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Naustdal

Coordinates: 61°33′38″N 05°51′19″E / 61.56056°N 5.85528°E / 61.56056; 5.85528
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the municipality in Sunnfjord, Norway. For the village in this municipality, see Naustdal (village).
Naustdal Municipality
Naustdal kommune
Former municipality
View of the village of Naustdal
View of the village of Naustdal
Flag of Naustdal Municipality
Flag
Coat of arms of Naustdal Municipality
Coat of arms
Sogn og Fjordane within Norway
Sogn og Fjordane within Norway
Naustdal within Sogn og Fjordane
Naustdal within Sogn og Fjordane
Coordinates: 61°33′38″N 05°51′19″E / 61.56056°N 5.85528°E / 61.56056; 5.85528
CountryNorway
CountySogn og Fjordane
DistrictSunnfjord
Established1 Jan 1896
 • Preceded byFørde Municipality
Disestablished1 Jan 2020
 • Succeeded bySunnfjord Municipality
Administrative centreNaustdal
Government
 • Mayor (2007-2019)Håkon Myrvang (Ap)
Area
 (upon dissolution)
 • Total
369.49 km2 (142.66 sq mi)
 • Land355.51 km2 (137.26 sq mi)
 • Water13.98 km2 (5.40 sq mi)  3.8%
 • Rank#251 in Norway
Population
 (2019)
 • Total
2,793
 • Rank#277 in Norway
 • Density7.9/km2 (20/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase +5.2%
DemonymsNaustedøling
Naustedøl[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formNynorsk
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-1433[3]
Data from Statistics Norway

Naustdal is a former municipality in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It was located in the traditional district of Sunnfjord. The administrative centre was the village of Naustdal, which has 1,188 inhabitants (2017).[4] Other villages in Naustdal include Indrevevring and Helle. The municipality became part of Sunnfjord Municipality in Vestland county on 1 January 2020.

Naustdal was situated between the towns of Førde and Florø, along the Norwegian National Road 5 highway. The Naustdal Tunnel ran through the mountains to connect to the town of Florø. The Førde Airport in Bringeland in Gaular municipality is the closest regional airport, and it lies about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Naustdal. At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 369-square-kilometre (142 sq mi) municipality is the 251st largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Naustdal is the 276th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,793. The municipality's population density is 7.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (20/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.2% over the last decade.[5][6]

Naustdal was a farming community with diversity and cultural activities ranging from annual art exhibitions at Vevring to fairs, music, and dancing. Several renowned artists and writers come from Naustdal. Some of the local farmers breed horses, and horse shows are held every second year. Athletes from Naustdal do very well both in national and international championships, especially in volleyball and weightlifting. Naustdal offers rich opportunities for outdoor life such as fishing on the fjord from hired boats. The famous salmon river, Nausta, is in one of the county's largest wilderness areas with mountains, streams, lakes, and mountain farms, and it attracts many tourists from around the world. A recreational area and marina have recently been laid out near the center of Naustdal.

General information

[edit]
17th of May celebration
The beach next to the Naustdal Church
Vevring Church

The parish of Naustdal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1896 when it was split off from the large municipality of Førde. Initially, Naustdal had a population of 2,543. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, all of Naustdal that was located north of the Førdefjorden (population: 1,633) and all of the municipality of Vevring that was to the north of the Førdefjorden (population: 439) were merged to form the new municipality of Naustdal. The parts of Naustdal that were located south of the Førdefjorden (population: 265) were transferred to the municipality of Førde.[7]

On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Jølster, Førde, Naustdal, and Gaular were merged to form the new Sunnfjord Municipality.[8]

Name

[edit]

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Naustdal farm (Old Norse: Naustdalr) since the first Naustdal Church was built there. The first element is the name of the local river Nausta. The river name is identical with the word naust which means "boathouse". The last element is dalr which means "valley" or "dale".[9]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The coat of arms was granted on 11 December 1987. The official blazon is "Argent, a chief dancetty azure" (Norwegian: På sølv grunn blått skjoldhovud laga med breitt tannsnitt). This means the arms are divided with a line that is dancetty which divides the chief from the rest of the shield in a ratio of 1:3. The field (background) above the line has a tincture of blue. Below the line, the field has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The two colors are divided by a jagged line which symbolizes the profile of the gables of three boathouses. The arms are canting since the Norwegian word naust means "boathouse". The two colors symbolize the sky above and the silver/white represents the sea. The arms were designed by Inge Rotevatn. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.[10][11][12]

