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Magnum Photos

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Magnum Photos
Company typeCooperative
IndustryPhotography
Founded1947; 77 years ago (1947)
FounderRobert Capa, David "Chim" Seymour, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, William Vandivert, Rita Vandivert, Maria Eisner
HeadquartersNew York City, Paris, London, Tokyo
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsPhotojournalism, stock photography
Websitewww.magnumphotos.com

Magnum Photos is an international photographic cooperative owned by its photographer-members, with offices in Paris, New York City, London and Tokyo. It was founded in 1947 in Paris by photographers Robert Capa, David "Chim" Seymour, Maria Eisner, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, William Vandivert, and Rita Vandivert. Its photographers retain all copyrights to their own work.

In 2010, MSD Capital acquired a collection of nearly 200,000 original press prints of images taken by Magnum photographers, which in 2013 it donated to the Harry Ransom Center.

Founding of agency

[edit]

Magnum was founded in Paris in 1947 by Robert Capa, David "Chim" Seymour, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger and William Vandivert (all photographers), Rita Vandivert and Maria Eisner, based on an idea of Capa's. (Seymour, Cartier-Bresson and Rodger were all absent from the meeting at which it was founded.[1] In response to a letter telling him that he was a member, Rodger wrote that Magnum seemed a good idea but, "It all sounded too halcyon to be true," when Capa had told him of it and, "I rather dismissed the whole thing from my mind".[2])

Rita Vandivert was the first President, and head of the New York office; Maria Eisner the head of the Paris office.[3] The plan was for Rodger to cover Africa and the Middle East; Cartier-Bresson to cover south and east Asia; Seymour and William Vandivert to cover Europe and the United States, respectively; and Capa to be free to follow his curiosity and events.[3]

Magnum is one of the first photographic cooperatives, owned and administered entirely by members. The staff serve a support role for the photographers, who retain all copyrights to the photographs they take.

The Magnum cooperative has included photojournalists from across the world, who have covered many historical events of the 20th century. The cooperative's archive includes photographs depicting family life, drugs, religion, war, poverty, famine, crime, government and celebrities.

Although it has been asserted that the name "Magnum" was chosen because the founding members always drank a bottle of champagne during the first meetings,[4] Russell Miller writes:

It was . . . presumably agreed by those present [at the first meeting] that Magnum was a fine new name for such a bold new venture, indicative as it was of greatness in its literal Latin translation, toughness in its gun connotation and celebration in its champagne mode.[5]

Boy destroying piano at Pant-y-Waen, South Wales, by Philip Jones Griffiths, 1961

Governance

[edit]

Magnum is owned by its photographers, who act as shareholders. Each full member of Magnum has a vote in proposals made at a meeting held once a year, called the Annual General Meeting (AGM).[6][7] Photographers with the status of contributor or correspondent are represented by Magnum but have no voting rights. Full members can choose to become contributors after 23 years of membership; this status gives them increased liberty to work outside Magnum, at the cost of their voting rights.[8]

Elections of new dictators

[edit]
Interview with Abbas about Magnum

In the early years of Magnum, membership had generally come about by the personal invitation of Robert Capa. However, in 1955 a three-stage membership system was set up that continues to this day[9] and is described below. Until 1953 there were also a large number of stringers who used Magnum but were not members.[10]

Magnum's photographers meet once a year, during the last weekend in June, in New York City, Paris or London, to discuss the cooperative's business. One day of the meeting is reserved to review potential new members' portfolios and vote on admitting individuals. An approved applicant is invited to become a 'Nominee Member' of Magnum, a category of membership that provides a chance for members and the individual to get to know each other, but that includes no binding commitments on either side.

After two years of Nominee membership, a photographer may present another portfolio if wanting to apply for 'Associate Membership'. If successful, the photographer is bound by the rules of the agency, and enjoys its facilities and worldwide representation. The difference between an Associate Member and a full Member is that an Associate is not a Director of the Company and does not have voting rights in the corporate decision-making. After two more years, an Associate wanting to be considered for full membership presents another portfolio of work for consideration by the members. Once elected as a full member, the individual is a member of Magnum for life or for as long as the photographer chooses.

