Skagit River Hydroelectric Project
Skagit River and Newhalem Creek Hydroelectric Projects | |
 | |
  | |
| Location | Whatcom County, Washington |
|---|---|
| Nearest city | Newhalem, Washington |
| Area | 42 acres (17.0 ha) |
| Built | 1917 |
| Architect | Lars Jorgenson |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Bungalow/American craftsman, Industrial |
| MPS | Hydroelectric Power Plants in Washington State, 1890–1938 MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 96000416[1] (original) 11000016 (increase) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 26, 1996 |
| Boundary increase | February 11, 2011 |
The Skagit River Hydroelectric Project is a series of dams with hydroelectric power-generating stations on the Skagit River in the north of the U.S. state of Washington. The project is owned and operated by Seattle City Light to provide electric power for the City of Seattle and surrounding communities.
In 2012, hydro-electric dams provided approximately 89.8 percent of the electricity used in Seattle.[2] The Skagit Hydroelectric Project alone accounts for about 20 percent of Seattle City Light's electricity.
History
[edit]In 1917, James Delmage Ross, superintendent of lighting for Seattle, obtained approval from the Department of Agriculture to build dams on the Skagit River. The city council approved $1.5 million in bonds for construction and appointed Carl F. Uhden as the project superintendent. The construction camp was set up at the mouth of Newhalem Creek, giving the unincorporated community its name.[3]
Uhden hired contractors to build a 25-mile rail line to Gorge Creek, allowing Seattle City Light to control access to the area. After the railroad reached the site above Newhalem, a two-mile tunnel was dug between the dam and the powerhouse. Work was frequently delayed by floods, mudslides, and avalanches. The schedule was further delayed by workers leaving to hunt for gold, labor troubles, a forest fire, and a shortage of electricity. Although Ross had estimated that the Skagit River operation would provide electricity to Seattle by 1921, those various delays pushed the date to 1924.[3]
The Gorge Dam generators were formally started by President Calvin Coolidge on September 17, 1924.[3]
In August 2021 Seattle City Light announced that it will undertake a study of the possibility of removing one or more of the Skagit dams for environmental reasons.[4]
The dams were threatened by the Sourdough Fire in August 2023, which prompted the evacuation of City Light facilities in the area and reduction in output for the dams.[5]
Dams
[edit]The three major dams in the Skagit River Project are (from lower to upper) Gorge Dam, Diablo Dam, and Ross Dam. The dams are located in Whatcom County above the town of Newhalem, which lies just west of North Cascades National Park. Ross Lake, formed by Ross Dam extends into British Columbia, which is 20 miles upriver from the dam. Ross Lake National Recreation Area surrounds the lake.
Construction of Gorge Dam began in 1921 and the first power was delivered to Seattle in 1924. The cost of the dam was $13 million ($153,339,181 in 2006 dollars).[6] In 1961 a new Gorge High Dam was completed (300 feet (91 meters)) to replace the original Gorge Dam. This dam was featured in Alan Pakula's 1974 thriller The Parallax View, starring Warren Beatty.
Construction of Diablo Dam was begun in 1927, five miles upstream from Gorge Dam. Diablo Dam was completed in 1930, and at that time was the tallest dam in the world at 389 feet (119 meters) until Owyhee Dam was built. Although the dam was complete, financial problems due to the Great Depression delayed building the powerhouse, so the dam produced no electricity for Seattle until 1936.[3]: 46
Construction of Ruby Dam at the Rip Raps below Ruby Creek began in 1937. This dam was renamed Ross Dam after the death of James Delmage Ross (1872–1939), the superintendent of the Skagit River Project. Construction of Ross Dam was to take place in three stages and the first stage was completed in 1940. The second and third stages were completed in 1953 when the dam was built to its final height of 540 feet (160 meters).
All three dams are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The total cost of the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project was $250 million over 50 years.[3]: 47
Hydroelectric power capacity
[edit]| Dam | Power (MW)[7] | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Gorge | 199.2 | 48°41′52″N 121°12′30″W / 48.69778°N 121.20833°W |
| Diablo | 159.3 | 48°42′51″N 121°07′52″W / 48.71417°N 121.13111°W |
| Ross | 352.6 | 48°43′54″N 121°04′02″W / 48.73167°N 121.06722°W |
| Total | 711.1 | — |
Tourism
[edit]From 1928 until the start of World War II, City Light offered guided tours of the Skagit Project. From Rockport, visitors rode City Light's steam locomotive 23 miles to Newhalem. Dormitories were provided, as were meals in The Gorge Inn. The next day, visitors boarded another train to Diablo, where they toured the powerhouse and rode an incline lift to the top of the dam. Next, they rode a barge or tour boat to Ruby Creek, then returned to Rockport. Over 100,000 people visited the Skagit Project by 1941. After the war, shortened tours resumed.[3]: 44
Current tours sponsored by City Light include a boat tour, a walking tour, and a combination walking-and-van tour.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ "Fuel Mix - How Seattle City Light electricity is generated". Seattle City Light. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Wilma, David (2010). Power for the people : a history of Seattle City Light. Seattle, Washington: History Ink, in association with University of Washington Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-295-98576-3. OCLC 613433169.
- ^ Susannah Frame (August 6, 2021). "Seattle City Light commits to studying impacts of removing Skagit River dams". KING-5 News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- ^ Phair, Vonnai (August 9, 2023). "North Cascades highway reopens as Sourdough fire continues to burn". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
- ^ Dollar worth calculator at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Archived 2008-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Seattle City Light
- ^ Richardson, Vince (July 21, 2013). "Powerful history". McClatchy-Tribune Business News. ProQuest 1406052087.
Sources
[edit]- Historylink.org
- Seattle City Light Skagit Tours
- Larry Kunzler Historical Record of Dam Building and their Impacts on Floods of the Skagit River: 1924 through 1968
- Guide to the Seattle City Light Gorge Development Project Photographs and Photograph Albums 1948-1962
- Guide to the Seattle City Light Skagit Project: Diablo Dam Construction Photograph Albums 1919-1936
- Guide to the Seattle City Light Ross Dam Photograph Albums 1938-1948
- Guide to the Seattle City Light Skagit Youth Camp Records 1991-1996
- Nearby construction era photo, as the Ross Dam was being completed in 1956
- Tour boat on the lake formed by the Diablo Dam, during the construction era
- Construction photo of what became Ross Dam
External links
[edit]
- Seattle Power and Water Supply Collection, images of Skagit River Hydroelectric Project - University of Washington Digital Collection
- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Newhalem, Whatcom County, WA:
- HAER No. WA-24, "Skagit Power Development", 31 photos, 3 measured drawings, 99 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
- HAER No. WA-24-A, "Skagit Power Development, Newhalem Powerhouse and Dam", 7 photos, 1 measured drawing, 1 photo caption page
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- Dams in Washington (state)
- Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
- Seattle City Light dams
- United States power company dams
- Hydroelectric power plants in Washington (state)
- Buildings and structures in Whatcom County, Washington
- Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
- Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
- Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
- National Register of Historic Places in Whatcom County, Washington
- 1917 establishments in Washington (state)