Marbofloxacin

Marbofloxacin
Clinical data
Trade names	XeniQuin bolus & Injection (Opsonin Agrovet BD)
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of; administration	By mouth
ATCvet code	QJ01MA93 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyridol(3,2,1-ij)(4,2,1)benzoxadiazin-6 carboxylic acid;
CAS Number	115550-35-1 ;
ChemSpider	54663 ;
UNII	8X09WU898T;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL478120 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4046600 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.168.181
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C17H19FN4O4
Molar mass	362.361 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES Fc4cc1c2N(/C=C(\C1=O)C(=O)O)N(COc2c4N3CCN(C)CC3)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H19FN4O4/c1-19-3-5-21(6-4-19)14-12(18)7-10-13-16(14)26-9-20(2)22(13)8-11(15(10)23)17(24)25/h7-8H,3-6,9H2,1-2H3,(H,24,25) ; Key:BPFYOAJNDMUVBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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Marbofloxacin is a carboxylic acid derivative third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine under the brand names Marbocyl, Forcyl, Marbo vet and Zeniquin. A formulation of marbofloxacin combined with clotrimazole and dexamethasone is available under the name Aurizon (CAS number 115550-35-1).

Mechanism of action

Its mechanism of action is not thoroughly understood, but it is believed to be similar to the other fluoroquinolones by impairing the bacterial DNA gyrase which results in rapid bactericidal activity.^[1] The other proposed mechanisms include that it acts against nondividing bacteria and does not require protein and RNA synthesis, which block protein and RNA synthesis respectively.^[2]^{[clarification needed]}

Activity

Marbofloxacin is a synthetic, broad spectrum bactericidal agent. The bactericidal activity of marbofloxacin is concentration dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 20–30 minutes of exposure. Like other fluoroquinolones, marbofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both gram– and + bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication.^[3]

It has good activity against many gram-negative bacilli and cocci, is effective against:

Aeromonas
Brucella
Campylobacter
Chlamydia trachomatis
Enterobacter
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus
Klebsiella spp
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Proteus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Staphylococci (including penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant strains)
Vibrio
Yersinia

Application

Marbofloxacin can be used both orally and topically. It is particularly used for infections of the skin, respiratory system and mammary glands in dogs and cats, as well as with urinary tract infections. For dogs, a dose ranges from 2.75 - 5.5 mg/kg once a day. The duration of treatment is usually at least five days, longer if there is a concurrent fungal or yeast infection.^[4] Maximum duration of treatment is 30 days.^[3]

Contraindications and side effects

Marbofloxacin should usually be avoided in young animals because of potential cartilage abnormalities. In rare occasion, it can cause central nervous system (CNS) stimulation and should be used with caution in patients with seizure disorders.^[3] Under certain conditions it can cause discomfort such as cramps, treatable with diazepam. Other adverse effects are usually limited to gastrointestinal tract (GI) distress (vomiting, anorexia, soft stools, diarrhoea) and decreased activity.^[3]

References

^ Boothe, D.M. (2001) Antimicrobial drugs. In Small Animal ClinicalPharmacology and Therapeutics, pp. 150–173. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
^ Hunter RP, Koch DE, Coke RL, Carpenter JW, Isaza R. Identification and comparison of marbofloxacin metabolites from the plasma of ball pythons (Python regius) and blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jun;30(3):257-62.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Plumb DC (ed). Plumb's Veterinary Handbook, 7th ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011.
^ Rougier S, Borell D, Pheulpin S, Woehrlé F, Boisramé B (October 2005). "A comparative study of two antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory formulations in the treatment of canine otitis externa". Veterinary Dermatology. 16 (5): 299–307. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00465.x. PMID 16238809. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.

[1] Boothe, D.M. (2001) Antimicrobial drugs. In Small Animal ClinicalPharmacology and Therapeutics, pp. 150–173. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.

[2] Hunter RP, Koch DE, Coke RL, Carpenter JW, Isaza R. Identification and comparison of marbofloxacin metabolites from the plasma of ball pythons (Python regius) and blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna). J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jun;30(3):257-62.

[:0-3] Plumb DC (ed). Plumb's Veterinary Handbook, 7th ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011.

[pmid16238809-4] Rougier S, Borell D, Pheulpin S, Woehrlé F, Boisramé B (October 2005). "A comparative study of two antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory formulations in the treatment of canine otitis externa". Veterinary Dermatology. 16 (5): 299–307. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00465.x. PMID 16238809. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.

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