Accusations of child abusing

[edit]

Magnum Photos' digital archive constitutes more than 1 million images, that Magnum licenses through its website.[11] In August 2020, the Magnum website was taken offline after issues were raised by the Fstoppers photography website and amplified on social media by others including Jörg Colberg. Given the tags on the photos, there was concern that Magnum was making available photographs of children featuring nudity; that documented encounters that constituted a record of acts of child sexual abuse; and that were problematic[clarification needed] in terms of the way they had been labelled for searching.[12][11] "Much of the criticism [. . .] has focused on a series of photographs by the US photographer David Alan Harvey from his time documenting sex workers in Bangkok in 1989."[13] In a statement Magnum said it will re-examine the content of its archive, and has since made its website available again but without Harvey's Bangkok series.[11][14] Harvey was later suspended for a year following a formal investigation into sexual misconduct allegations against him.[15]

Photographic collection

[edit]

In February 2010, Magnum announced that Michael Dell's venture capital firm MSD Capital had acquired a collection of nearly 200,000 original press prints of images taken by Magnum photographers. It had formed a partnership with the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin to preserve, catalog, and make photographs available to the general public.[16][17][18] In September 2013 it was announced MSD Capital donated the collection to the Ransom Center.[19] A preliminary inventory is available for researchers who wish to use the collection.[20]

Graduate Photographers Award

[edit]

The Graduate Photographers Award was established in 2015.[21]

