Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Jump to content

History of email

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The history of email entails an evolving set of technologies and standards that culminated in the email systems in use today.[1]

Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible following the advent of time-sharing in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by MIT's CTSS project in 1965. Informal methods of using shared files to pass messages were soon expanded into the first mail systems. Most developers of early mainframes and minicomputers developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. Over time, a complex web of gateways and routing systems linked many of them. Some systems also supported a form of instant messaging, where sender and receiver needed to be online simultaneously.

In 1971 Ray Tomlinson sent the first mail message between two computers on the ARPANET, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '@' symbol designating the user's system address.[2][3][4][5] Over a series of RFCs, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over the File Transfer Protocol. Several other email networks developed in the 1970s and expanded subsequently.

Proprietary electronic mail systems began to emerge in the 1970s and early 1980s. IBM developed a primitive in-house solution for office automation over the period 1970–1972, and replaced it with OFS (Office System), providing mail transfer between individuals, in 1974. This system developed into IBM Profs, which was available on request to customers before being released commercially in 1981. CompuServe began offering electronic mail designed for intraoffice memos in 1978. The development team for the Xerox Star began using electronic mail in the late 1970s. Development work on DEC's ALL-IN-1 system began in 1977 and was released in 1982. Hewlett-Packard launched HPMAIL (later HP DeskManager) in 1982, which became the world's largest selling email system.

The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983. LAN email systems emerged in the mid-1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the X.400 email system, part of the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP), would predominate. However, a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, POP3 and IMAP email protocols the standard (see Protocol Wars).

During the 1980s and 1990s, use of email became common in business, government, universities, and defense/military industries. Starting with the advent of webmail (the web-era form of email) and email clients in the mid-1990s, use of email began to extend to the rest of the public. By the 2000s, email had gained ubiquitous status. The popularity of smartphones since the 2010s has enabled instant access to emails.

Precursors

[edit]

The first electrical transmission of messages began in the 19th century in the form of the electrical telegraph, which started to replace earlier forms of telegraphy from the 1840s in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Telex became an operational teleprinter service in 1933, beginning in Germany and Europe, and after 1945 spread around the world.[6]

The AUTODIN military network in the United States, first operational in 1962, provided a message service between 1,350 terminals, handling 30 million messages per month, with an average message length of approximately 3,000 characters.[7] By 1968, AUTODIN linked more than 300 sites in several countries.

Terminology and usage

[edit]

The term mail in the context of messages between computer users has been in use since the 1960s. In RFCs relating to the ARPANET, network mail was used since 1973.[8][9]

Historically, the term electronic mail is any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to refer to fax document transmission.[10][11] The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has a first quotation for electronic mail in the modern context in 1975.[12] Electronic mail was widely discussed in the late 1970s, but was usually shortened simply to mail.[13] In September 1976, a Business Week article entitled When interoffice mail goes electronic remarked "In a sense, electronic mail is not new".[14]

The OED provides a June 1979 first usage for E-mail: "Postal Service pushes ahead with E-mail" in the journal Electronics.[12] No earlier usage has been found; although, the first usage of the term email may be lost.[15] CompuServe rebranded its electronic mail service as EMAIL in April 1981, which popularized the term.[13][14] The term computer mail was also used in the early 1980s.[16][17]

The June 1979 usage of E-mail referred to the United States Postal Service (USPS) project called Electronic Computer Originated Mail, which they abbreviated E-COM. USPS began looking into electronic mail in 1977 resulting in the E-COM proposal in September 1978. The service launched in 1982, allowing corporate customers to send electronic mail to a post office branch from where it was printed and delivered in the normal way. It operated until 1985.[18][19][20]

Host-based mail systems

[edit]

With the introduction of MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961,[21] for the first time multiple users could log into a central system[nb 1] from remote terminals, and store and share files on the central disk.[22] Informal methods of using such shared files to pass messages were soon developed and expanded into the first mail systems.

