Racism against Asians

"Racism against Asians" (or "anti-Asian racism") refers to racist policies, discrimination against, and mistreatment of people of Asian descent by institutions and/or non-Asian people - typically in the Western world or in other countries outside Asia.^[1]^[2]

Overview

The concept of 'racism against Asians' is most common in communities or countries where the ethnic or racial majority is non-Asian, or it is most common in communities or countries where the national character is Western. The concept is most frequently employed in reference to Anti-Asian phenomena which exist in countries which are located outside the Asian continent, such as countries which are located in Africa, Europe, North America and South America.

Countries

Australia

White Australia policy

Canada

Racist incidents or perceptions

Racist incidents or perceptions, especially towards East or Southeast Asians, may include:

Emasculation of Asian men against fetishizations and hypersexualisation of Asian women (yellow fever).^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
- Which causes inferiority complex and internalized racism.^[9]^[10]
- Reinforced by dangerous racial science of supposed "mongoloid race" (outdated), such as lacking of sexual dimorphism between Asian men and Asian women,^[11] as well as dealing with the aftershocks of the history of European colonisation of Southeast Asia and "white worship".^[12]^[13]
The model minority myth fails to account for the bamboo ceiling, the difficult circumstances of poorer Asians, and their marginalization and stereotyping in the media.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]
- Contradictorily being used to justify white supremacy through modes of "honorary Aryan" or "honorary whiteness" racial concepts.^[18]^[19]
- Being used to justify racism against Black people via the model minority myth.^[20]
Are stereotyped as cold, anti-social, robotic.^[21]
Discrimination based on perceived foreignness or accent.^[22]
- Being seen as a perpetual foreigner.
Being linked to diseases such as coronavirus (see Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic).^[23]^[24]
Othered into being seen as "yellow" or being seen as the "yellow peril".^[25]^[26]
Generalizing East Asians as monolithic^[27] and being ignorant of the multicultural populations of Southeast Asia, such as the existence of Melanesians in Southeast Asia, etc.

On the other hand, discrimination against South Asians and/or Middle Easterners includes:

Being seen as terrorists^[28]^[29]^[30]
Othered into being seen as "brown", a categorization which was extended to Southeast Asians.^[31]

There has been an increase in the amount of psychological or mental distress which has been caused by the aforementioned factors.^[32]^[33]^[34] Myopic depictions of Asian cultures continues to be a problem.^[35]

Additionally, racism in Asia (racist attitudes which Asians have towards each other as well as racist attitudes which Asians have towards non-Asians) is also impacted by differences in nationality as well as regional differences.

