Mangifera odorata
| Mangifera odorata | |
|---|---|
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| Mangifera odorata tree from Pandeglang, Banten (western Java), Indonesia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | Mangifera |
| Species: | M. odorata
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| Binomial name | |
| Mangifera odorata | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Mangifera odorata, commonly known as kwini (also spelled kuini, kuweni, kuwini, etc.),[4] huani,[5] or Saipan mango,[2] is a species of plant with edible fruit in the family Anacardiaceae.[1] It is similar to the related mango but is characterized by a strong turpentine-like smell on the skin and fibrous flesh. It is native to tropical Southeast Asia, but its exact original native range is unknown because it is only known from cultivated specimens and is believed to be a hybrid of Mangifera indica and Mangifera foetida. It is grown throughout Southeast Asia, from peninsular Thailand, to Malaysia, Indonesia and the southern Philippines.[6][7][8] It has also been occasionally cultivated in southern Vietnam and the Marianas Islands.[9]
Description
[edit]
The fruit of M. odorata has a skin that is yellow to green in colour.[6] The flesh of the fruit has an orange to yellow colour and is sour or sweet when eaten.[6] The fruits are round in shape and have a smooth skin that range from yellow-green.[6][10] The tree flowers have a pleasant fragrance.[6][10]
It is a polymorphic species, and some varieties are known by different names, like the bembem which a stronger smell; the gandarassa of Banten, Indonesia which is sweeter and less pungent; and the sangay of Jolo, Philippines, which has yellow skin when ripe instead of green or yellowish green.[8]
Morphology
[edit]Mangifera odorata is a fruit plant that grows approximately 10–15 m in height, hardly ever growing past 20 m.[6] The crown has a wide round shape.[6] The trunk stands in an upright straight position that appears to have a grayish colour "containing an irritant sap".[6] Leaf morphology is "oblong-lance shaped" that has a "non-wavy edge".[6] Veins are also noticeable on the leaf.[6]
The plant has flowers are approximately 6 mm wide, emit a pleasant scent as well as appear to be yellowish-green in colour.[6] The rachis has a reddish-brown colour.[6] Petals are lance-shaped and at the base have a yellowish colour but turn dark red later on.[6] The apex or tip of the petal is pale pink in colour.[6] The sepals which appear to be brown-red or partly green in colour look oval shaped and are roughly 3–4 mm long.[6] Within the flower, there is 1 fertile stamen that serve in reproduction and is about 5 mm in length.[6] The staminodes which are approximately 1.5–2 mm long.[6] Another reproductive organ called the ovary is round in shape, yellowish to dark red and about 3–5 mm in length.[6] The pollen is "elliptic and tapering towards poles"[10]
The fruit has a yellow to green skin colour.[6][10] When it is ripe the skin turns green.[10] The flesh is orange to yellow and can taste sweet or sour when consumed.[6] The seed inside is both flat in shape with a hairy/fibrous surface.[6]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The exact origins of Mangifera odorata are unknown.[6][11] However, the species represents a hybrid between the mango, Mangifera indica and the horse mango, Mangifera foetida.[6][7][12] It is grown throughout Southeast Asia, from peninsular Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the southern Philippines.[6][7][8] It has also been occasionally cultivated in southern Vietnam and the Marianas Islands.[9]
Mangifera odorata thrives in tropical wet climates which have both heavy and moderate rainfall.[6] However, they are unable to survive and grow in places that have continuous dry climates.[6] M. odorata is common in cultivation but does not normally grow in the wild.[6]
Pests
[edit]Mangifera odorata is known to be a major host of Bactrocera dorsalis, Ciripestis eutraphera, Coptotermes, Coptotermes cuvignathus, Cryptorhynchus frigidus, Deanolis albizonalis, Marasmiellus scandens and Marasmius crinis-equi.[13]
As food