  • 1965
    • MIT's CTSS "MAIL" command was proposed by Pat Crisman, Glenda Schroeder, and Louis Pouzin, then implemented by Tom Van Vleck and Noel Morris.[24] Each user's messages would be added to a local file called "MAIL BOX", which would have a "private" mode so that only the owner could read or delete messages. The proposed uses of the system were for communication from CTSS to notify users that files had been backed up, discussion between authors of CTSS commands, and communication from command authors to the CTSS manual editor. Developers of other early systems subsequently developed similar mail applications.
  • 1968
  • 1971
    • SNDMSG, a local inter-user mail program developed by Ray Tomlinson, incorporating the experimental file transfer program, CPYNET, allowed the first networked electronic mail over the ARPANET.[27][28] The addresses contained the '@' character as a separator between local part and host.[28]
  • 1972
  • 1973
  • 1974
    • August - The PLATO IV Notes on-line message board system was generalized to offer "personal notes".[7][36]
    • October - IBM OFS (Office System), proving mail transfer between individuals, was first installed as a replacement for their earlier in-house office automation system.[34]: 327–332 [35]
  • 1978
    • CompuServe offered electronic mail, designed primarily for intraoffice memos, as part of their corporate Infoplex service.[37]
    • Mail client written by Kurt Shoens for Unix and distributed with the Second Berkeley Software Distribution included support for aliases and distribution lists, forwarding, formatting messages, and accessing different mailboxes.[38] It used the Unix mail client to send messages between system users. The concept was extended to communicate remotely over the Berkeley Network.[39]
    • Computerized Bulletin Board System (CBBS) was a public dial-up BBS.
  • 1979
  • 1980
    • July - Minitel experimental service launched in France, enabled users to have a mail box. Introduced commercially throughout France in 1982.
    • Wang Laboratories introduced its Integrated Information Systems line, incorporating the ability to attach digitised voice messages.[42][43]
  • 1981
    • April 1 - CompuServe rebranded its electronic mail service as EMAIL. A US trademark application (USPTO SN:73432146) was filed on June 27, 1983, but abandoned in August 1984.[13][14][44]
    • IBM PROFS, the predecessor of OfficeVision/VM, is released, incorporating a centralised virtual machine to manage mail transfer between individuals.[45][46] Before that it was a PRPQ (Programming Request for Price Quotation), an IBM administrative term for non-standard software offerings with unique features, support and pricing.[34]: 321 By this year it had 500 users.[34]: 340 
  • 1982
    • April - HPMAIL by Hewlett-Packard went on sale. Later developed into HP DeskManager, this became the world's largest selling email system.[47]
    • May - ALL-IN-1 by Digital Equipment Corporation, an office automation system including functionality in electronic messaging, was released.[48] Development work began in 1977.[49] In-house electronic mail was in use at DEC prior to the commercial release of ALL-IN-1.
  • 1984
    • FidoNet is released, creating a network of connected email-accepting and -forwarding bulletin boards.
    • Prestel Mailbox service launched, offering private messaging, on the UK Viewdata service.[50] The Duke of Edinburgh's account would be hacked within months of launch; the resulting legal case helped to define computer misuse laws in the UK and around the world.[51]
  • 1994

Email networks

[edit]
The first electronic message was sent between these two adjacent PDP-10 computers at BBN Technologies in 1971, connected only through the ARPANET.

To facilitate electronic mail exchange between remote sites and with other organizations, telecommunication links, such as dialup modems or leased lines, provided means to transport email globally, creating local and global networks. This was challenging for a number of reasons, including the widely different email address formats in use.

  • In 1971 the first message was sent between two computers on the ARPANET.[28] Through RFC 561, RFC 680, RFC 724, and finally 1977's RFC 733, this became a standardized working system based on the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
  • PLATO IV was networked to individual terminals over leased data lines prior to the implementation of personal notes in 1974.[36]
  • IBM VNET was deployed by 1975, using BSC to communicate among CP-67 and VM hosts running RSCS.
  • Unix mail was networked by 1978's UUCP,[53] which was also used for USENET newsgroup postings, with similar headers.
  • BerkNet, the Berkeley Network, was written by Eric Schmidt in 1978 and included first in the Second Berkeley Software Distribution. It provided support for sending and receiving messages over serial communication links. The Unix mail tool was extended to send messages using Berknet.[39]
  • Telenet's Telemail.[54]
  • Tymnet's OnTyme.[54]
  • The delivermail tool, written by Eric Allman in 1979 and 1980 (and shipped in 4BSD), provided support for routing mail over dissimilar networks, including Arpanet, UUCP, and BerkNet. (It also provided support for mail user aliases.)[55]
  • The mail client included in 4BSD (1980) was extended to provide interoperability between a variety of mail systems.[56]
  • BITNET (1981) provided electronic mail services for educational institutions. It was based on the IBM VNET email system.[57]
  • 1983 – MCI Mail Operated by MCI Communications Corporation. It also allowed subscribers to send telex messages and regular postal mail (overnight) to non-subscribers.[58][54]
  • In 1984, IBM PCs running DOS could link with FidoNet for email and shared bulletin board posting.
  • Several companies established electronic mail services in the United Kingdom during the 1970s and early 1980s, enabling subscribers to send email either internally within a company network or over telephone connections or data networks such as Packet Switch Stream.[59][60]

