Rolls-Royce Eagle

Eagle
	Rolls-Royce Eagle at the National Air and Space Museum
Type	Piston V-12 aero-engine
Manufacturer	Rolls-Royce Limited
First run	February 1915
Major applications	Airco D.H.4; Handley Page Type O; Vickers Vimy
Number built	4,681
Developed into	Rolls-Royce Falcon

The Rolls-Royce Eagle was the first aircraft engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce Limited. Introduced in 1915 to meet British military requirements during World War I, it was used to power the Handley Page Type O bombers and a number of other military aircraft.

The Eagle was the first engine to make a non-stop trans-Atlantic crossing by aeroplane when two Eagles powered the converted Vickers Vimy bomber on the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in June 1919.

Background

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Royal Aircraft Factory asked Rolls-Royce to develop a new 200 hp (150 kW) air-cooled engine. Despite initial reluctance, they agreed, on condition that it be cooled by water rather than by air, which was the company's area of expertise.^[1]

Design and development

Development of the new 20 litre engine was led by Henry Royce from his home in Kent. Based initially on the 7.4 litre 40/50 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost engine, and drawing also on the design of a 7.2 litre Daimler DF80 aero engine used in a 1913 Grand Prix Mercedes that had been acquired,^[2] the power was increased by doubling the number of cylinders to twelve and increasing their stroke to 6.5 inches (170 mm), although their bore remained at 4.5 inches (110 mm) of the 40/50. The engine was also run faster, and an epicyclic reduction gear was designed to keep the propeller speed below 1,100 rpm. To reduce inertia and improve performance the valvetrain design was changed from sidevalves to a SOHC design,^[3] closely following the original "side-slot" rocker arm design philosophy used on the contemporary German Mercedes D.I, Mercedes D.II and Mercedes D.III straight-six aviation powerplants.

The engineering department of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) played a key role in the success of the engine by directing the car designer W.O. Bentley, who had enlisted in the Royal Navy, to place his expertise in the design of aluminium pistons at the service of Rolls-Royce.^[4] This gave significant weight saving to the Eagle and contributed to its excellent performance.^[5]

On 3 January 1915 the Admiralty ordered twenty-five of the new engines. The Eagle first ran on a test bed at Rolls-Royce's Derby works in February 1915, producing 225 hp (168 kW) at 1,600 rpm. This was quickly increased to 1,800, then in August 1915 to 2,000 rpm where it produced 300 hp (220 kW). After further testing, it was decided to approve the engine for production at 1,800 rpm and 225 hp (168 kW); 1,900 rpm was allowed for short periods. The engine first flew on a Handley Page O/100 bomber in December 1915, the first flight of a Rolls-Royce aero engine.

The Eagle was developed further during 1916 and 1917, with power being progressively increased from 225 hp (168 kW) to 266 hp (198 kW), followed by 284 hp (212 kW), and then 322 hp (240 kW), and finally 360 hp (270 kW) by February 1918 by which time eight Eagle variants had been produced.^[6]^[7] Throughout World War I Rolls-Royce struggled to build Eagles in the quantities required by the War Office, but the company resisted pressure to license other manufacturers to produce it. The fears of Rolls-Royce that the engine's much admired quality would be compromised by other manufacturers is often given as an explanation for this resistance,^[8] but the commercial terms sought by Rolls-Royce for licence production were so restrictive that other manufacturers - apart from Brazil Straker - refused to accept them.^[9] When the Ministry of Munitions took over coordination of aircraft production in 1917, Sir William Weir declined to intervene in the company's commercial strategy, even though success of the engine owed much to the technology transfer directed by the RNAS. He preferred to support untested engines using cast aluminium components like the Siddeley Puma and the Sunbeam Arab, believing them to be better suited to mass production, in comparison to the intricate machining required to build the Eagle and its smaller cousin the Falcon.^[10]

After the War, a Mark IX version of the Eagle was developed for civilian use. Production continued until 1928, and in total 4,681 Eagle engines were built.^[11]

Time between overhaul (TBO) for later Eagles was around 100–180 hours.^[12]

Variants

Note:^[13]

Eagle I (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk I): (1915), 225 hp, 104 engines produced in both left and right hand tractor versions.
Eagle II (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk II): (1916), 250 hp, 36 built at Derby.
Eagle III (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk III): (1917-1927), 250 hp, increased compression ratio (4.9:1), strengthened pistons. 110 built at Derby.
Eagle IV (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk IV): (1916-17), 270/286 hp, 36 built at Derby.

