Impuzamugambi
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The Impuzamugambi[a] (Kinyarwanda: [imhûːzɑmuɡɑmbi], "those with the same goal")[1][2] was a Hutu militia in Rwanda formed in 1992. Together with the Interahamwe militia, which formed earlier and had more members, the Impuzamugambi was responsible for many of the deaths of Tutsis and moderate Hutus during the Rwandan genocide of 1994.[3][4]
While the Interahamwe was led by prominent figures in the ruling party, the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement, MRND), the Impuzamugambi was controlled by the leadership of the Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (Coalition pour la Défense de la République, CDR) and recruited its members from the youth wing of the CDR.[5] The CDR was a separate Hutu party which cooperated with the MRND, though it had a significantly more extreme ethnically Pro-Hutu and Anti-Tutsi agenda than the MRND. The smaller Impuzamugambi was less organized than the Interahamwe, but it was responsible for a large portion of genocidal deaths. Alongside killings, both groups employed rape as a tool of genocide.[4]
Like the Interahamwe, the Impuzamugambi was trained and equipped by the Rwandan Government Forces (RGF) and the Presidential Guard of Rwanda's president and MRND leader, Juvénal Habyarimana.[6] When the genocide started in April 1994, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi acted in close collaboration and largely merged their structures and activities, though some distinction was still evident in differences in their clothing. Some génocidaires participated with both militias in the killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutu. After the main period of genocide, members of both militias as well as large parts of the Hutu population fled from Rwanda to the east into the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Under the leadership of the CDR, Hassan Ngeze and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza were greatly responsible for commanding the Impuzamugambi.[7] Both were found guilty in 2003 by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda of planning and leading the genocide, incitement of genocide, and crimes against humanity.[8] They were both sentenced to life imprisonment. The sentence against Barayagwiza was later reduced to 35 years due to a partial violation of due process. After deducting time already served, he would have stayed in prison for at least 27 years but later died.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ sometimes Impuza Mugambi.
References
[edit]- ^ "Kinyarwanda dictionary—Inpuzamugambi". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 Jan 2016.
- ^ Powell, Christopher (2011). Barbaric Civilization. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-7735-3856-6.
- ^ Scherrer, Christian P. (1998). Ongoing crisis in Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options. Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution. p. 328.
- ^ a b Fallon 2018, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Prunier 1999, p. 165.
- ^ Prunier 1999, p. 243.
- ^ Hildering, Antoinette (2007). "International criminal responsibility for abuse of power?". Journal on Science and World Affairs. 3 (1): 15–28.
- ^ The Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Hassan Ngeze (Judgement and Sentence), ICTR-99-52-T, pg. 7, Nr. 2.7, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 3 December 2003, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/404468bc2.html Archived 11 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine [accessed 21 March 2013]
Cited works
[edit]- Fallon, Breann (2018). "Violence of Mind, Body, and Spirit: Spiritual and Religious Responses Triggered by Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide". In Blyth, Caroline; Colgan, Emily; Edwards, Katie B. (eds.). Rape Culture, Gender Violence, and Religion: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 71–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72224-5. ISBN 978-3-319-72224-5.
- Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2016.