Attempts at interoperability

[edit]

Early interoperability among independent systems included:

  • The Coloured Book protocols ran on academic networks in the United Kingdom from 1975 until 1992.[59][61][62][63]
  • UUCP implementations for Unix systems, initially released in 1979, and later for other operating systems, that only had dial-up communications available.
  • CSNET, which began operation in 1981, initially used a purpose-built dial-up protocol, called Phonenet, to provide mail-relay services for non-ARPANET hosts.
  • Design issues in the development of international computer mail protocols were explored in the early 1980s.[64]
  • The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol was implemented in 1983. It was first proposed by Jon Postel and Suzanne Sluizer in September 1980.
  • X.400, published in 1984, was promoted by major vendors, and mandated for government use under GOSIP, but abandoned by all but a few in favor of Internet protocol suite's SMTP by the mid-1990s (see Protocol Wars).[59][65]
  • Soft-Switch released its eponymous email gateway product in 1984, acquired by Lotus Software ten years later.[66]
  • Message Handling System (MHS) protocol developed in 1986. Developed by Action Technologies, this was later bought and promoted by Novell.[67][68][69] However they abandoned it after purchasing the non-MHS WordPerfect Office—which they renamed GroupWise.
  • HP OpenMail, initially designed in 1987, was known for its ability to interconnect several other APIs and protocols, including MAPI, cc:Mail, SMTP/MIME, and X.400.
  • MCI Mail was the first commercial public email service to use the Internet in 1989.[70][54]

LAN email systems

[edit]

In May 1979, Xerox ran a television advertisement for its 1973 Xerox Alto system, demonstrating the 1978 Distributed Message System (DMS) client, known as Laurel, to the US public.[71][72][73] An application Xerox described as replacing Xerox's earlier MSG client for its MAXC document distribution system.[72] In 1981, the Xerox Star went on sale, offering a commercial variant of the Xerox Alto's multi-user virtual office, including computer mail.[17][74] The Star had been in development since 1977 and the development team relied heavily on the technologies they were working on, including electronic mail.[75][76][77]

In the early 1980s, networked personal computers on LANs became increasingly important. Server-based systems similar to the earlier mainframe systems were developed. Examples include:

Eventually these systems could link different organizations as long as each organization ran the same email system and proprietary protocol. Various vendors supplied gateway software to link these incompatible systems.

ARPANET mail

[edit]

Experimental message transfers between separate computer systems began on the ARPANET.[24] Ray Tomlinson, of BBN, sent the first message across the network in 1971, initiating the use of the "@" sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine.[78] He sent a message from one Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 computer to another PDP-10. The two machines were placed next to each other.[28][79] Tomlinson's work was adopted across the ARPANET, which significantly increased network traffic.[80] Tomlinson has been called "the inventor of modern email".[81][1]

A "Mail Protocol" was proposed in RFC 196 in July 1971, and a more comprehensive approach in RFC 524 in June 1973, but these were not implemented.[82][83]

From SNDMSG to MSG

[edit]

In early 1971, Ray Tomlinson updated an existing utility called SNDMSG so that it could copy messages (as files) over the network.[84] In July 1972, Abhay Bhusan, a professor at MIT, was writing the final specs of the ARPANET file-transfer protocol. Upon the suggestion of his colleagues, he added Tomlinson's email programs to the final product.[85] Tomlinson's program was an immediate hit. An ARPA study in 1973, a year after network email was introduced to the ARPANET community, found that three-quarters of the traffic over the ARPANET consisted of email messages.[86][87][85]

Lawrence Roberts, the project manager for the ARPANET development, took the idea of READMAIL, which dumped all "recent" messages onto the user's terminal, and wrote a program for TENEX in TECO macros called RD, which permitted access to individual messages.[88] Barry Wessler then updated RD and called it NRD.[89]