Eagle V (Rolls-Royce 275 hp Mk I): (1916-17), 275 hp, high-lift camshaft, 100 built at Derby.
Eagle VI (Rolls-Royce 275 hp Mk II): (1917), 275 hp, first use of twin spark plugs, 300 built at Derby.
Eagle VII (Rolls-Royce 275 hp Mk III): (1917-18), 275 hp, 200 built at Derby.
Eagle VIII: (1917-1922), 300 hp, extensive modifications, 3,302 built at Derby.
Eagle IX: (1922-1928), 360 hp, developed as a civil use engine, 373 built at Derby.

Applications

Engines on display

Examples of the Rolls-Royce Eagle are on display at the:

One of the two Eagles that powered Alcock and Brown's historic transatlantic flight is on display at the Museum Of Making, Derby.^[14]

Specifications (Eagle IX)

Data from Lumsden^[15]

General characteristics

Type: 12-cylinder liquid-cooled 60° Vee aircraft piston engine
Bore: 4.5 in (114.3 mm)
Stroke: 6.5 in (165.1 mm)
Displacement: 1,239 in³ (20.32 L)
Length: 72.6 in (1,844 mm)
Width: 42.6 in (1,082 mm)
Height: 46.4 in (1,178 mm)
Dry weight: 900 lb (408 kg)

Components

Valvetrain: Overhead camshafts
Fuel system: Twin Claudel-Hobson carburettors
Cooling system: Liquid-cooled

Performance

Power output: 360 hp (268 kW) at 1,800 rpm
Specific power: 0.32 hp/in³ (13.4 kW/L)
Compression ratio: 5.22:1
Fuel consumption: 24 gallons per hour (90 Litres per hour)
Power-to-weight ratio: 0.40 hp/lb (0.66 kW/kg)

References

Notes

^ Pugh 2001, p.71.
^ Taulbut 2011, p.41.
^ Pugh 2001, p.72.
^ Bentley 1958, pp.75-6
^ Ewer 2023, p.5
^ Note; all horsepower ratings are for continuous power at 1,800 rpm. Higher powers at 2,000 rpm were available for periods of five minutes.
^ "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines – 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, P.186
^ Pugh 2001, p.79-86.
^ Lloyd 1978, p.66
^ Ewer 2023, p.8
^ Lumsden 2003, p.183.
^ "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.186
^ List from Lumsden, alternate official designations in italics.
^ Derby Industrial Museum - Eagle engine Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 3 August 2009
^ Lumsden 2003, p.186.

Bibliography

Bentley, W.O. W.O. An Autobiography. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1958
Ewer, Peter. 'William Weir: architect of air power? The First World War chapter', The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, 2023 pp.1-19. doi:10.1080/17581206.2023.2237080.
Lloyd, Ian Rolls-Royce, the growth of a firm. London: Macmillan, 1978 ISBN 978-0-333-24017-5.
Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-85310-294-6.
Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a Name - The Rolls-Royce Story: The First 40 Years. Duxford, Cambridge: Icon Books, 2001. ISBN 1-84046-151-9.
Rubbra, A.A.Rolls-Royce Piston Aero Engines - A Designer Remembers. Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. Historical Series no 16. ISBN 1-872922-00-7
Taulbut, Derek S. Eagle - Henry Royce’s First Aero Engine, Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 2011. ISBN 978-1-872922-40-9.

External links

Images of the Rolls-Royce Eagle

[1] Pugh 2001, p.71.

[2] Taulbut 2011, p.41.

[3] Pugh 2001, p.72.

[4] Bentley 1958, pp.75-6

[5] Ewer 2023, p.5

[6] Note; all horsepower ratings are for continuous power at 1,800 rpm. Higher powers at 2,000 rpm were available for periods of five minutes.

[7] "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines – 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, P.186

[8] Pugh 2001, p.79-86.

[9] Lloyd 1978, p.66

[10] Ewer 2023, p.8

[11] Lumsden 2003, p.183.

[12] "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.186

[13] List from Lumsden, alternate official designations in italics.

[14] Derby Industrial Museum - Eagle engine Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 3 August 2009

[15] Lumsden 2003, p.186.

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