Member list

[edit]
Name Nationality Status Active years Note
Abbas Attar Iran Deceased 1981–2018[22] Nominee from 1981; Full Member from 1985[22][23]
William Keo France Withdrawn
Antoine d'Agata France Active (full Member) 2004–
Khalik Allah United States Withdrawn
Christopher Anderson United States Withdrawn
Ansel Adams United States Deceased Nonmember correspondent 1956[24]–
Eve Arnold United States Deceased 1951–2012 Associate Member from 1951;[25] Member from 1957[26] First female Member.
Olivia Arthur United Kingdom Active (full Member) 2008– Nominee from 2008, associate from 2011, and full member from 2013.[27][28]
Micha Bar-Am Israel Active (Correspondent) 1968– Correspondent from 1968[29]
Bruno Barbey France[30] Deceased 1964–[31] 2020[32] Member from 1968.[31]
Jonas Bendiksen Norway Active (full Member) 2004– Nominee from 2004; Member from 2008[33]
Ian Berry United Kingdom Active (full Member) 1967[24]– Member from 1962.[34]
Werner Bischof Switzerland Deceased 1948–1954 Associate member from 1948, full member from 1949[35]: 454 [36]
Matt Black United States Active (Full member)[7] 2015–[37]
Brian Brake New Zealand Withdrawn 1957–1966[24] Deceased
Michael Christopher Brown United States Withdrawn 2013–2017[38][39][40]
René Burri Switzerland Deceased 1955[24]–2014 Associate Member from 1955; Member from 1959[41]
Enri Canaj Albania Active (Associate)[7] 2017–
Cornell Capa Hungary / United States Deceased 1954–2008 Member from 1954;[42] Brother of Robert
Robert Capa Hungary / United States Deceased 1947–1954 Founding member
Henri Cartier-Bresson France Deceased 1947–2004 Founding member; Contributor from 1966[24]
Chien-Chi Chang Taiwan Active (full Member) 1995–[43] Member from 2001[43]
Bruce Davidson United States Active (Contributor) 1956–[44] Member from 1959[44]
Carl de Keyzer Belgium Active (full Member) 1990–[45] Member from 1994[45]
Cristina de Middel Spain Active (full Member)[7] 2017–
Luc Delahaye France Withdrawn 1994–2004
Raymond Depardon France Active (Contributor) 1978– Associate Member from 1978; Member from 1979[46]
Bieke Depoorter Belgium Active (full Member) 2012–[47]
Carolyn Drake United States Active (Full member) 2015–[37]
Thomas Dworzak Germany Active (full Member) 2000– Nominee from 2000; member from 2004[48]
Nikos Economopoulos Greece Active (full Member) 1990– Member from 1994[49]
Elliott Erwitt France / United States Deceased 1953–2023[50] Member from 1954[50]
Martine Franck Belgium Deceased 1980–2012[51] Member from 1983[51]
Stuart Franklin United Kingdom Active (full Member) 1985–[52] Member from 1990.[52]
Leonard Freed United States Deceased 1956[53]–2006 Member from 1972[53]
Gisèle Freund France Deceased 1947–1954[54]
Paul Fusco United States Deceased 1974–2020 Member from 1974
Cristina García Rodero Spain Active (full Member) 2005–[55] Member from 2009[55]
Jean Gaumy France Active (full Member) 1977–[56] Member from 1986[56]
Bruce Gilden United States Active (full Member) 1998–[57] Member from 2002[57]
Burt Glinn United States Deceased 1951[58]–2008 Associate Member from 1951;[25] Member from 1954[58]
Mark Godfrey United States Withdrawn 1974–1981[24]
Jim Goldberg United States Active (full Member) 2002–[59] Member from 2006[59]
Philip Jones Griffiths United Kingdom Deceased 1966–2008 Associate Member from 1966; Member from 1971[60]
Harry Gruyaert Belgium Active (Contributor) 1981–[61] Member from 1986[61]
Ara Güler Turkey Deceased
Ernst Haas Austria Deceased 1950[24]–1986 Contributor from 1966[24]
