Petiole (insect anatomy)
In entomology, petiole is the technical term for the narrow waist of some hymenopteran insects, especially ants, bees, and wasps in the suborder Apocrita.
The petiole can consist of either one or two segments, a characteristic that separates major subfamilies of ants.
Structure
[edit]The term 'petiole' is most commonly used to refer to the constricted first (and sometimes second) metasomal (posterior) segment of members of the hymenopteran suborder Apocrita (ants, bees, and wasps). It is sometimes also used to refer to other insects with similar body shapes, where the metasomal base is constricted. The petiole is occasionally called a pedicel, but in entomology, that term is more correctly reserved for the second segment of the antenna;[1][2] while in arachnology, 'pedicel' is the accepted term to define the constriction between the cephalothorax and abdomen of spiders.
The plump portion of the abdomen posterior to the petiole (and postpetiole in the Myrmicinae) is called the gaster.[3]
The structure of the petiole is an easy way to visually classify ants, because the major subfamilies of Formicidae have structural differences: some ants have two-segmented petioles, while others have a single-segmented petiole.[4][page needed]
Certain wasps also possess a two-segmented petiole, notably extant wasps of the family Mymarommatidae.[5] The fossil taxon Rasnitsevania (Praeaulacidae) has a two-segmented petiole.[6]
Other uses
[edit]Petiole may also be used in the context of wing veins, where a wing cell that is ordinarily four-sided is reduced to a triangle with a stalk (the cell thus being 'petiolate').
The stalk at the base of paper wasp nests is also called a petiole.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Glossary". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ Zombori, L. (1999). Dictionary of Insect Morphology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 173. ISBN 9783110148985.
- ^ Zombori, L. (1999). Dictionary of Insect Morphology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 79.
- ^ Gordon, Deborah (2010). Ant Encounters. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691138794.
- ^ Salden, Tobias; Müller, Björn; Japoshvilli, George; Hein, Neils; Ugrelidze, Ani; Peters, Ralph S. (2024). "First records of the Hymenoptera superfamilies and families Mymarommatoidea: Mymarommatidae and Stephanoidea: Stephanidae in Georgia". Caucasiana. 3: 145–150. doi:10.3897/caucasiana.3.e124925.
- ^ Jouault, Corentin; Nel, André; Perrichot, Vincent (2020). "New evanioid wasps (Hymenoptera: Praeaulacidae, Aulacidae) from Cenomanian Burmese amber". Cretaceous Research. 110. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104407. Art. No. 104407.