September 1937
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The following events occurred in September 1937:
September 1, 1937 (Wednesday)
[edit]- The Battle of Taiyuan began for control of the capital of Shanxi Province.
- The Nationalists launched the Asturias Offensive on the northern front.
- The musical film The Firefly starring Jeanette MacDonald and Allan Jones premiered at the Astor Theatre in New York City.[1]
- The British tanker Woodford was sunk by Italian submarine Diaspro off the Spanish coast.[2]
September 2, 1937 (Thursday)
[edit]- The Great Hong Kong typhoon killed 11,000 people.
- Hermann Göring warned in a speech in Stuttgart that if a new boycott of Nazi Germany was attempted, "any damages caused will be paid by Jews in Germany."[3]
- The adventure film The Prisoner of Zenda starring Ronald Colman, Madeleine Carroll and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. was released.
- Born: Len Carlson, voice actor, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (d. 2006)
- Died: Pierre de Coubertin, 74, French educator, historian and founder of the International Olympic Committee
September 3, 1937 (Friday)
[edit]- Congress of Industrial Organizations leader John L. Lewis gave a radio address broadcast across the United States in which he attacked the Roosevelt Administration for professing impartiality in the country's labor disputes instead of supporting the workers. Lewis brought up the prospect of creating a farmer-labor third party movement.[4]
- Another Soviet merchant ship, the Blagoev, was attacked near Greece and sunk in the Mediterranean.[5]
September 4, 1937 (Saturday)
[edit]- The press of the Soviet Union blamed the August 30 sinking of the Timiryazev on Italy. "The government will make the Fascist bandits pay dearly", declared Pravda.[6]
- The Japanese puppet state known as the South Chahar Autonomous Government was established in Zhangjiakou.[7]
- Born: Dawn Fraser, swimmer and politician, in Balmain, New South Wales, Australia; Mikk Mikiver, actor and theater director, in Tallinn, Estonia (d. 2006)
September 5, 1937 (Sunday)
[edit]- Llanes fell to the Nationalists.
- The Argentine presidential election was held, resulting in the election of Roberto María Ortiz.
- Japan established a naval blockade spanning the entire Chinese coastline with the exception of ports where foreign powers had treaty rights.[8]
- Born: William Devane, actor, in Albany, New York
September 6, 1937 (Monday)
[edit]- The Battle of El Mazuco began in the north.
- Italy denied responsibility for the sinking of the Timiryazev and Blagoev.[9]
- Born: Sergio Aragonés, cartoonist, in Sant Mateu, Spain; Kirtanananda Swami, Hare Krishna guru, in Peekskill, New York (d. 2011); Jo Anne Worley, actress, in Lowell, Indiana
- Died: Henry Kimball Hadley, 65, American composer and conductor
September 7, 1937 (Tuesday)
[edit]- The Zaragoza Offensive ended in Republican failure.
- The Battle of Belchite ended in a tactical Republican victory.
- The Battle of Cape Cherchell was fought.
- A manifesto written by Hitler was read by Adolf Wagner at the Nuremberg Rally, offering to stand beside Italy and Japan in a "defensive fight" against communism.[10]
- The first winners of the new German National Prize for Art and Science were announced.
- Born: Cüneyt Arkın, actor, director and producer, in Gökçeoğlu, Eskişehir Province, Turkey (d. 2022)
- Died: Annie Lorrain Smith, 82, British lichenologist and mycologist
September 8, 1937 (Wednesday)
[edit]- Italy announced it would not be attending the upcoming Nyon Conference on Mediterranean piracy due to the Soviet Union's demands on Italy for satisfaction. Germany would not be participating either.[11]
- Bloudan Conference: A Pan-Arab conference of 400 unofficial delegates in Bloudan rejected the Peel Commission report recommending partition of Palestine.[8]
September 9, 1937 (Thursday)
[edit]- Hitler laid the cornerstone for the Deutsches Stadion.[12] Like many major Nazi construction projects it would never be completed.
