002). The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-71465-196-5.
  • Newbolt, Henry (1919). Submarine and Anti-Submarine. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 185176637.
  • Newbolt, Henry (1928). Naval Operations: Volume IV. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 1049894132.
  • Newbolt, Henry (1931). Naval Operations: Volume V. History of the Great War. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 220475309.
  • Parkes, Oscar; Prendergast, Maurice (1969). Jane's Fighting Ships 1919. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. OCLC 907574860.
  • Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
  • Smith, Peter Charles (1971). Hard Lying: The Birth of the Destroyer, 1893–1913. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-828-6.
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