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Moses Lake, Washington

Coordinates: 47°7′16″N 119°17′18″W / 47.12111°N 119.28833°W / 47.12111; -119.28833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city. For the eponymous lake, see Moses Lake.

Moses Lake, Washington
City
Downtown Moses Lake
Downtown Moses Lake
Location of Moses Lake in Grant County, Washington
Location of Moses Lake in Grant County, Washington
Coordinates: 47°7′16″N 119°17′18″W / 47.12111°N 119.28833°W / 47.12111; -119.28833
CountryUnited States
StateWashington
CountyGrant
Founded1911
IncorporatedSeptember 15, 1938
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager[1]
 • MayorDon Myers
Area
[2]
 • City
21.10 sq mi (54.65 km2)
 • Land18.14 sq mi (46.97 km2)
 • Water2.96 sq mi (7.67 km2)
Elevation
[4]
1,070 ft (326 m)
Population
 (2020)[5]
 • City
25,146
 • Estimate 
(2023)[6]
26,299
 • Density1,450.13/sq mi (559.89/km2)
 • Urban
38,751[3]
 • Metro
102,678 (US: 29th)
Time zoneUTC–8 (Pacific (PST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC–7 (PDT)
ZIP Code
98837
Area code509
FIPS code53-47245
GNIS feature ID1512481[4]
Websitecityofml.com

Moses Lake is a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. The population was 25,146 as of the 2020 census.[5] Moses Lake is the largest city in Grant County. The city anchors the Moses Lake Micropolitan area, which includes all of Grant County and is part of the Moses Lake–Othello combined statistical area.

Moses Lake, on which the city lies, is made up of three main arms over 18 miles (29 km) long and up to one mile (1.6 km) wide. It is the largest natural body of fresh water in Grant County and has over 120 miles (190 km) of shoreline covering 6,500 acres (2,600 ha). Before it was dammed in the early 1900s and then incorporated into the Columbia Basin Project, Moses Lake was a smaller shallow lake.[7] To the south of the town is the Potholes Reservoir and the Columbia National Wildlife Refuge that has a number of seep lakes and vast amounts of migratory birds and other fauna natural to the area.

History

[edit]
Moses Lake War Memorial
Aerial view of Moses Lake and Potholes Reservoir

Before the construction of Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in 1941 and Moses Lake Army Air Base in 1942 the area was largely barren. Native Americans knew the area as Houaph, which meant willow. Chief Moses was leader of the Sinkiuse tribe from 1859 to 1899, and was forced to negotiate with white settlers who began to settle in the area in the 1880s. Under pressure from the government, Chief Moses traded the Columbia Basin land for a reservation that stretched from Lake Chelan north to the Canada–US border. The government later traded again for what is now the Colville Indian Reservation.

The new settlers named the lake in honor of Chief Moses. The city was originally named Neppel, after a town in Germany where one of the original settlers had lived.[8] The first settlers established fisheries and farms — some of the first exported items were carp, jackrabbits and fruit — but irrigation attempts failed and settlers left at about the same rate as they came. When the town was incorporated and renamed Moses Lake in 1938, the population was estimated at 302 people.[9]

The arrival of the air base in 1942 and irrigation water pumped from Grand Coulee Dam in 1955 offered newcomers a reason and a way to settle in an area that previously had little to offer other than good fishing and a place to water sheep and cattle. Moses Lake was quickly transformed into a hub for a vast region where transportation, agriculture and recreation came together.[10]

The air base was built to train World War II pilots to fly the P-38 Lightning and B-17 Flying Fortress, two planes that were essential to the war effort. The base was closed after the war ended, but reopened in 1948 as a U.S. Air Force base and test area for Boeing's B-47 Stratojet and B-50 Superfortress.

The B-47 tests led to development of modern commercial jetliners still used today. Fighter jets were stationed there to protect Grand Coulee Dam to the north and the Hanford site to the south. Boeing still uses the airport as a test and evaluation facility for its aircraft. Japan Airlines used the airport as a training area from November 1968 until March 2009. The old air base is now owned by the Port of Moses Lake and is home to Grant County International Airport, Big Bend Community College and several businesses.