September 10, 1937 (Friday)
[edit]- The Nyon Conference began in Nyon, Switzerland, aiming to address attacks on international shipping in the Mediterranean during the Spanish Civil War.
- Born: Jared Diamond, American geographer, historian, and author, in Boston
September 11, 1937 (Saturday)
[edit]- President Roosevelt gave a press conference in New York vowing he would do everything possible "to keep us out of war."[13]
- Bette Cooper of New Jersey won the 11th Miss America beauty pageant.
- Born: Queen Paola of Belgium, in Forte dei Marmi, Italy
- Died: Nazmi Ziya Güran, 56 or 57, Turkish Impressionist painter
September 12, 1937 (Sunday)
[edit]- Excerpts from a letter written by the imprisoned German pastor Martin Niemöller were read to his congregation. "I often think of others who must wander through the same dark valley as myself", one passage read. "But it is a comfort to us all to know that you are praying for us. I am certain the almighty God will triumph."[14]
- Rudolf Caracciola of Germany won the Italian Grand Prix.
September 13, 1937 (Monday)
[edit]- The Battle of Xinkou began.
- Heinrich Himmler decreed that Jews could be released from "protective custody" in concentration camps if they provided evidence that they were emigrating.[15]
- Japanese forces captured Datong.[16]
- The Chinese government made a formal appeal to the League of Nations to take action against Japan.[17]
- In his final address on the closing day of the Nuremberg Rally, Hitler declared that the failure of Franco's Nationalists would "upset the balance of power in Europe, which is of vital importance to Germany."[18]
- Born: Don Bluth, American animator and film director, former animator at Disney from 1955 to 1979, founder of Sullivan Bluth Studios, co-founder of 20th Century Fox Animation and co-creator of An American Tail, The Land Before Time and Anastasia.
- Died: Ellis Parker Butler, 67, American author
September 14, 1937 (Tuesday)
[edit]- The Nyon Conference ended with an agreement to establish a system of patrol zones, with the British and French assuming the most responsibility.[8] It was agreed that submarines that attacked merchant vessels could be attacked in return by the patrols.[19]
- Died: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 87, 1st President of Czechoslovakia
September 15, 1937 (Wednesday)
[edit]- Hitler's half-brother Alois opened a café in Berlin.[20]
- Born: King Curtis Iaukea, professional wrestler, in Honolulu, Hawaii (d. 2010); Robert Lucas, Jr., economist and Nobel laureate, in Yakima, Washington; Fernando de la Rúa, President of Argentina, in Córdoba, Argentina (d. 2019).
September 16, 1937 (Thursday)
[edit]- The NAACP sent a telegram to President Roosevelt urging that he call upon Hugo Black to resign from the Supreme Court or "take other appropriate action in the absence of repudiation and disproof of the charges by Senator Black to relieve himself and the nation of the embarrassment of having upon the highest court a man pledged to uphold principles inimical to true Americanism."[21]
- The British historical film Victoria the Great starring Anna Neagle premiered in London.[22]
- Born: Jesse J. McCrary, Jr., lawyer and civil rights activist, in Blitchton, Florida (d. 2007)
September 17, 1937 (Friday)
[edit]- The Battle of Santander ended in a decisive Nationalist victory.
- The Nyon agreement was expanded to include aircraft as legitimate targets for reprisal attacks by patrol ships.[19]
- The Abraham Lincoln head on the Mount Rushmore sculpture was dedicated.[23]
- Born: Orlando Cepeda, baseball player, in Ponce, Puerto Rico (d. 2024); Ilarion Ionescu-Galați, violinist and conductor, in Iași, Romania
September 18, 1937 (Saturday)
[edit]- Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín spoke before the Assembly at the League of Nations, calling the Spanish Civil War "a war of invasion" and denouncing Hitler and Mussolini as "international highwaymen." Negrín called on the League to recognize German and Italian aggression, give the Republic the right to freely procure war materiel and have all foreign combatants withdrawn from Spanish territory.[24]
- The Alliance of Democrats formed in Poland.