References

^ Zheng, Lily (27 May 2021). "To Dismantle Anti-Asian Racism, We Must Understand Its Roots". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021.
^ Lee, Jennifer (18 May 2022). "Confronting the invisibility of anti-Asian racism". Brookings. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ Ramirez, Rachel (2021-03-19). "The history of fetishizing Asian women". Vox. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Tu, Jessie (2018-11-27). "Because I am small and Asian, I am fetishised by some white men". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Qian, Yue (2020-02-09). "Asian guys stereotyped and excluded in online dating". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "Here's how pop culture has perpetuated harmful stereotypes of Asian women". TODAY.com. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Fang, Janet. "The Deadly Consequences of Hypersexualizing Asian Women". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "Single Asian Men and Harmful Stereotypes in the Dating World | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ "When Asians say they're not into Asian men". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Salesses, Matthew (23 October 2020). "'Good-looking for an Asian': how I shed white ideals of masculinity". The Guardian.
^ Demel, Walter (2013). "How the 'Mongoloid Race' Came into Being: Late Eighteenth-Century Constructions of East Asians in Europe". Race and Racism in Modern East Asia. BRILL. pp. 59–85. doi:10.1163/9789004237414_004. ISBN 978-90-04-23741-4.
^ "Colonialism in Southeast Asia: Resistance, Negotiation and Legacies – University of Hawaii Manoa Library Website". Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "Opinion: White worship in Hong Kong: you can't end it if you refuse to acknowledge it even exists". South China Morning Post. 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "Unconscious bias and the bamboo ceiling". humanrights.gov.au. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Paner, Isabel (May 2018). The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film (Thesis). doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2018.HONORS.ST.08.
^ Abrams, Zara (December 2019). "Countering stereotypes about asian americans". Monitor on Psychology. 50 (11). American Psychological Association.
^ Tinkler, Justine; Zhao, Jun; Li, Yan; Ridgeway, Cecilia L. (January 2019). "Honorary Whites? Asian American Women and the Dominance Penalty". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5: 237802311983600. doi:10.1177/2378023119836000. S2CID 150928622.
^ Dhingra, Pawan (October 2021). ""Over-zealous Parents, Over-programmed Families": Asian Americans, Academic Achievement, and White Supremacy". Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. 7 (4): 458–471. doi:10.1177/23326492211018483. ISSN 2332-6492. S2CID 236221102.
^ Panzer, Sarah (2023-07-10). "Honorary Aryans? Japanese German Mischlinge and the Negotiation of Identity in Nazi Germany". Contemporary European History: 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0960777323000334. ISSN 0960-7773. S2CID 259658679.
^ Chow, Kat (2017-04-19). "'Model Minority' Myth Again Used As A Racial Wedge Between Asians And Blacks". NPR. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
^ "Analysis | Asians are stereotyped as 'competent but cold.' Here's how that increases backlash from the coronavirus pandemic". Washington Post. 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Kim, Su Yeong; Wang, Yijie; Deng, Shiying; Alvarez, Rocio; Li, Jing (2011). "Accent, Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype, and Perceived Discrimination as Indirect Links between English Proficiency and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Adolescents". Developmental Psychology. 47 (1): 289–301. doi:10.1037/a0020712. PMC 3052861. PMID 21244164.
^ "Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide | Human Rights Watch". 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "America's long history of scapegoating its Asian citizens". History. 2020-09-02. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ "When Did East Asians Become Yellow? | Center for East Asian & Pacific Studies at Illinois". ceaps.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "How did Asians go from being called "white" to "yellow"". english.hani.co.kr. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "AAPI Communities are Not a Monolith - APCO Worldwide". apcoworldwide.com. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ Samari, Goleen (November 2016). "Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (11): 1920–1925. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374. PMC 5055770. PMID 27631738.
^ Welch, Kelly (April 2016). "Middle Eastern Terrorist Stereotypes and Anti-Terror Policy Support: The Effect of Perceived Minority Threat". Race and Justice. 6 (2): 117–145. doi:10.1177/2153368715590478. S2CID 31176854.
^ "Racial Profiling | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities – Asian American Policy Review". 2020-02-02. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ "The Facts About Asian American Mental Health and Suicide Rates". Newport Institute. 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
^ Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Ahn, Lydia HaRim; Choi, Andrew Young; Choudhry, Adil; Nguyen, Mary; Meizys, Gintare M.; Chu, Annalisa; Hearns, Maynard (July 2023). "Asian American Men's Gendered Racial Socialization and Fragmented Masculinity: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis". The Counseling Psychologist. 51 (5): 684–718. doi:10.1177/00110000231170310. S2CID 258622070.
^ Karasz, Alison; Gany, Francesca; Escobar, Javier; Flores, Cristina; Prasad, Lakshmi; Inman, Arpana; Kalasapudi, Vasundhara; Kosi, Razia; Murthy, Meena; Leng, Jennifer; Diwan, Sadhna (August 2019). "Mental Health and Stress among South Asians". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 21 (Suppl 1): 7–14. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0501-4. PMC 5643212. PMID 27848078.
^ Adlakha, Siddhant (2023-09-28). "'The Creator' Brings Out the Worst Tendencies of Asian-Inspired Sci-Fi". JoySauce. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[1] Zheng, Lily (27 May 2021). "To Dismantle Anti-Asian Racism, We Must Understand Its Roots". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021.

[2] Lee, Jennifer (18 May 2022). "Confronting the invisibility of anti-Asian racism". Brookings. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.