Farmers, meanwhile, had developed new methods to irrigate water from the lake and from the Columbia River and began planting expansive irrigated acreage. When the Columbia Basin Project began to deliver water to the area in the mid-1950s, farms expanded by thousands of acres, growing potatoes, corn, onions, carrots and sugar beets.

In little more than a decade, Moses Lake's population grew from 300 to 2,679 in 1950. Today, the population is 25,146 (2020 census).

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.10 square miles (54.65 km2), of which 18.14 square miles (46.98 km2) is land and 2.96 square miles (7.67 km2) is water.[2]

Landscape

[edit]
Moses Lake.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1940326—
19502,679721.8%
196011,299321.8%
197010,310−8.8%
198010,6293.1%
199011,2355.7%
200014,95333.1%
201020,36636.2%
202025,14623.5%
2023 (est.)26,299[6]4.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[11]
2020 Census[5]

2020 census

[edit]
Moses Lake, Washington – racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / ethnicity (NH = non-Hispanic) Pop. 2000[12] Pop. 2010[13] Pop. 2020[14] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 10,314 13,063 13,637 68.98% 64.14% 54.23%
Black or African American alone (NH) 238 283 299 1.59% 1.39% 1.19%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 120 135 151 0.80% 0.66% 0.60%
Asian alone (NH) 208 286 667 1.39% 1.40% 2.65%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 10 24 46 0.07% 0.12% 0.18%
Other race alone (NH) 16 35 117 0.11% 0.17% 0.47%
Mixed race or multiracial (NH) 247 417 1,095 1.65% 2.05% 4.35%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 3,800 6,123 9,134 25.41% 30.06% 36.32%
Total 14,953 20,366 25,146 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 census, there were 25,146 people, 9,564 households, and 5,982 families residing in the city.[15] The population density was 1,401.3 inhabitants per square mile (541.0/km2). There were 10,257 housing units at an average density of 571.6 inhabitants per square mile (220.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 62.74% White, 1.40% African American, 1.38% Native American, 2.74% Asian, 0.21% Pacific Islander, 17.59% from some other races and 13.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 36.32% of the population.[16] 28.7% of residents were under the age of 18, 7.0% were under 5 years of age, and 11.9% were 65 and older.

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 census, there were 20,366 people, 7,600 households, and 4,995 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,292.7 inhabitants per square mile (499.1/km2). There were 8,365 housing units at an average density of 531.1 inhabitants per square mile (205.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.35% White, 1.64% African American, 1.05% Native American, 1.46% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 14.95% from some other races and 4.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 30.06% of the population.

There were 7,600 households, of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.25.

The median age in the city was 32.1 years. 29.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the 2000 census, there were 14,953 people, 5,642 households, and 3,740 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,468.6 inhabitants per square mile (567.0/km2). There were 6,263 housing units at an average density of 615.1 inhabitants per square mile (237.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.16% White, 1.69% African American, 1.02% Native American, 1.43% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 15.44% from some other races and 3.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 25.41% of the population.

There were 5,642 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,467, and the median income for a family was $42,096. Males had a median income of $34,945 versus $25,193 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,644. About 11.0% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Climate

[edit]

Moses Lake has a dry climate, and is classed as a semi-arid climate. It is warm during summer, when temperatures tend to be in the 80s (°F) and somewhat cold during winter, when temperatures tend to be in the 30s (°F). The warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 88.20 °F (31.22 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average minimum temperature of 21.70 °F (−5.72 °C).

Temperature variations between night and day are greater during summer (27 °F (15 °C)), and less during winter (14 °F (7.8 °C)).

The annual average precipitation at Moses Lake is 7.69 inches (195 mm). Although rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, it is not unusual in mid-summer for a month or six weeks to pass without any measurable rainfall.[17] The wettest month is December with an average rainfall of 1.19 inches (30 mm).

