IBM A2
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The IBM A2 is an open source massively multicore capable and multithreaded 64-bit Power ISA processor core designed by IBM using the Power ISA v.2.06 specification. Versions of processors based on the A2 core range from a 2.3 GHz version with 16 cores consuming 65 W to a less powerful, four core version, consuming 20 W at 1.4 GHz.
Design
[edit]The A2 core is a processor core designed for customization and embedded use in system on chip-devices, and was developed following IBM's game console processor designs, the Xbox 360-processor and Cell processor for the PlayStation 3.[1]
A2I
[edit]A2I is a 4-way simultaneous multithreaded core which implements the 64-bit Power ISA v.2.06 Book III-E[2] embedded platform specification with support for the embedded hypervisor features. It was designed for implementations with many cores and focusing on high throughput and many simultaneous threads. A2I was written in VHDL.[3]
The core has 4×32 64-bit general purpose registers (GPR) with full support for both little and big endian byte ordering, 16 KB+16 KB instruction and data cache and is capable of four-way multithreading.
It has a fine grain branch prediction unit (BPU) with eight 1024-entry branch history tables. The L1 caches is a 16 KB 8-way set-associative data cache and a 4-way set-associative 16 KB instruction cache. It executes a simple in-order pipeline capable of issuing two instructions per cycle; one to the 6-stage arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and one to the optional auxiliary execution unit (AXU).
It includes a memory management unit but no floating point unit (FPU). Such facilities are handled by the AXU, which has support for any number of standardized or customized macros, such as floating point units, vector units, DSPs, media accelerators and other units with instruction sets and registers not part of the Power ISA. The core has a system interface unit used to connect to other on die cores, with a 256-bit interface for data writes and a 128-bit interface for instruction and data reads at full core speed.
A2O
[edit]The A2O is a slightly more modern version, written in Verilog,[4] using the Power ISA v.2.07 Book III-E.[5] It is optimized for single core performance and designed to reach 3 GHz at 45 nm process technology. The A2O differs from its sibling in that it is only two-way multithreaded, 32+32 kB data and instruction L1 caches, and is capable of out-of-order execution.
When A2O was released, no actual products have used it.
OpenSource
[edit]In the second half of 2020 IBM released the A2I and A2O cores under a Creative Commons license, and published the VHDL and Verilog code on GitHub.[1][6] The intention was to add them to the OpenPOWER Foundation's offerings of free and open processor cores.[7][8] As A2 was designed in 2010, A2I and A2O are not compliant with the Power ISA 3.0 or 3.1 which is mandatory for OpenPOWER cores. It is IBM's wish for the cores to be updated so they comply with the newer version of the ISA.
Products
[edit]PowerEN
[edit]The PowerEN (Power Edge of Network), or the "wire-speed processor", is designed as hybrid between regular networking processors, doing switching and routing and a typical server processor, that is manipulating and packaging data. It was revealed on February 8, 2010, at ISSCC 2010.
Each chip uses the A2I core and has 8 MB of cache as well a multitude of task-specific engines besides the general-purpose processors, such as XML, cryptography, compression and regular expression accelerators each with MMUs of their own, four 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports and two PCIe lanes. Up to four chips can be linked in a SMP system without any additional support chips. The chips are said to be extremely complex according to Charlie Johnson, chief architect at IBM,[9] and use 1.43 billion transistors on a die size of 428 mm2 fabricated using a 45 nm process.
Blue Gene/Q
[edit]The Blue Gene/Q processor is an 18 core chip using the A2I core running at 1.6 GHz with special features for fast thread context switching, quad SIMD floating point unit, 5D torus chip-to-chip network and 2 GB/s external I/O. The cores are linked by a crossbar switch at half core speed to a 32 MB eDRAM L2 cache. The L2 cache is multi-versioned and supports transactional memory and speculative execution. A Blue Gene/Q chip has two DDR3 memory controllers running at 1.33 GHz, supporting up to 16 GB RAM.[10][11]
It uses 16 cores for computing, and one core for operating system services. This 17th core will take care of interrupts, asynchronous I/O, MPI flow control, and RAS functionality. The 18th core is used as a spare in case one of the other cores are permanently damaged (for instance in manufacturing) but is shut down in functional operation. The Blue Gene/Q chip is manufactured on IBM's copper SOI process at 45 nm, will deliver a peak performance of 204.8 GFLOPS at 1.6 GHz and draws about 55 watts. The chip has a die size of 19×19 mm (359.5 mm2) and uses 1.47 billion transistors.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b IBM (2020-06-27). "a2i on GitHub". IBM.
- ^ A2I Explored - Bill Flynn, IBM
- ^ A2I VHDL source code
- ^ A2O verilog source code
- ^ IBM open sources the A2O Core - Bill Flyn, IBM
- ^ IBM (2020-09-15). "a2o on GitHub". IBM.
- ^ OpenPOWER Foundation (2020-06-30). "A2I POWER Processor Core Contributed to OpenPOWER Community to Advance Open Hardware Collaboration". OpenPOWER Foundation. Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ InsideHPC (2020-09-15). "OpenPOWER Foundation Unveils IBM Hardware/Software Contributions at OpenPOWER Summit". InsideHPC.
- ^ IBM gives birth to 'wire-speed' processor
- ^ Joab Jackson (2011-02-08). "US commissions beefy IBM supercomputer". IDG News Service. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ Timothy Prickett Morgan (2011-08-26). "IBM's BlueGene/Q Super Chip Grows 18th Core". insideHPC.com. Retrieved 2013-11-18.