Marty Yonke rewrote NRD to include reading, access to SNDMSG for sending, and a help system, and called the utility WRD, which was later known as BANANARD. John Vittal then updated this version to include three important commands: Move (combined save/delete command), Answer (determined to whom a reply should be sent) and Forward (sent a message to a person who was not already a recipient). The system was called MSG. With inclusion of these features, MSG is considered to be the first integrated modern electronic mail program, from which many other applications have descended.[88]

FTP mail

[edit]

ARPANET defined conventions from 1973 for dissimilar computers to exchange mail using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over a homogeneous network. Two FTP commands, MAIL and MLFL, permitted an FTP user process to deliver a file or string of text to an FTP server process, designating it as mail to be made available to a user, identified by a local name, in its host.

The use of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for "network mail" was proposed in RFC 469 in March 1973.[90] Through RFC 561, RFC 680, RFC 724, and finally RFC 733 in November 1977, a standardized framework was developed for "electronic mail" using FTP mail servers on the ARPANET.[16][91]

Delivermail was introduced in 1979 as a mail transport agent, i.e. email server. It used the FTP protocol to transmit electronic mail messages to the recipient.[92]

Initially, addresses were of the form, username@hostname.

Internet email

[edit]

Ray Tomlinson discussed network mail among the International Network Working Group in INWG Protocol note 2, written in September 1974.[93] INWG discussed protocols for electronic mail in 1979,[94] which was referenced by Jon Postel in his early work on Internet email. Postel first proposed an Internet Message Protocol in 1979 as part of the Internet Experiment Note (IEN) series.[95][96][97]

SMTP

[edit]

In September 1980, Postel and Suzanne Sluizer published RFC 772 which proposed the Mail Transfer Protocol to enable servers to transmit "computer mail" on the ARPANET as a replacement for FTP. RFC 780 of May 1981 removed all references to FTP. In November 1981, Postel published RFC 788 describing the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol, which was updated by RFC 821 in August 1982. Addresses were extended to username@host.domain by RFC 805 in February 1982. RFC 822, written by Dave Crocker, defined the format for messages.

ARPANET switched to TCP/IP on January 1, 1983 and the Internet grew rapidly thereafter (see Protocol Wars). A new mail transfer agent based on SMTP, Sendmail, was introduced in 1983. SMTP use continued to grow on the Internet.

After the introduction of the Domain Name System (DNS) in 1985, mail routing was updated in January 1986 by RFC 974.

As the influence of the ARPANET spread across academic communities, gateways were developed to pass mail to and from other networks such as CSNET, JANET, BITNET, X.400, and FidoNet. This often involved addresses such as:

hubhost!middlehost!edgehost!user@uucpgateway.somedomain.example.com

which routes mail to a user with a "bang path" address at a UUCP host.[98]

POP and IMAP

[edit]

The Internet community developed two further standards, the Post Office Protocol (POP) and the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), in 1984 and 1988 respectively. POP and IMAP enabled connections with remote e-mail servers that contain users’ mailboxes.

Email clients

[edit]
Further information: Comparison of email clients

During the 1980s and 1990s, use of email became common in business, government, universities, and defense/military industries. Starting with the advent of webmail (the web-era form of email) and email clients in the mid-1990s, use of email began to extend to the rest of the public. By the 2000s, email had gained ubiquitous status. The popularity of smartphones since the 2010s has enabled instant access to emails.

Mail servers

[edit]

Many providers of mail server software emerged in the 1980s with various features.