Climate data for Moses Lake, Washington (Grant County International Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–1966, 1997–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 60
(16) 		65
(18) 		75
(24) 		89
(32) 		97
(36) 		114
(46) 		109
(43) 		112
(44) 		100
(38) 		86
(30) 		70
(21) 		68
(20) 		114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 52.2
(11.2) 		56.3
(13.5) 		68.2
(20.1) 		79.3
(26.3) 		89.9
(32.2) 		97.5
(36.4) 		103.1
(39.5) 		102.1
(38.9) 		93.3
(34.1) 		76.9
(24.9) 		62.5
(16.9) 		52.5
(11.4) 		104.5
(40.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.4
(2.4) 		44.1
(6.7) 		54.9
(12.7) 		63.7
(17.6) 		73.7
(23.2) 		80.4
(26.9) 		89.7
(32.1) 		88.3
(31.3) 		78.7
(25.9) 		62.8
(17.1) 		46.3
(7.9) 		36.2
(2.3) 		62.9
(17.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 30.1
(−1.1) 		35.3
(1.8) 		43.3
(6.3) 		50.5
(10.3) 		59.5
(15.3) 		66.2
(19.0) 		73.4
(23.0) 		72.2
(22.3) 		62.8
(17.1) 		49.9
(9.9) 		37.6
(3.1) 		29.9
(−1.2) 		50.9
(10.5)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.8
(−4.6) 		26.6
(−3.0) 		31.7
(−0.2) 		37.3
(2.9) 		45.4
(7.4) 		52.0
(11.1) 		57.2
(14.0) 		56.1
(13.4) 		47.0
(8.3) 		36.9
(2.7) 		28.8
(−1.8) 		23.5
(−4.7) 		38.9
(3.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 8.2
(−13.2) 		14.3
(−9.8) 		21.4
(−5.9) 		25.7
(−3.5) 		32.7
(0.4) 		41.9
(5.5) 		47.8
(8.8) 		46.2
(7.9) 		36.0
(2.2) 		22.5
(−5.3) 		13.3
(−10.4) 		8.0
(−13.3) 		0.7
(−17.4)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30) 		−9
(−23) 		1
(−17) 		21
(−6) 		25
(−4) 		37
(3) 		42
(6) 		42
(6) 		27
(−3) 		5
(−15) 		−19
(−28) 		−13
(−25) 		−22
(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.02
(26) 		0.65
(17) 		0.73
(19) 		0.65
(17) 		0.72
(18) 		0.73
(19) 		0.26
(6.6) 		0.15
(3.8) 		0.26
(6.6) 		0.66
(17) 		0.87
(22) 		1.11
(28) 		7.81
(198)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.7 6.8 7.2 5.5 6.2 5.0 1.7 2.0 2.8 7.1 9.7 10.3 74.0
Source: NOAA[18][19]

Economy

[edit]
The BMW i3 electric car uses carbon fiber–reinforced plastic manufactured in Moses Lake.

Moses Lake's historic economic base has been agriculture, but now includes considerable manufacturing and technology.[20] Several companies have moved to the area, including REC Silicon (one of the world's largest manufacturers of polysilicon, used in solar panels). Moses Lake has also attracted some alternative fuel companies, such as Washington Ethanol & Washington Biodiesel.

BMW, in partnership with the SGL Group, began construction in July 2010 on a $100 million carbon-fiber manufacturing plant. The plant was designed to produce 300 tons of carbon fiber per year from a single production building, and began operations in 2011. In 2013, ground was broken for a second 300-ton building, bringing projected production to 600 tons per year. In 2014, a third 300-ton building was started. When the third building is completed, SGL Moses Lake will be the largest producer of carbon fiber in the world. Mitsubishi in 2016 announced that the company would use the port of Moses Lake for its new regional jet (MRJ) FAA flight testing. The testing will be completed by the end of 2018.[21]

Several manufacturers of electric vehicle batteries have factories or research facilities in Moses Lake due to its proximity to hydroelectricity and silane processors for silicon.[22] The U.S. Department of Energy awarded grants to fund the construction of plants for Group14 and Sila Nanotechnologies that are expected to open in 2024.[23] Sila plans to expand from an initial workforce of 100 employees to 500 within a few years of operation at the factory, which will generate 20 gigawatts of battery capacity by 2026.[24]

Other major corporations that have facilities in (or are based in) Moses Lake include:

Media

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Road

[edit]

Moses Lake is bisected by two major highways that bypass the city center: Interstate 90 and State Route 17. State Route 171 and Interstate 90 Business serve the city's downtown, connecting to the two highways.