[3] Ramirez, Rachel (2021-03-19). "The history of fetishizing Asian women". Vox. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[4] Tu, Jessie (2018-11-27). "Because I am small and Asian, I am fetishised by some white men". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[5] Qian, Yue (2020-02-09). "Asian guys stereotyped and excluded in online dating". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[6] "Here's how pop culture has perpetuated harmful stereotypes of Asian women". TODAY.com. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[7] Fang, Janet. "The Deadly Consequences of Hypersexualizing Asian Women". Scientific American. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[8] "Single Asian Men and Harmful Stereotypes in the Dating World | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.

[9] "When Asians say they're not into Asian men". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[10] Salesses, Matthew (23 October 2020). "'Good-looking for an Asian': how I shed white ideals of masculinity". The Guardian.

[11] Demel, Walter (2013). "How the 'Mongoloid Race' Came into Being: Late Eighteenth-Century Constructions of East Asians in Europe". Race and Racism in Modern East Asia. BRILL. pp. 59–85. doi:10.1163/9789004237414_004. ISBN 978-90-04-23741-4.

[12] "Colonialism in Southeast Asia: Resistance, Negotiation and Legacies – University of Hawaii Manoa Library Website". Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[13] "Opinion: White worship in Hong Kong: you can't end it if you refuse to acknowledge it even exists". South China Morning Post. 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[14] "Unconscious bias and the bamboo ceiling". humanrights.gov.au. 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[15] Paner, Isabel (May 2018). The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film (Thesis). doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2018.HONORS.ST.08.

[16] Abrams, Zara (December 2019). "Countering stereotypes about asian americans". Monitor on Psychology. 50 (11). American Psychological Association.

[17] Tinkler, Justine; Zhao, Jun; Li, Yan; Ridgeway, Cecilia L. (January 2019). "Honorary Whites? Asian American Women and the Dominance Penalty". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5: 237802311983600. doi:10.1177/2378023119836000. S2CID 150928622.

[18] Dhingra, Pawan (October 2021). ""Over-zealous Parents, Over-programmed Families": Asian Americans, Academic Achievement, and White Supremacy". Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. 7 (4): 458–471. doi:10.1177/23326492211018483. ISSN 2332-6492. S2CID 236221102.

[19] Panzer, Sarah (2023-07-10). "Honorary Aryans? Japanese German Mischlinge and the Negotiation of Identity in Nazi Germany". Contemporary European History: 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0960777323000334. ISSN 0960-7773. S2CID 259658679.

[20] Chow, Kat (2017-04-19). "'Model Minority' Myth Again Used As A Racial Wedge Between Asians And Blacks". NPR. Retrieved 2024-10-06.

[21] "Analysis | Asians are stereotyped as 'competent but cold.' Here's how that increases backlash from the coronavirus pandemic". Washington Post. 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[22] Kim, Su Yeong; Wang, Yijie; Deng, Shiying; Alvarez, Rocio; Li, Jing (2011). "Accent, Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype, and Perceived Discrimination as Indirect Links between English Proficiency and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Adolescents". Developmental Psychology. 47 (1): 289–301. doi:10.1037/a0020712. PMC 3052861. PMID 21244164.

[23] "Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide | Human Rights Watch". 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[24] "America's long history of scapegoating its Asian citizens". History. 2020-09-02. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[25] "When Did East Asians Become Yellow? | Center for East Asian & Pacific Studies at Illinois". ceaps.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[26] "How did Asians go from being called "white" to "yellow"". english.hani.co.kr. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[27] "AAPI Communities are Not a Monolith - APCO Worldwide". apcoworldwide.com. Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[28] Samari, Goleen (November 2016). "Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (11): 1920–1925. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374. PMC 5055770. PMID 27631738.

[29] Welch, Kelly (April 2016). "Middle Eastern Terrorist Stereotypes and Anti-Terror Policy Support: The Effect of Perceived Minority Threat". Race and Justice. 6 (2): 117–145. doi:10.1177/2153368715590478. S2CID 31176854.