Notable first uses of email

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ an IBM 7094

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Feinler, Elizabeth; Vittal, John (2022-07-01). "Email Innovation Timeline" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  2. ^ "Ray Tomlinson, email inventor and selector of @ symbol, dies aged 74". the Guardian. March 7, 2016.
  3. ^ Dante D'Orazio (March 6, 2016). "Inventor of email and savior of the @ sign, Ray Tomlinson, is dead at 74". The Verge. Vox Media.
  4. ^ "Ray Tomlinson, Inventor Of Modern Email, Dies". NPR.org. March 6, 2016.
  5. ^ "Email inventor Ray Tomlinson dies at 74". BBC News. March 6, 2016.
  6. ^ Roemisch, Rudolf (1978). "Siemens EDS System in Service in Europe and Overseas". Siemens Review. 45 (4). Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG: 176. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  7. ^ a b National Research Council (1976). "Chapter IV: Systems". Electronic Message Systems for the U.S. Postal Service. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. pp. 27–35. doi:10.17226/19976. ISBN 978-0-309-33501-0. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  8. ^ Network Mail Meeting Summary. 8 March 1973. doi:10.17487/RFC0469. RFC 469.
  9. ^ Standardizing Network Mail Headers. 5 September 1973. doi:10.17487/RFC0561. RFC 561.
  10. ^ Brown, Ron (October 26, 1972). "Fax invades the mail market". New Scientist. Vol. 56, no. 817. London, England: New Scientist Ltd. pp. 218–221. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016.
  11. ^ Luckett, Herbert P. (March 1973). "What's News: Electronic-mail delivery gets started". Popular Science. Vol. 202, no. 3. Harlan, Iowa: Bonnier Corporation. p. 85. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016.
  12. ^ a b "Appeals: email". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  13. ^ a b c "Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email? | SIGCIS". www.sigcis.org. Archived from the original on 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  14. ^ a b c Mike Masnick (May 22, 2019). "Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email". Techdirt. Archived from the original on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  15. ^ "Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever". Washington Post. July 28, 2015. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  16. ^ a b Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages. 21 November 1977. doi:10.17487/RFC0733. RFC 733.
  17. ^ a b Brotz, Douglas K. (May 1981). "Laurel Manual" (PDF). Xerox. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  18. ^ "The Last Dinosaur: The U.S. Postal Service". Cato Institute. 1985-02-12. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  19. ^ USPS Historian (July 2008). "E-COM, Electronic Computer Originated Mail" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  20. ^ "The Post Office Almost Delivered Your First E-Mail". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  21. ^ Roy J. Daigle, Ph. D. "CTSS, Compatible Time-Sharing System". Milestones in Computer Development. Archived from the original on October 29, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
  22. ^ Tom Van Vleck. "The IBM 7094 and CTSS". Multicians.org. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2004.
  23. ^ 1440/1460 Administrative Terminal System (1440-CX-07X and 1460-CX-08X) Application Description (PDF), Second Edition, IBM, p. 10, H20-0129-1, archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-02, retrieved 2022-04-18
  24. ^ a b Tom Van Vleck. "The History of Electronic Mail". Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  25. ^ System/360 Administrative Terminal System DOS (ATS/DOS) Program Description Manual, IBM, H20-0508
  26. ^ System/360 Administrative Terminal System-OS (ATS/OS) Application Description Manual, IBM, H20-0297
  27. ^ Elliott, Geoffrey (2004). Global business information technology : an integrated systems approach. Financial Times Prentice Hall. p. 425. ISBN 9780321270122. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  28. ^ a b c d Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  29. ^ "Version 3 Unix mail(1) manual page from 10/25/1972". Minnie.tuhs.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  30. ^ "Version 6 Unix mail(1) manual page from 2/21/1975". Minnie.tuhs.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  31. ^ a b Leslie Goldsmith. "Leslie Goldsmith's story of the Mailbox". APL Quotations and Anecdotes. Archived from the original on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  32. ^ a b "Home > Communications > The Internet > History of the internet > Internet in its infancy". actewagl.com.au. Archived from the original on 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  33. ^ a b Catherine Lathwell, ed. (c. 1979). The STSC Story: It's About Time. Scientific Time Sharing Corporation. 7:08 minutes in. Retrieved 2017-01-06. Promotional video for Scientific Time Sharing Corporation, which features President Jimmy Carter's press secretary Jody Powell explaining how the company's "APLplus Mailbox" Message Processing System enabled the 1976 Carter presidential campaign to easily move information around the country to coordinate the campaign.
  34. ^ a b c d Gardner, P. C. (1981). "A system for the automated office environment". IBM Systems Journal. 20 (3): 321–345. doi:10.1147/sj.203.0321. ISSN 0018-8670.
  35. ^ a b "The History of Electronic Mail". multicians.org. Archived from the original on 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  36. ^ a b David Wooley (January 10, 1994). "PLATO: The Emergence of an Online Community". Personal Notes. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  37. ^ Connie Winkler (October 22, 1979). "CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET, InfoPlex". Computerworld. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 69.