September 19, 1937 (Sunday)
[edit]- The Folsom escape attempt occurred. Two of the seven prisoners trying to escape were shot dead; the other five were sentenced to death and eventually executed.
- Hockey Club Ambrì-Piotta was founded in Switzerland.
- Born: Abner Haynes, AFL running back, in Denton, Texas (d. 2024)
September 20, 1937 (Monday)
[edit]- Anthony Eden spoke at the League of Nations Assembly, telling Italy and Japan they were ruining themselves financially by their policies of territorial conquest and informing Germany that the way to obtain raw materials was to buy them instead of demanding colonies.[25]
- Spain failed to get the two-thirds majority it needed to get re-elected onto the League of Nations council. The Latin American countries no longer supported the Spanish Republic because they had shifted their support to Franco.[25]
- Died: Henry Denhardt, 61, American politician (shot); Lev Karakhan, 48, Soviet revolutionary and diplomat (killed in the Great Purge); Harry Stovey, 80, American baseball player; Felix M. Warburg, 66, German-born American banker
September 21, 1937 (Tuesday)
[edit]- 21 Japanese warplanes bombed the city of Canton for 90 minutes, killing many civilians.[26]
- Italy reversed itself and agreed in principle to participate in the patrolling of the Mediterranean.[22][27]
- The J. R. R. Tolkien children's fantasy novel The Hobbit was published in England.[28]
- Died: Osgood Perkins, 45, American actor
September 22, 1937 (Wednesday)
[edit]- The Battle of El Mazuco ended in a Nationalist victory.
- Japan's apology for the August 26 airplane attack on ambassador Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen was made public by Britain and the matter was declared closed.[29]
- Died: Ruth Roland, 45, American actress and film producer (cancer)
September 23, 1937 (Thursday)
[edit]- The New York Yankees won the American League pennant when the Detroit Tigers were eliminated in a 4–3 loss to the Boston Red Sox.[30]
- Benito Mussolini's second son Vittorio arrived in the United States to study filmmaking methods in Hollywood with the producer Hal Roach.[31]
- The professional wrestling event known as the EMLL 4th Anniversary Show took place in Mexico City.
- Born: Martin Litchfield West, scholar of classical antiquity, in London, England (d. 2015)
September 24, 1937 (Friday)
[edit]- The Battle of Pingxingguan began.
- The Japanese occupied Baoding.[32]
September 25, 1937 (Saturday)
[edit]- The Battle of Pingxingguan ended in Chinese victory.
- Benito Mussolini arrived in Munich on the first day of a five-day official visit to Germany.[33]
- Geelong defeated Collingwood in the VFL Grand Final.
- Born: Freeman Patterson, nature photographer and writer, in Long Reach, New Brunswick, Canada
September 26, 1937 (Sunday)
[edit]- British District Commissioner for the Galilee Lewis Yelland Andrews and his bodyguard were gunned down in Nazareth.[34]
- The Storstrøm Bridge, one of the longest in Europe, was inaugurated in Denmark by King Christian X.[35]
- Died: Bessie Smith, 43, American blues singer (car accident)
September 27, 1937 (Monday)
[edit]- British authorities arrested 120 suspects in the Lewis Yelland Andrews murder.[34]
- Italy signed on to the Nyon accords.[19]
September 28, 1937 (Tuesday)
[edit]- Hitler and Mussolini spoke at a rally in Berlin that was heard by millions around the world in a radio broadcast. Hitler went first and spoke of the "common ideals and interests inspiring Italy and Germany." Mussolini, delivering his speech in German, made the first official acknowledgement that Italy had troops in Spain when he said, "Where words are insufficient to carry on the fight we turn to weapons. We have done this in Spain, where thousands of Italian Fascist volunteers have lost their lives."[36]
- At the League of Nations, Britain and France balked at Spain's demand to condemn Germany and Italy as aggressors and allow arms exports to the Spanish government, fearing it would worsen the general situation in Europe.[37]
- The League of Nations officially condemned the Japanese bombing of Chinese cities.[37]
- President Roosevelt dedicated the Bonneville Dam in the Columbia River Gorge.[16]
- Born: Rod Roddy, radio and television announcer, in Fort Worth, Texas (d. 2003)
September 29, 1937 (Wednesday)
[edit]- Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong agreed to put aside their differences and join forces to fight the Japanese invasion.[16]
- Purdy Bridge opened in Purdy, Washington.