Rail

[edit]

The Columbia Basin Railroad is headquartered in Moses Lake and operates the city's railroad. It is the busiest shortline railroad in Eastern Washington.[25]

During the 1990s, a high-speed rail line between Seattle and Moses Lake was proposed, primarily to use Grant County International Airport as a satellite airport for the Seattle metropolitan area.[26]

Public transportation

[edit]

Moses Lake and Grant County are served by the Grant Transit Authority, which runs several bus routes within the city and intercity bus service to nearby Ephrata and other towns.

Airport

[edit]

Larson Air Force Base, five miles from the city of Moses Lake, originally was named Moses Lake Army Air Base. It was activated on 24 November 1942 as a World War II training center. Major Donald A. Larson, for whom the base was later renamed, was from Yakima, Washington.

The Secretary of Defense announced on November 19, 1965, that Larson was to be closed by June of the following year. Larson Air Force Base, since renamed Grant County International Airport, is now a world-class heavy jet training and testing facility used by the Boeing Company, the U.S. military and NASA.[27] The airport had hosted Japan's national carrier, Japan Airlines, from 1968 to 2008 for the training of its pilots, co-pilots, and flight engineers due to lack of runway space at airports in Japan to do touch and goes with jumbo jets.[28] Columbia Pacific Aviation now handles charter passenger service to and from Moses Lake.[29] With 4,700 acres (1,900 ha) and a main runway 13,500 feet (4,110 m) long, it is one of the largest airports in the United States.

Moses Lake is also served by the much smaller municipal airport, which has one runway.

Education

[edit]
Moses Lake Public Library, showing its distinctive hyperbolic-paraboloid roof

Schools

[edit]

Elementary schools

[edit]
  • Garden Heights Elementary
  • Groff Elementary
  • Knolls Vista Elementary
  • Lakeview Terrace Elementary
  • Larson Heights Elementary
  • Longview Elementary
  • Midway Elementary
  • North Elementary
  • Peninsula Elementary
  • Park Orchard Elementary
  • Sage Point Elementary
  • Groff Elementery

Middle schools

[edit]
  • Frontier Middle School
  • Columbia Middle School (was Chief Moses Middle School)
  • Endeavor Middle School (was Columbia Basin Secondary School)

Private schools

[edit]
  • AIM School and Gymnastics (Kindergarten and 1st Grade)
  • Glenn J. Kimber Academy
  • Moses Lake Christian Academy
  • Crest View Christian School
  • Covenant Christian School

High schools

[edit]
  • Moses Lake High School
  • Vanguard Academy
  • Digital Learning Center
  • Columbia Basin Technical Skills Center (CBTech)

Learning centers

[edit]
  • Family Services of Grant County / Head Start
  • Skillsource
  • Columbia Basin Job Corps Civilian Conservation Center

The Japanese Supplementary School of Moses Lake (モーゼスレイク補習授業校 Mōzesu Reiku Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a weekend Japanese educational program, previously operated in Moses Lake.[30]

Colleges

[edit]

1996 Frontier Middle School shooting

[edit]
Main article: 1996 Frontier Middle School shooting

On February 2, 1996, Frontier Middle School experienced a school shooting. The gunman, 14-year-old Barry Dale Loukaitis, killed his algebra teacher and two students, and held his classmates hostage before a gym coach subdued him.

Activities

[edit]
  • Spring Festival (Memorial Day weekend)
  • Moses Lake Water Sports Festival (June) (first held in June 2008)
  • Lion's Field, located Downtown near Frontier Middle School, was remodeled after a voter-approved levy. FieldTurf was installed and the first game held on the new turf was a soccer game between the Moses Lake Chiefs and the Wenatchee Panthers. The Football team opened the completed stadium on September 12, 2008.
  • Brews and Tunes (First held in February 2018)
  • Moses Lake Sand Dunes are open year-round to 4x4 and ORV enthusiasts. The Sand Dunes bring people from all over the world to play in the sand.