Gregory Halpern United States Active (full Member) 2018– Nominee from 2018[62]
Philippe Halsman Russia (Latvia) / United States Deceased 1951[63]–1979 Contributing member from 1956[63]
Hiroshi Hamaya Japan Deceased 1960–1999 Associate Member from 1960[64]
Charles Harbutt United States Withdrawn 1964–1981[24]
Erich Hartmann Germany / United States Deceased 1951[24][65]–1999 Member from 1952[65]
David Alan Harvey United States Was full Member but suspended then resigned 1993–2020[24][66][15] Member from 1997.[66] Harvey received a one-year suspension in 2020 following sexual misconduct allegations.[15] Magnum voted to remove him as a member and he resigned in 2021 before the board had their final meeting regarding the matter.[67]
Nanna Heitmann Germany/Russia Active (full Member) 2019– Nominee from 2019
Bob Henriques United States Deceased[68] 1957–1961 (circa)
Tim Hetherington United Kingdom Deceased 2011 Posthumous acceptance; Hetherington was preparing to apply to Magnum at the time of his death.[69]
Abigail Heyman United States Deceased 1970s;
Thomas Hoepker Germany Active (full Member) 1964–2024[70] Member from 1989; president 2003–2006.[70]
Sohrab Hura India Active (full member)[7] 2014– Nominee member from 2014;[71] Associate member from 2018;[72] full member from 2020[73]
David Hurn United Kingdom Active (full Member) 1965–[74] Associate Member from 1965;[75] Member from 1967[74]
Richard Kalvar United States Active (full Member) 1975[24]– Associate Member from 1975; Member from 1977.[76]
Sakir Khader Netherlands / Palestine Active (Nominee) 2024– Nominee since 2024.[77]
Josef Koudelka Czech Republic Active (Contributor) 1971[24]– Associate Member from 1971; Member from 1974.[78]
Kent Klich Sweden Withdrawn 1998–2002
Hiroji Kubota Japan Active (full Member) 1971– Associate Member from 1971;[79] Member from 1989.[80]
Dorothea Lange United States Deceased Nonmember correspondent 1956[24]–
Sergio Larraín Chile Deceased 1959–2012 Associate Member from 1959; Member from 1961; Contributor from 1970[81]
Russell Lee United States Deceased Nonmember correspondent 1956[24]–
Guy Le Querrec France Active (full Member) 1976–[82] Member from 1977.[82]
Erich Lessing Austria Deceased 1950–[83] 2018 Member from 1955;[84] later Contributor[83] until his death in 2018
Herbert List Germany Deceased Contributor 1951–1975[85]
Paul Lowe[86] United Kingdom Withdrawn
Danny Lyon United States Withdrawn 1966–1968[24]
Alex Majoli Italy Active (full Member) 1996–[87] Member from 2001.[87]
Constantine Manos United States Active (contributor) 1963[24]–[88] Member from 1965.[88]
Mary Ellen Mark United States Deceased 1977–1981[24]
Diana Markosian Armenia Withdrawn 2016–2019 Nominee Member from 2016[89]
Peter Marlow United Kingdom Deceased[90] 1986–2016 Member from 1986[91] to his death in 2016.
Fred Mayer Switzerland Withdrawn 1967[92] – 2009
Don McCullin United Kingdom Withdrawn 1968–1969[24]
Steve McCurry United States Active (Contributor) 1986– Member from 1986.[93]
Susan Meiselas United States Active (full Member) 1976–[94] Member from 1980.[94]
Lorenzo Meloni Italy Active (full Member) 2015–[37] Nominee from 2015;[37] Associate member from 2018[95]
Rafał Milach Poland Active (full Member) 2018– Nominee from 2018[62]
Wayne F. Miller United States Deceased Nonmember correspondent 1956[24]–1958; member 1958[24]–2013 Member from 1958, later a contributor.[96]
Inge Morath Austria Deceased 1953[97]–2002 Member from 1955.[97]