[30] "Racial Profiling | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[31] "The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities – Asian American Policy Review". 2020-02-02. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[32] "The Facts About Asian American Mental Health and Suicide Rates". Newport Institute. 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

[33] Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Ahn, Lydia HaRim; Choi, Andrew Young; Choudhry, Adil; Nguyen, Mary; Meizys, Gintare M.; Chu, Annalisa; Hearns, Maynard (July 2023). "Asian American Men's Gendered Racial Socialization and Fragmented Masculinity: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis". The Counseling Psychologist. 51 (5): 684–718. doi:10.1177/00110000231170310. S2CID 258622070.

[34] Karasz, Alison; Gany, Francesca; Escobar, Javier; Flores, Cristina; Prasad, Lakshmi; Inman, Arpana; Kalasapudi, Vasundhara; Kosi, Razia; Murthy, Meena; Leng, Jennifer; Diwan, Sadhna (August 2019). "Mental Health and Stress among South Asians". Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 21 (Suppl 1): 7–14. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0501-4. PMC 5643212. PMID 27848078.

[35] Adlakha, Siddhant (2023-09-28). "'The Creator' Brings Out the Worst Tendencies of Asian-Inspired Sci-Fi". JoySauce. Retrieved 2023-10-01.

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v t e Racism
Types of racism	Aversive Colorism Covert Cultural Cyber Environmental Formal Gendered Institutional Internalized Patent Laissez-faire Linguistic Neocolonial Romantic Scientific Societal Substantive Symbolic
Manifestations of racism	Anti-miscegenation laws Apartheid Biological determinism Discrimination based on nationality Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic jokes Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Hate crime Hate speech Hate group Racialization Racial hierarchy Racial nationalism Racial profiling Racial segregation
Racism by region	Global apartheid Africa South Africa Zimbabwe Asia China Japan North Korea South Korea Thailand Vietnam Arab world Libya Saudi Arabia Sudan Australia Europe Denmark France Germany Italy Poland Portugal Russia Soviet Union Spain Ukraine United Kingdom Middle East Iran Israel Palestine Turkey North America Canada United States Mexico South America Argentina Brazil Chile
Racism by target	Arab Asians Chinese Chinese Americans Zainichi Chinese Japanese Japanese Americans Japanese Koreans Korean Zainichi Koreans Vietnamese Black African Americans Women Native Americans Hispanic & Latino Mexican Jewish Jewish Americans In Jewish communities LGBT Middle Eastern Muslim Romani Slavic Wine industry Racial supremacy White supremacy
Related topics	Ableism Alt-right Anti-racism Casteism Ethnic plastic surgery Go back to where you came from Herrenvolk democracy Interminority racism in the United States Hispanics/Latinos Lynching Passing Perpetual foreigner Psychometrics of racism Race and sexuality Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Race card Racial figleaf Racial integration Racial quota Racism in sport in Australia Reverse racism Sociology of race and ethnic relations Xenophobia
Category Commons Index

v t e Discrimination
Forms	Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based
Attributes	Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint
Social	Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Sectarianism Supremacism White Male Transphobia 21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia
Religious	Atheism Exclusivism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Protestantism Rastafari Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/National	Afghan African Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chechen Chinese Colombian Croat Filipino Fulani Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Irish Italian Japanese Jewish Antisemitism New Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Welsh
Manifestations	Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US Anti-trans movement in the UK Anti-Zionism Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Domicide Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Excellence Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBTQ Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Kill Haole Day Lavender scare LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Occupational segregation Opposition to immigration Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch hunt
Discriminatory policies	Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions No kid zone Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression
Countermeasures	Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Constitutional colorblindness Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration
Related topics	Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Multiculturalism Neurodiversity Ethnic penalty Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Historical eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Masculism Medical model of disability autism Net bias Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Reverse discrimination Reverse racism Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social privilege Christian male white Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk
Category Commons

Overview

Countries

Australia

Canada

Uganda

United States

Against East and Southeast Asians

France

Racist incidents or perceptions

See also

References