[edit]M.odorata is a fruit which can be consumed.[11] While it can be consumed in its raw form, the fruit is usually made or incorporated into something else such as chutneys.[7] M. odorata fruit pulp is also a good source of nutrition.[14] When M.odorata has not reached maturity, its pulp is a good source for "dietary fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E".[14] The mature pulp is good to eat because of "protein, ash, fat, soluble carbohydrate and B vitamin".[14] The fruit's seed kernel is "rich in fat, protein, carbohydrate, and ash".[15] The peel or skin is a great source of "fibre, minerals, β-Carotene and ascorbic acid".[15]
Conservation status
[edit]They are considered to be data deficient and are not label as endangered, threatened, or extinct.[1] Their genetic material is stored in germplasm repositories where it may be used for future cultivar and research uses.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Mangifera odorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T31401A9630399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31401A9630399.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Mangifera odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ "Mangifera odorata Griff". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Mangifera odorata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Cortaga, Cris Q.; Lachica, John Albert P.; Lantican, Darlon V.; Ocampo, Eureka Teresa M. (December 2022). "Genome-wide SNP and InDel analysis of three Philippine mango species inferred from whole-genome sequencing". Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 20 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s43141-022-00326-3. PMC 8917249. PMID 35275322.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Bompard, JM (1991). Mangifera odorata Griffith. Wagenigen, Netherlands: Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, editors. pp. 218–220.
- ^ a b c d Teo, L. L.; Kiew, R.; Set, O.; Lee, S. K.; Gan, Y. Y. (2002). "Hybrid status of kuwini, Mangifera odorata Griff. (Anacardiaceae) verified by amplified fragment length polymorphism". Molecular Ecology. 11 (8): 1465–1469. Bibcode:2002MolEc..11.1465T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01550.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 12144666. S2CID 21114338.
- ^ a b c Mangifera odorata Griffith (PDF). Agroforestree database, World Agroforestry Centre.
- ^ a b "Mangifera odorata Griffith". PROSEA. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Sankaran, M.; Dinesh, M. R.; Chaitra, N.; Ravishankar, K. V. (2018). "Morphological, Cytological, Palynological and Molecular Characterization of Certain Mangifera Species" (PDF). Current Science. 115 (7): 1379–1384. doi:10.18520/cs/v115/i7/1379-1386. ISSN 0011-3891. S2CID 132914531.
- ^ a b c Knight, Robert J.; Schnell, Raymond J. (1994). "Mango Introduction in Florida and the 'Haden' Cultivar's Significance to the Modern Industry". Economic Botany. 48 (2): 139–145. Bibcode:1994EcBot..48..139K. doi:10.1007/BF02908201. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4255600. S2CID 20407156.
- ^ Yonemori, K.; Honsho, C.; Kanzaki, S.; Eiadthong, W.; Sugiura, A. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of Mangifera species revealed by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a possibility of their hybrid origin". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 231 (1/4): 59–72. Bibcode:2002PSyEv.231...59Y. doi:10.1007/s006060200011. ISSN 0378-2697. JSTOR 23644347. S2CID 23331942.
- ^ "Mangifera odorata (kurwini mango)". 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ a b c Gámez, Ignacio Barbosa; Montoya, Karla P. Caballero; Ledesma, Noris; Ayerdi, Sonia G. Sáyago; Magaña, María de Lourdes García; Wettberg, Eric J. Bishop von; Montalvo-González, Efigenia (2017). "Changes in the nutritional quality of five Mangifera species harvested at two maturity stages". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97 (14): 4987–4994. Bibcode:2017JSFA...97.4987B. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8377. ISSN 1097-0010. PMID 28406526.
- ^ a b Lasano, Nur Fatimah; Hamid, Azizah Haji; Karim, Roselina; Dek, Mohd Sabri Pak; Shukri, Radhiah; Shazini Ramli, Nurul (2019). "Nutritional Composition, Anti-Diabetic Properties and Identification of Active Compounds Using UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS in Mangifera odorata L. Peel and Seed Kernel". Molecules. 24 (2): 320. doi:10.3390/molecules24020320. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6359265. PMID 30654598.
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