- Died: Ray Ewry, 63, American track and field athlete
September 30, 1937 (Thursday)
[edit]- The League of Nations drafted a resolution warning that if Italy did not withdraw its troops from Spain, the League would "consider ending the policy" of nonintervention.[38]
- The New York Giants clinched the National League pennant with a 2–1 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies. The 1937 World Series would be a rematch of 1936.[39]
References
[edit]- ^ Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7864-6062-5.
- ^ "British Ship Sunk". The Sydney Morning Herald. September 3, 1937. p. 11.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (September 3, 1937). "Nazis to Punish Jews if a New Boycott Begins". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Manly, Chesly (September 4, 1937). "President Flayed by Lewis". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Another Soviet Steamer Sunk In The Mediterranean". Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. September 4, 1937. p. 1.
- ^ "Moscow Rages Over Sinking of Ship by U-Boat". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 5, 1937. p. 3.
- ^ Boyle, John Hunter (1972). China and Japan at War, 1937–1945: The Politics of Collaboration. Stanford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8047-0800-5.
- ^ a b c "Chronology 1937". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ "Soviet Charges Italian Subs Sank Two Ships". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 7, 1937. p. 1.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (September 8, 1937). "Nazis Back Italy and Japan". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Taylor, Edmond (September 9, 1937). "Italy Refuses Peace Talk". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Thies, Jochen (2012). Hitler's Plans for Global Domination: Nazi Architecture and Ultimate War Aims. Berghahn Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-85745-463-8.
- ^ "Woeld Jittery, President Says And Advocates A National Plan". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 12, 1937. p. 1.
- ^ "Letter From Jailed U-Boat Pastor Read to His Congregation". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 13, 1937. p. 8.
- ^ Matthäus, Jürgen; Roseman, Mark (2010). Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1933–1938. AltaMira Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-7591-1910-9.
- ^ a b c "1937". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 13. September 1937". chroniknet. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (September 14, 1937). "Hitler Tells Why He Backs Spanish Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ a b c Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 509. ISBN 0-313-22054-9.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (September 16, 1937). "Eat at Hitler's? Brother Sets Up New Berlin Cafe". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9.
- ^ Ball, Howard (1996). Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-19-536018-9.
- ^ a b Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ "Timeline: Carving Mount Rushmore". American Experience. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ Taylor, Edmond (September 19, 1937). "Italy Jolted by 3 Nations". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ a b Taylor, Eden (September 21, 1937). "Britain Rearms With Eye on Japs, Italy, Eden Says". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
- ^ "21 Jap Planes Bomb Canton; Nanking Raided". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 21, 1937. p. 1.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 21. September 1937". chroniknet. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2000). Carpenter, Humphrey (ed.). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-618-05699-6.
- ^ Brewer, Sam (September 23, 1937). "Jap Apology for Shooting Envoy Soothes Britain". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
- ^ "Want to Know Who Won Other Pennant? Yanks". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 24, 1937. p. 27.
- ^ "Vittorio Mussolini's Short Hollywood Visit". The Advocate. Burnie. October 9, 1937. p. 1.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 24. September 1937". chroniknet. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (September 26, 1937). "Fascist-Nazi Caesars to Woo O. K. by World". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ a b "120 Seized in Slaying of 2 Britons Nazareth Faces Huge Fine". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. September 28, 1937. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ "Tageseinträge für 26. September 1937". chroniknet. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ Schultz, Sigrid (September 29, 1937). "All of Europe Going Fascist! Duce Predicts". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9.
- ^ a b "Tageseinträge für 28. September 1937". chroniknet. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
- ^ "League Moves to Help Spain Against Italy". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 1, 1937. p. 10.
- ^ "Hubbell Beats Philles, 2-1, in Title Triumph". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 1, 1937. p. 29.