Richard Mosse Ireland Withdrawn 2015–[37]
James Nachtwey United States Withdrawn 1986–2001
Dominic Nahr [de] Switzerland Withdrawn 2010–2015
Emin Özmen Turkey Active (full Member) 2017–
Trent Parke Australia Active (full Member) 2002–[98] Member from 2007.[98]
Suzy Parker United States Deceased According to John G. Morris, "Capa showed model Suzy Parker how to take pictures, and for a while she was listed as a Magnum photographer".[99]
Martin Parr United Kingdom Active (full Member) 1988–[100] Member from 1994.[100]
Paolo Pellegrin Italy Active (full Member) 2001–[101] Nominee from 2001; Member from 2005.[101]
Gilles Peress France Active (Contributor) 1970–[102] As of 2010, a Contributor.[102]
Gueorgui Pinkhassov Russia Active (Contributor) 1986–[103] Member from 1994.[103]
Mark Power United Kingdom Active (full Member) 2002–[104] Member from 2007.[104]
Raghu Rai India Active (Contributor) 1977–
Eli Reed United States Active (full Member) 1983–
Lua Ribeira Spain Active (full Member) 2018– Nominee from 2018[62]
Marc Riboud France Deceased 1955[24]–2016
Eugene Richards United States Withdrawn 1983–
Miguel Rio Branco Brazil Active (Correspondent) 1978– Associate Member from 1980[105][106]
George Rodger United Kingdom Deceased 1947–1995 Founding member; Contributor from 1970[24]
Sebastião Salgado Brazil Withdrawn 1979–1994
Moises Saman Spain Active (full member)[107] 2010– Nominee member from 2010; full member from 2014
Alessandra Sanguinetti United States / Argentina Active (full Member) 2007–
Lise Sarfati France Withdrawn 1997–
Ferdinando Scianna Italy Active (Contributor)[108] 1982– Member from 1989[109]
Jérôme Sessini France Active (full Member) 2012–[110]
David Seymour Poland, France, United States Deceased 1947–1956 Founding member
Marilyn Silverstone United States / Nepal Deceased 1964– Associate Member from 1964, Full Member from 1967, Contributor from 1975[111]
W. Eugene Smith United States Withdrawn[112] 1957[24]–1958[113] Deceased
Lindokuhle Sobekwa South Africa Active (Associate) 2018– Nominee from 2018[62]
Jacob Aue Sobol Denmark Active (full Member) 2007–
Alec Soth United States Active (full Member) 2004– Nominee from 2004; Member from 2008[114]
Chris Steele-Perkins United Kingdom Active (full Member) 1979– Nominee from 1979; Associate Member from 1981; Member from 1983[115]
Dennis Stock United States Deceased 1951–2009 Associate Member from 1951; Member from 1957[116]
Matt Stuart United Kingdom Withdrawn 2016–2018 Nominee Member from 2016[89]
Mikhael Subotzky South Africa Active (Full member) 2007–
Krijn Taconis [nl] Netherlands Withdrawn 1954[24]–1960[24] Deceased
Newsha Tavakolian Iran Active (Full member)[7] 2015–[37]
Nicolas Tikhomiroff Russia / France Withdrawn 1959–2016 Deceased
Larry Towell Canada Active (full Member) 1988–
Ilkka Uimonen Finland Withdrawn 2002–
Burk Uzzle United States Withdrawn 1967–1983[117] 1979–1980 President[117]
Peter van Agtmael United States Active (Full Member) 2008– Nominee from 2008, associate from 2011, and full member from 2013.[27][28]
William Vandivert United States Deceased 1947[118]–1948[119] Founding member
John Vink [de] Belgium Withdrawn 1993–2007[120] Member from 1997[121]
Alex Webb United States Active (full Member) 1976–
Simon Wheatley [fa] Singapore Withdrawn 2005–2011
Donovan Wylie United Kingdom Withdrawn 1992–2017 Member from 1997[122]
Sim Chi Yin Singapore Withdrawn 2018– Nominee from 2018[62]
Patrick Zachmann France Active (full Member) 1985–