  38. ^ The Mail Reference Manual, Kurt Shoens, University of California, Berkeley, 1979.
  39. ^ a b Schmidt, Eric (May 1979). An Introduction to the Berkeley Network (PDF) (Technical report). Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley.
  40. ^ A Mail Handling System, Bruce Borden, The RAND Corporation, 1979.
  41. ^ Dylan Tweney (September 24, 1979). "Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts". Wired.
  42. ^ Hoard, Bruce (1982-03-29). "Voice Seen Top Communications Form". Computerworld. Vol. 16, no. 13. IDG Enterprise.
  43. ^ Haigh, Thomas (2006). "Remembering the Office of the Future: The Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (4): 6–31. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.70. S2CID 11270328. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-17. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  44. ^ "Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS) - 73432146[SN]". tmsearch.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  45. ^ a b "IBM100 - The Networked Business Place". IBM. 2020-08-02. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  46. ^ Lewis, Robin; Dart, Michael (2014-08-12). The New Rules of Retail: Competing in the World's Toughest Marketplace. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-137-48089-7. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  47. ^ "HP Computer Museum". Archived from the original on 2016-09-09. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  48. ^ "1982 Timeline". DIGITAL Computing Timeline. 1998-01-30. Archived from the original on 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  49. ^ "ALL-IN-1". DIGITAL Computing Timeline. 1998-01-30. Archived from the original on 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  50. ^ "How to Send an Email in 1984". www.vice.com. 13 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  51. ^ "Archive of historic BT 'email' hack preserved". BBC News. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  52. ^ Hallam-Baker, Phillip (March 9, 1994). "Announcing alpha test of PTG MAIL-DAEMON server". Google Groups. Newsgroup: comp.archives. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  53. ^ "Version 7 Unix manual: "UUCP Implementation Description" by D. A. Nowitz, and "A Dial-Up Network of UNIX Systems" by D. A. Nowitz and M. E. Lesk". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  54. ^ a b c d "Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History". Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford. 2020. p. 118-120. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  55. ^ Setting up the Fourth Berkeley Software Tape, William N. Joy, Ozalp Babaoglu, Keith Sklower, University of California, Berkeley, 1980.
  56. ^ Mail(1), UNIX Programmer's Manual, 4BSD, University of California, Berkeley, 1980.
  57. ^ "BITNET History". livinginternet.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  58. ^ "MCI Mail", MCI Mail
  59. ^ a b c Rutter, Dorian (2005). From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995 (PDF) (Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  60. ^ Barry Fox (1985-10-17). "The electronic mail is getting through". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. pp. 61–64.
  61. ^ Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (2010-04-26). A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-3-527-32710-2.
  62. ^ Earnshaw, Rae; Vince, John (2007-09-20). Digital Convergence – Libraries of the Future. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-84628-903-3.
  63. ^ "IP". FLAGSHIP, Central Computing Department Newsletter (12). January 1991. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
  64. ^ Garcia-Luna-Aceves, Jose J.; Kuo, Franklin F. (1981-10-01). "Design issues of protocols for computer mail". ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 11 (4): 28–36. doi:10.1145/1013879.802656. ISSN 0146-4833.
  65. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.
  66. ^ Glenn Rifkin (1994-06-17). "Lotus Agrees to Acquire Softswitch". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-09-03. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  67. ^ Daniel Blum (1994-09-19). "Delivering the Enterprise Message". Network World.
  68. ^ Mark Gibbs (1994-03-07). "Hot on the LAN". Network World. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30.
  69. ^ "MHS: Correct Addressing format to DaVinci Email via MHS". Microsoft Support Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  70. ^ "Meet Mr. Internet: Vint Cerf - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  71. ^ Keene, Jamie (2012-04-26). "Xerox commercial from 1972 shows the computer as your personal assistant". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  72. ^ a b "Whole ALTO World Newsletter" (PDF). Xerox. 1978. pp. 5, 93, 94, 287. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  73. ^ Metz, Cade. "Tech Time Warp of the Week: Xerox PARC Alto, 1979". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
  74. ^ "Xerox 8010 Star Information System". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  75. ^ Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011). "They could have owned the computer industry". Herald Journal. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  76. ^ "Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting Star computer". New Scientist. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  77. ^ "The Xerox Star". toastytech.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
  78. ^ Lievrouw, L. A. (2006). Lievrouw, L. A.; Livingstone, S. M. (eds.). Handbook of New Media: Student Edition. SAGE. p. 253. ISBN 1412918731. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  79. ^ Wave New World, Time Magazine, October 19, 2009, p.48