Churches

[edit]

The Church of Norway had two parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Naustdal. It was part of the Sunnfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Churches in Naustdal
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Naustdal Naustdal Church Naustdal 1891
Vevring Vevring Church Indrevevring 1846

Government

[edit]

While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[13] The municipality was under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

[edit]

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Naustdal was made up of 21 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Naustdal kommunestyre 2016–2019 [14]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 2
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 4
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 2012–2015 [15]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Red Party (Raudt) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 2008–2011 [14]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 2004–2007 [14]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Framstegspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Red Electoral Alliance (Raud Valallianse) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 2000–2003 [14]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
 Naustdal list (Naustdal-lista)5
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1996–1999 [16]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1992–1995 [17]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1988–1991 [18]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 5
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1984–1987 [19]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 6
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1980–1983 [20]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1976–1979 [21]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
 Non-party local list (Upolitisk Bygdeliste)1
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1972–1975 [22]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høgre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristeleg Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 3
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1968–1971 [23]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 12
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:21
Naustdal kommunestyre 1964–1967 [24]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 11
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
Total number of members:21
Naustdal heradsstyre 1960–1963 [25]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 8
Total number of members:21
Naustdal heradsstyre 1956–1959 [26]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 10
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
Total number of members:21
Naustdal heradsstyre 1952–1955 [27]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 2
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 10
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 8
Total number of members:20
Naustdal heradsstyre 1948–1951 [28]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 2
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 8
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgarlege Felleslister) 4
Total number of members:20
Naustdal heradsstyre 1945–1947 [29]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 4
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 10
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:20
Naustdal heradsstyre 1938–1941* [30]  
Party name (in Nynorsk) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeidarpartiet) 3
  Farmers' Party (Bondepartiet) 10
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 7
Total number of members:20
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

[edit]

The mayors (Nynorsk: ordførar) of Naustdal:[31]

  • 1896-1907: Gunder B. Thune
  • 1908-1913: Olai Horstad
  • 1914-1916: Ola Schei
  • 1917-1920: Bendik Erdal
  • 1920-1928: Anders Erdal
  • 1929-1937: Elias Aamot
  • 1938-1938: Oddgeir Erdal
  • 1939-1940: Sivert Reed
  • 1941-1945: Anders Øye
  • 1945-1945: Sivert Reed
  • 1946-1951: Albert Buanes
  • 1952-1955: Ottar Molnes
  • 1955-1955: Alfred Rygg
  • 1956-1956: Olav Vaksdal
  • 1956-1957: Nikolai Svoen
  • 1958-1959: Albert Buanes
  • 1960-1963: Andreas Schei
  • 1964-1975: Ola Fimland
  • 1976-1979: Magnus Grimset
  • 1980-1983: Oddbjørn Schei
  • 1984-1987: Magnus Grimset
  • 1988-1988: Sigmund Brekke
  • 1988-1991: Per Storegjerde
  • 1992-1999: Kjell Klopstad
  • 1999-2007: Jan Herstad
  • 2007-2019: Håkon Myrvang (Ap)[32]

Geography

[edit]
Nausta River

Naustdal is located on the north shore of the Førdefjorden, stretching from the mouth of the fjord to the east, almost reaching to the end of the fjord. It is bordered to the north by the municipalities of Flora and Gloppen, to the east by Jølster, to the south by Førde, and to the south and west by Askvoll.

Climate

[edit]

The climate in Naustdal is wet with a short summer and a mild winter. Naustdal has a yearly precipitation of 2,335 millimetres (91.9 in). There are great regional differences in the climate. There is snow rarely more than a week furthest out in the fjord. Up in the valley the first snow comes in early October and stays until late April/May and 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) of snow is common.