Sister cities

[edit]

Moses Lake has one sister city: Yonezawa, Japan.[31] On August 7, 1978, the mayor of Moses Lake, Bob Hill, wrote a letter to Mayor Toshihide Cho of Yonezawa City, inviting Yonezawa to become a "Sister City" to Moses Lake.[32] The 1981 group to visit Yonezawa City in May became the "Official Delegation" since it was during this visit that the "Sister City Agreement" between Yonezawa City and Moses Lake was signed by Mayor Bob Hill and Mayor Toshihide Cho on May 1, 1981.[32] As part of the program, a small group of high school students from both cities are invited to take part in a cultural exchange. Since its inception, over 200 students and their family members from these two communities have taken part in this exchange. The two cities continue to exchange students every summer since 1981 and marked the 40th anniversary of this program on May 1, 2021.

There is a street named after Yonezawa in Moses Lake and a street named after Moses Lake in Yonezawa. The large hawk statue located on the west end of Yonezawa Boulevard is called an Otaka Poppo. These wood carvings, known as sasano bori, are special wood carvings unique to Yonezawa. These wooden dolls have been given as gifts to Moses Lake residents can be found on display around the city and on the campus of Big Bend Community College. Japanese lanterns, some which are gifts from citizens of Yonezawa, can be found around Moses Lake on Yonezawa Boulevard and inside the Japanese Garden.

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "City Council". City of Moses Lake. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "2024 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  3. ^ "2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications". Federal Register. United States Census Bureau. December 29, 2022.
  4. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Moses Lake, Washington
  5. ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  6. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023". United States Census Bureau. November 19, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  7. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Moses Lake, USGS, GNIS
  8. ^ "Historical Perspective". City of Moses Lake. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  9. ^ "Moses Lake -- Thumbnail History". www.historylink.org. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  10. ^ "History of Moses Lake | Moses Lake, WA - Official Website". www.cityofml.com. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  11. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  12. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Moses Lake city, Washington". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  13. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Moses Lake city, Washington". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  14. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Moses Lake city, Washington". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  15. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  16. ^ "How many people live in Moses Lake city, Washington". USA Today. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  17. ^ Moses Lake Chamber of Commerce Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  19. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  20. ^ Read, Richard (May 30, 2019). "These solar workers will lose their jobs if Trump doesn't get a China deal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  21. ^ Robbins, Jefferson (June 28, 2018). "Mitsubishi makes progress on Moses Lake jet program". iFIBER One News. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  22. ^ Stiffler, Lisa (October 7, 2023). "Meet the latest next-gen battery startup to put down roots in a rural town in Washington". GeekWire. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  23. ^ Cary, Annette (April 7, 2023). "2 new Eastern WA factories aim to 'revolutionize' the electric vehicle industry". Tri-City Herald. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  24. ^ Stephens, Tod (November 29, 2023). "Moses Lake could be central to Washington's electrification push with Sila Nanotechnologies' revamped battery manufacturing facility". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  25. ^ Vantuono, William C. (November 4, 2014). "Columbia Basin Railroad busiest short line in eastern Washington State". Railway Age. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  26. ^ Whitely, Peyton (October 8, 1992). "Panel to oppose high-speed train to Moses Lake". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  27. ^ Grant County Int'l Airport Archived April 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  28. ^ pilots, co-pilots and flight engineers
  29. ^ Columbia Pacific Aviation Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  30. ^ "北米の補習授業校一覧" (Archive). MEXT. January 2, 2003. Retrieved on April 6, 2015.
  31. ^ Washington State Lt. Governor's list of Washington Sister Cities
  32. ^ a b says, SharonZornes (September 5, 2009). "About". Moses Lake - Yonezawa Sister City Exchange Program. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  33. ^ "Sidney "Sid" Ray Eudy". West Memphis, AR: Roller-Citizens Funeral Home.
  34. ^ Valkrae – About Her Home Town – Moses Lake City, April 10, 2021, retrieved June 10, 2022
[edit]
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