  80. ^ Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 106–111. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5. OCLC 44962566.
  81. ^ "Ray Tomlinson, Inventor Of Modern Email, Dies". NPR.org. 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  82. ^ Tom Van Vleck. "The History of Electronic Mail". Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  83. ^ Crocker, David H. (December 1977). Framework and Functions of the "MS" Personal Message System (PDF) (Report). The RAND Corporation. R-2134-ARPA.
  84. ^ Moschovitis, Christos J. P (1999). History of the Internet: a chronology, 1843 to the present. Internet Archive. ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–4. ISBN 978-1-57607-118-2.
  85. ^ a b Akkad, Jay. "The History of Email". sites.cs.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  86. ^ Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet. New York City: Simon & Schuster. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-684-81201-4. found that three quarters of all traffic on the ARPANET was email
  87. ^ Edwards, P. N. (1998). "Virtual Machines, Virtual Infrastructures: The New Historiography of Information Technology" (PDF). Isis essay review. p. 5.
  88. ^ a b "Email History". Livinginternet.com. 1996-05-13. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  89. ^ *Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008). "The Technical Development of Internet Email" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 30 (2). Berlin: IEEE Computer Society: 3–29. doi:10.1109/mahc.2008.32. S2CID 206442868. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-12.
  90. ^ Network Mail Meeting Summary. doi:10.17487/RFC0469. RFC 469.
  91. ^ "A history of e-mail: Collaboration, innovation and the birth of a system". Washington Post. 2023-05-20. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  92. ^ Bryan Costales (2002). "History". Sendmail (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. Archived from the original on 2023-03-06. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  93. ^ McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (1): 66–71. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2011.9. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 206443072.
  94. ^ Barber, D., and J. Laws, "A Basic Mail Scheme for EIN," INWG 192, February 1979.
  95. ^ IEN 85.
  96. ^ IEN 113.
  97. ^ "Internet Experiment Note Index". www.rfc-editor.org. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  98. ^ Cerf, Vint (20 March 2022). "[Internet Policy] Why the World Must Resist Calls to Undermine the Internet". IETF-Discussion (Mailing list). Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  99. ^ "Official Biography: Raymond Tomlinson | Internet Hall of Fame". www.internethalloffame.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  100. ^ "Email inventor on his legacy". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2021-07-06. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  101. ^ "Ray Tomlinson, creator of modern email, dies". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2020-05-31. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
  102. ^ Abbate, Janet (April 2001), "Silvia Wilbur", IEEE History Center Interview #634, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, archived from the original on 2022-05-01, retrieved 2022-07-18
  103. ^ Kirstein, Peter (January–March 1999). "Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 38–44. doi:10.1109/85.759368.
  104. ^ Metz, Cade (2012-12-25). "How the Queen of England Beat Everyone to the Internet". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  105. ^ Left, Sarah (2002-03-13). "Email timeline". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  106. ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (2013-12-09). "When Jimmy Carter Was the Computer-Driven Candidate". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  107. ^ Holuea, Josh (November 21, 1976). "Computer Tied Carter, Mondale Campaigns". The Washington Star. p. A-3.
  108. ^ Houlder, Peter (19 January 2007). "Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK" (PDF). 6th UK Network Operators' Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  109. ^ Reid, Jim (3 April 2007). "Networking in UK Academia ~25 Years Ago" (PDF). 7th UK Network Operators' Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  110. ^ "National Security Archive/White House E-Mail". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  111. ^ "Historic First Email From U.S. to Germany Arrives in 1984 | Internet Hall of Fame". www.internethalloffame.org. 29 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  112. ^ "25 Jahre E-Mail in Deutschland - Und es hat "Pling!" gemacht" [25 years of email in Germany - and it went "Pling!"]. Der Spiegel (in German). 2009-08-01.
  113. ^ "Macintosh Portable: Used in Space Shuttle". support.apple.com. Feb 19, 2012. Archived from the original on Jun 19, 2018. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  114. ^ LaFrance, Adrienne (2015-03-12). "The Truth About Bill Clinton's Emails". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  115. ^ "First president with regular email access". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  116. ^ Sandre, Andreas (2017-11-07). "What's the first ever presidential email?". Medium. Archived from the original on 2019-11-17. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  117. ^ Bildt, Carl (13 December 2016). "I sent the first email between heads of state—but the real revolution of connectivity is still to come". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
[edit]
Look up email or outbox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_email&oldid=1254726678"