Climate data for Naustdal
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−1
(30) 		1.8
(35.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.3
(36.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		6.2
(43.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 221
(8.7) 		163
(6.4) 		186
(7.3) 		110
(4.3) 		96
(3.8) 		123
(4.8) 		141
(5.6) 		167
(6.6) 		299
(11.8) 		290
(11.4) 		268
(10.6) 		271
(10.7) 		2,335
(92)
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[33]

Fishing

[edit]

Inland fishing

[edit]

The municipality of Naustdal is ideal for freshwater fishing. Over 30 lakes and connecting streams contain trout. Many of the lakes also contain char. Most of your catch will be small fish but will taste delicious when fried in a pan. In the right places, you can also catch really big fish–6 kilograms (13 lb) trout have been caught in this area.

Salmon and sea trout fishing

[edit]

The Nausta river is one of the best rivers for salmon in Sogn og Fjordane county. Salmon travel 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) upstream from the river mouth. The stretch from the fjord to the Hovefoss waterfall is also good for sea trout fishing. The small Redal water system contains small salmon, sea trout, trout, and char. Small salmon and sea trout are best caught during floods.

Sea fishing

[edit]

Naustdal has 40 kilometres (25 mi) of shoreline bordering on the fjord. Distances from motor roads to the sea are short at all locations. In outlying, non-farming areas, fishing from the seashore is unrestricted. Fishing from boats on the fjord using a rod or line is free for all. The main types of fish caught in the area include cod, saithe, mackerel, herring, salmon, and sea trout, although every type of fish commonly found in Norwegian waters can be caught here. The Russenes recreational area near the sound at Ålesundet is an excellent place for fishing from land, offering a one-mile shoreline. For boat fishing trips contact boat rental agents or the "Russenes Tur og Fiske", who will bring you to the best fishing places.

Attractions

[edit]
Naustdal
Sculpture Budeia by Kjartan Slettemark in Sanden, Naustdal.
Førdefjorden

Nausta river

[edit]

From the old bridge across the Nausta river near the waterfall Naustdalsfossen you can watch salmon conquer the waterfall in powerful leaps—unless they are caught by rivaling anglers on the banks of the plunging pool. Hooking the fish is difficult — landing it a work of art. The local landowners will show you the best fishing places. Fishing permits may be purchased at the local petrol station or from the landowners. Nausta was in 2005 ranked best in Sogn og Fjordane and number 19 nationally with a total catch of 4,698 kilograms (10,357 lb).

Mountains

[edit]

The large mountain area in the eastern part of Naustdal offers a wealth of scenery. There are large lakes and connecting streams. The trout fishing is excellent and fishing permits are available. "Longvasshytta", a self-catering cabin for hikers, can be reached after a 6-hour hike from the nearest road.

Russenes

[edit]

Recreational grounds have been laid out at Russeneset near the inlet Ålesundet. Several footpaths in the area are signposted. Along the paths, you will find information posters about cultural history, flora, and fauna. Excellent for fishing, swimming, bird watching or just walking.

Sanden Beach

[edit]

Recreational grounds are laid out along the fjord near the center of Naustdal. There is a marina, sandy beach, diving tower, and a place for beach volleyball.

Air Combat Museum

[edit]

The museum covers the air battle between German and British aircraft over Sunnfjord on 9 February 1945, also known at the Black Friday. In the museum there are objects from the battles, airplane parts, maps, and photographs. It has a rich collection of splendid model airplanes from the navigator Bernard Nicholl, who participated in the battles.[34]

Notable people

[edit]
See also: Sunnfjord_(municipality) § Notable_people

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2016). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality".
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2018). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  6. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  7. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ISBN 9788253746845.
  8. ^ "Ny kommune i Indre Sunnfjord" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  9. ^ Rygh, Oluf (1919). Norske gaardnavne: Nordre Bergenhus amt (in Norwegian) (12 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 336.
  10. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Naustdal, Sogn og Fjordane (Norway)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  12. ^ "Godkjenning av våpen og flagg". Lovdata.no (in Norwegian). Norges kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. 11 December 1987. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  13. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  15. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Sogn og Fjordane". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  16. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  17. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1991" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  18. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  19. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  23. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  24. ^ "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  25. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  26. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  27. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  28. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Ordførarar i Naustdal kommune". NRK Fylkesliksikon (in Norwegian). 3 March 2004. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  32. ^ "Politisk styring" (in Norwegian). Naustdal Kommune. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  33. ^ "eKlima Web Portal". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004.
  34. ^ "Naustdal Municipality in Norway". Retrieved 11 August 2008.
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