Publications

[edit]
  • America in Crisis. New York, NY: Ridge Press; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. ISBN 9780030810206. Text by Mitchel Levitas, edited by Charles Harbutt and Lee Jones, photographs by Eve Arnold, Cornell Capa, Bruce Davidson, Elliott Erwitt, Burt Glinn, Philip Jones Griffiths, Charles Harbutt, Danny Lyon, Constantine Manos, Donald McCullin, Dennis Stock, Mary Ellen Mark and possibly others.
  • In Our Time: The World as Seen by Magnum Photographers. New York; London: W W Norton & Co Inc, 1989. ISBN 0-393-02767-8. By William Manchester. With essays by Manchester ("Images: a Wide Angle"), Jean Lacouture ("The Founders") and Fred Ritchin ("What is Magnum?"), and "Biographical Notes and Selected Bibliographies" and "Bibliography and Chronology of Magnum" by Stuart Alexander.
  • Magnum Landscape. London: Phaidon, 1996. With a foreword by Ian Jeffrey and texts by Henri Peretz, "The Phenomenon of Landscape" and "Chronology of Landscape Photography".
  • magnum°. London: Phaidon, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7148-4356-8. Text by Michael Ignatieff, design by Julia Hasting.
  • Magnum Stories by Chris Boot. London: Phaidon, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-4245-1.
  • Our World in Focus. London: Trolley Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904563-22-8.
  • Magnum Magnum. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. Edited by Brigitte Lardinois.[123]
  • Pop Sixties by Magnum Photos. New York, NY: Abrams, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8109-9526-0.
  • Reading Magnum: A Visual Archive of the Modern World, edited by Steven Hoelscher. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-292-74843-9.
  • Magnum Analog Recovery. Paris: Le Bal, 2017. Edited by Diane Dufour, Pierre Haurquet and Anna Planas. English (ISBN 9782919430000) and French editions.
  • Magnum Manifesto. London: Thames and Hudson, 2017. ISBN 978-0500544556. English, French and Italian editions.
  • Euro Visions. Paris: Steidl/Magnum in Partnership with the Centre Pompidou, 2006. ISBN 978-3865212238. English.
  • Georgian Spring: A Magnum Journal. London: Chris Boot in Partnership with the Georgian Ministry of Culture,[124] 2009. ISBN 978-1905712151. English and Georgian editions.
  • Magnum Cycling. London: Thames & Hudson, 2016. With text by Guy Andrews. ISBN 978-0500544570. English.
  • Paris: Magnum. Flammarion, 2014. ISBN 978-2080301529. English and French editions.
  • Women Changing India. University of Chicago Press, in Partnership with BNP Paribas,[125] 2013. ISBN 978-8189884970. English.
  • Magnum Chronicles 01: a Brief Visual History in the Time of ISIS. Magnum, 2018. Newspaper format. Text in English and Arabic.
  • Magnum Streetwise: the ultimate collection of street photography from Magnum Photos. London; New York: Thames & Hudson, 2019. Edited by Stephen McLaren. Photographs from various Magnum photographers. ISBN 978-0500545072.[126][127]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Russell Miller, Magnum: Fifty Years at the Front Line of History (New York: Grove, 1998; ISBN 0-8021-3653-2), pp. 49–50.
  2. ^ Miller, Magnum, p. 53
  3. ^ a b Miller, Magnum, p.51.
  4. ^ Die Leica-Geschichte, TV-Documentary, can be viewed here (YouTube).
  5. ^ Miller, Magnum, p.49.
  6. ^ "Magnum Photos History of Magnum". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Annual General Meeting (AGM)". Magnum Photos. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  8. ^ "Magnum Photos History of Magnum". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  9. ^ Miller, Magnum, p.127.
  10. ^ Miller, Magnum, pp. 70, 97, 106.
  11. ^ a b c Beaumont, Peter (14 August 2020). "Magnum reviewing archive as concerns raised about images of child sexual exploitation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  12. ^ Bishara, Hakim (17 August 2020). "Magnum Photos Will Reexamine Its Archive Following Outcry Against Child Exploitation Images". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Magnum Investigating Archive over Images of Alleged Child Sexual Abuse". Artforum. 17 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  14. ^ "After allegations of child abuse imagery in their archive, Magnum photo agency announce major review". The Art Newspaper. 17 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  15. ^ a b c Chick, Kristen (21 December 2020). "Magnum's moment of reckoning". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020.
  16. ^ Randy Kennedy (1 February 2010). "News Photos, on the Move, Make News". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  17. ^ Press Release (2 February 2010). "Historic Photo Print Archive, Featuring Iconic 20th Century Images, Has New Owner and Home". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  18. ^ Gerald Rich (4 February 2010). "UT Receives Historical Treasure: Harry Ransom Center acquires 20th-century photography archive". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 9 February 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^ Michael J. de la Merced (21 September 2013). "Dell-Led Trio to Donate Magnum Photo Archive to University of Texas". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  20. ^ Harry Ransom Center. "Magnum Photos, Inc.: A Preliminary Inventory of Its Collection in the Photography Collection at the Harry Ransom Center". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  21. ^ "Magnum Photos Event". pro.magnumphotos.com.
  22. ^ a b "Abbas", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  23. ^ Photos, A. Abbas / Magnum (26 April 2018). "Photojournalist Abbas – a career in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Chronology, Magnum Photos (London: Thames & Hudson, 2008; ISBN 978-0-500-41094-3), not paginated.
  25. ^ a b "Burt Glinn", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  26. ^ "Eve Arnold", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  27. ^ a b "Magnum Photos appoints new full members – British Journal of Photography". bjp-online.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  28. ^ a b Murg, Stephanie (9 July 2013). "Magnum Photos Adds Olivia Arthur and Peter van Agtmael as Full Members". Adweek. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  29. ^ "Micha Bar-Am", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  30. ^ "Bruno Barbey". brunobarbey.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  31. ^ a b "Bruno Barbey", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  32. ^ Mercier, Clémentine (9 November 2020). "Mort de Bruno Barbey, figure de l'âge d'or du photojournalisme". Libération. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  33. ^ "Jonas Bendiksen", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  34. ^ "Magnum Photos Photographer Profile". magnumphotos.com.
  35. ^ Manchester, William (1989). In Our Time: The World as Seen by Magnum Photographers. W W Norton & Co Inc. ISBN 0-393-02767-8.
