Riesz potential

In mathematics, the Riesz potential is a potential named after its discoverer, the Hungarian mathematician Marcel Riesz. In a sense, the Riesz potential defines an inverse for a power of the Laplace operator on Euclidean space. They generalize to several variables the Riemann–Liouville integrals of one variable.

Definition

If 0 < α < n, then the Riesz potential I_αf of a locally integrable function f on Rⁿ is the function defined by

$(I_{\alpha }f)(x)={\frac {1}{c_{\alpha }}}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}{\frac {f(y)}{|x-y|^{n-\alpha }}}\,\mathrm {d} y$ (1)

where the constant is given by

$c_{\alpha }=\pi ^{n/2}2^{\alpha }{\frac {\Gamma (\alpha /2)}{\Gamma ((n-\alpha )/2)}}.$

This singular integral is well-defined provided f decays sufficiently rapidly at infinity, specifically if f ∈ L^p(Rⁿ) with 1 ≤ p < n/α. In fact, for any 1 ≤ p (p>1 is classical, due to Sobolev, while for p=1 see (Schikorra, Spector & Van Schaftingen 2014), the rate of decay of f and that of I_αf are related in the form of an inequality (the Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality)

$\|I_{\alpha }f\|_{p^{*}}\leq C_{p}\|Rf\|_{p},\quad p^{*}={\frac {np}{n-\alpha p}},$

where $Rf=DI_{1}f$ is the vector-valued Riesz transform. More generally, the operators I_α are well-defined for complex α such that 0 < Re α < n.

The Riesz potential can be defined more generally in a weak sense as the convolution

$I_{\alpha }f=f*K_{\alpha }$

where K_α is the locally integrable function:

$K_{\alpha }(x)={\frac {1}{c_{\alpha }}}{\frac {1}{|x|^{n-\alpha }}}.$

The Riesz potential can therefore be defined whenever f is a compactly supported distribution. In this connection, the Riesz potential of a positive Borel measure μ with compact support is chiefly of interest in potential theory because I_αμ is then a (continuous) subharmonic function off the support of μ, and is lower semicontinuous on all of Rⁿ.

Consideration of the Fourier transform reveals that the Riesz potential is a Fourier multiplier. In fact, one has

${\widehat {K_{\alpha }}}(\xi )=\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}K_{\alpha }(x)e^{-2\pi ix\xi }\,\mathrm {d} x=|2\pi \xi |^{-\alpha }$

and so, by the convolution theorem,

${\widehat {I_{\alpha }f}}(\xi )=|2\pi \xi |^{-\alpha }{\hat {f}}(\xi ).$

The Riesz potentials satisfy the following semigroup property on, for instance, rapidly decreasing continuous functions

$I_{\alpha }I_{\beta }=I_{\alpha +\beta }$

provided

$0<\operatorname {Re} \alpha ,\operatorname {Re} \beta <n,\quad 0<\operatorname {Re} (\alpha +\beta )<n.$

Furthermore, if 0 < Re α < n–2, then

$\Delta I_{\alpha +2}=I_{\alpha +2}\Delta =-I_{\alpha }.$

One also has, for this class of functions,

$\lim _{\alpha \to 0^{+}}(I_{\alpha }f)(x)=f(x).$

See also

• Bessel potential
• Fractional integration
• Sobolev space

References

• Landkof, N. S. (1972), Foundations of modern potential theory, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, MR 0350027
• Riesz, Marcel (1949), "L'intégrale de Riemann-Liouville et le problème de Cauchy", Acta Mathematica, 81: 1–223, doi:10.1007/BF02395016, ISSN 0001-5962, MR 0030102.
• Solomentsev, E.D. (2001) [1994], "Riesz potential", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• Schikorra, Armin; Spector, Daniel; Van Schaftingen, Jean (2014), An $L^{1}$-type estimate for Riesz potentials, arXiv:1411.2318, doi:10.4171/rmi/937, S2CID 55497245
• Stein, Elias (1970), Singular integrals and differentiability properties of functions, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08079-8
• Samko, Stefan G. (1998), "A new approach to the inversion of the Riesz potential operator" (PDF), Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis, 1 (3): 225–245