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Ibn Nusayr

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Abū Shuʿayb Muḥammad ibn Nuṣayr al-Numayri
أبو شعيب محمد بن نصير النميري
Personal
Diedafter 868
ReligionIslam
SectAlawite
Organization
Founder ofAlawism
PhilosophyAristotelianism, Platonism, Islam
Senior posting
TeacherAli al‐Hadi, Hasan al‐Askari
InitiatedAl-Khaṣībī

Abū Shuʿayb Muḥammad ibn Nuṣayr al-Numayri (Arabic: أبو شعيب محمد بن نصير النميري),[1] died after 868,[2] was considered by his followers as the representative (Bāb) of the tenth Twelver Imam, Ali al‐Hadi and of the eleventh Twelver Imam, Hasan al‐Askari, and founder of the Alawites. Ibn Nusayr was known to his followers as a representative (Bab) of al‐Askari and of the twelfth Twelver Imam, Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi during the Minor Occultation.[3][4] A rival of his in claiming to be the bāb (door) to the Imams was Abu Yaqub Ishaq, founder of the Ishaqiyya.[5]

Ibn Nusayr claimed that Ali ibn Hadi held a "divine nature".[6] The followers of Ibn Nusayr are known as the Nusayris[7] (Arabic: نصيري) or, since the 1920s, the Alawis (Arabic: علوي).[8]

Nusayr was an Arab from the northern tribe of Banu Numayr,[9] although it has also been mentioned that he was of Persian origin but was associated with the Arab al-Namir tribe.[10]

Schisms

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After the death of al‐Askari the Shia community was faced with the issue of who the Imam's successor was, some saying that al‐Askari left a son, Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi, who communicated with the Shias through the Four Deputies. Ibn Nusayr claimed to have been intimate with the tenth and eleventh Imams, and upon hearing of the news of the hidden son attempted to claim that he was a representative of the hidden Imam. His claim was rejected by the mainstream Shias, and Nusayr was later excommunicated by Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman, the official second deputy of the hidden Imam.[11]

Nusayr was also prone to these antics earlier in his career when he claimed al‐Hadi was in fact divine and that he had been sent by al‐Hadi as a prophet, because of this he was officially 'cursed' by the Shia community. The second 'curse' was when he claimed to be the gate (bab) of al‐Askari.[12] At any rate the gist is that Nusayr laid claim to being the most intimate of intimates of the tenth and eleventh Imams. The death of al‐Askari and the confusion as to his successor produced a schism in which Nusayr was officially banished from the Shia community. The mainstream (Twelver) Shias therefore were headed by the Four Deputies, whereas the Nusayris (Alawites) went underground.

Nusayr's excommunication from the Shia community and his conflict with the official representatives of the hidden Imam was probably representative of the tension produced by Askari's death. Without a successor, there were only two routes: the Babs (intimates of the Imams who claimed to know their will) and the Wukala (representatives).[13]

Nusayr did not lay claim to being the bab of both Imams, per se, rather he claimed to be the bab of al‐Hadi, and during the lifetime of al‐Askari, his ism. The doctrine of the ma'na, ism and bab is a Nusayri doctrine. Obviously, Nusayr's ambition was to present himself as being intimate with the hidden Imam (in a way trying to "catch that wave") however this did not work out. This is important to note, because if al‐Askari did not leave a son, then the true successors to the Shia community would have been the bābs of the Imams, and not an invisible son of questionable historicity, to whom is attributed divine powers and unnaturally long lifespan. Seen in this way, it might be said that prior to the extreme‐moderate Shia split, the entire Shia community was one, but upon the death of al‐Askari (the ten previous imams having been legitimate), the Alawite doctrine was exiled with Nusayr and his followers into Syria and Turkey,[14][15] where the abdal are predicted to reside.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Leiden: Brill. p. 6.
  2. ^ Friedman, Yaron (2000–2010). "Moḥammad b. Noṣayr". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.
  3. ^ Sorenson, David S. (24 April 2009). An Introduction the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy ... - David S. Sorenson - Google Boeken. ISBN 9780786732517. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  4. ^ Corbin, Henry (1998). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy - Henry Corbin - Google Boeken. ISBN 9781556432699. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  5. ^ Matti Moosa (1987). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780815624110.
  6. ^ Madeleine Pelner Cosman; Linda Gale Jones (2009). "The Nusayriyya Alawis". Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. pp. 406, 407. ISBN 978-1-4381-0907-7.
  7. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica, "NOṢAYRIS"
  8. ^ Matti Moosa (1987). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. p. 262. ISBN 9780815624110.
  9. ^ Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Leiden: Brill. p. 7.
  10. ^ Matti Moosa (1987). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780815624110.
  11. ^ Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Leiden: Brill. p. 8.
  12. ^ Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Leiden: Brill. p. 8. ISBN 9789004178922. Shīʿī sources report that Ibn Nusayr was cursed and excommunicated twice. The first time was when he claimed that he was a prophet sent by al-Hādī, to whom he attributed divinity, and taught the doctrine of transmigration. The second time was after the death of Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī, when Ibn Nusayr claimed he was this Imām's bāb (his intimate messenger).
  13. ^ Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Leiden: Brill. p. 74.
  14. ^ Bar‐Asher, Meir M.; Kofsky, Aryeh (2002). The Nuṣayrī‐ʿAlawī Religion: An Enquiry into its Theology and Liturgy. Brill. p. 30. This last view is germane to the central Nuṣayrī doctrine concerning the incarnation of the deity in the eleven Imams, and of the revealing of religious mysteries by al‐ʿAskarī to his disciple Muḥammad ibn Nuṣayr. In this view there is no place for Muḥammad, son of al‐ʿAskarī, as the twelfth Imam, but he retains, as in Twelver Shīʿism, his role as Mahdī.
  15. ^ Bar-Asher, Meir M. (20 July 2003). "NOṢAYRIS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 July 2016. Moreover, in addition to its incarnation in a series of triads throughout history, the divinity also materializes in the first eleven Imams of Twelver Shiʿism, beginning with ʿAli and ending with Ḥasan al-ʿAskari.
  16. ^ "THEY QUOTE QUR'AN AGAINST HADITH". Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2016-04-02. `Ali said: "Do not curse the people of Syria, for among them are the Substitutes (al-abdal), but curse their injustice.

Further reading

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