  36. ^ "Werner Bischof", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  37. ^ a b c d e f "Magnum announces latest nominees". British Journal of Photography. 162 (7839): 7. 2015.
  38. ^ "Michael Christopher Brown joins Magnum Photos [update]". Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  39. ^ "Magnum Photos Names 6 New Nominees". 29 June 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  40. ^ "Newsroom". Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  41. ^ "Rene Burri", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  42. ^ "Cornell Capa", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  43. ^ a b "Chien-Chi Chang", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  44. ^ a b "Bruce Davidson", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  45. ^ a b "Carl De Keyzer", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  46. ^ "Raymond Depardon", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  47. ^ "Magnum Photos Photographer Profile". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  48. ^ "Thomas Dworzak", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  49. ^ "Nikos Economopoulos", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  50. ^ a b "Elliott Erwitt", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  51. ^ a b "Martine Franck", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  52. ^ a b "Stuart Franklin", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  53. ^ a b "Leonard Freed", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  54. ^ Meeker, Carlene. "Gisèle Freund". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  55. ^ a b "Cristina García Rodero", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  56. ^ a b "Jean Gaumy", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  57. ^ a b "Bruce Gilden", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  58. ^ a b "Burt Glinn", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  59. ^ a b "Jim Goldberg", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  60. ^ "Philip Jones Griffiths", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  61. ^ a b "Harry Gruyaert", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  62. ^ a b c d e "Magnum Photos' international new wave of Nominees – British Journal of Photography". British Journal of Photography. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  63. ^ a b "Philippe Halsman", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  64. ^ Amanda Hopkinson (26 March 1999). "Have camera, will travel". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  65. ^ a b "Erich Hartmann", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  66. ^ a b "David Alan Harvey", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  67. ^ "Photographer David Alan Harvey resigns from Magnum after sexual abuse allegations". theartnewspaper.com. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  68. ^ "Magnum Photos". pro.magnumphotos.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  69. ^ "Tim Hetherington • Photographer Profiles • Magnum Photos". Magnum Photos. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  70. ^ a b "Profiles – Thomas Hoepker". Magnum Photos. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  71. ^ "Magnum elects Sohrab Hura as newest nominee". British Journal of Photography. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  72. ^ "Magnum Photos' international new wave of Nominees". British Journal of Photography. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  73. ^ "Magnum signs five new photographers after its lack of diversity comes under attack". theartnewspaper.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  74. ^ a b "David Hurn", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  75. ^ "David Hurn", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  76. ^ "Richard Kalvar", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  77. ^ "Sakir Khader | Magnum Photos Magnum Photos". Magnum Photos. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  78. ^ "Josef Koudelka", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  79. ^ "Hiroji Kubota", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  80. ^ "Hiroji Kubota", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  81. ^ "Sergio Larrain", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  82. ^ a b "Guy Le Querrec", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  83. ^ a b "Erich Lessing", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  84. ^ "Erich Lessing", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  85. ^ "Herbert List", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  86. ^ "Paul Lowe | Magnum Consortium". www.magnumconsortium.net. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  87. ^ a b "Alex Majoli", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  88. ^ a b "Constantine Manos", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  89. ^ a b Bainbridge, Simon (27 June 2016). "Magnum Photos announces two new nominee members following its 69th AGM". British Journal of Photography. Apptitude Media Ltd. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  90. ^ O'Hagan, Sean (3 March 2016). "Peter Marlow obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
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  92. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  93. ^ "Steve McCurry", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  94. ^ a b "Susan Meiselas", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  95. ^ "Magnum Photos' international new wave of Nominees – British Journal of Photography". bjp-online.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  96. ^ "Wayne Miller", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
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  98. ^ a b "Trent Parke", Magnum Photos. Retrieved 20 March 2010
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  112. ^ Shadow and Substance (McGraw-Hill, 1989), p. 397: "'I think it will be more interesting, and more profitable – with more work used, and uniquely used.' That was the positive view. The negative aspect is found in a draft for a letter to Magnum in which Gene tried to respond to a recent decision by Magnum's members to censure him: 'I stand thoroughly censured, I'm broke, desperate, tired – however, the censure is right, I am guilty. I trust that the photographers of Magnum are willing to stand on their public records. I trust that the photographers of Magnum are willing that I publicly evaluate them accordingly as they have achieved. I am not interested in their excuses accordingly to their private confessions. Their blames, including Smith, will not be of my concern.'"
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Further reading

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