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Steak 'n Shake

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Steak 'n Shake Operations, Inc.
Steak 'n Shake
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryFood
FoundedFebruary 1934; 90 years ago (1934-02)
Normal, Illinois, U.S.
FounderAugustus Hamilton "Gus" Belt[1][2]
Headquarters
Indianapolis, Indiana
,
United States
Area served
United States
Southwestern Europe
Middle East
Key people
Phillip Cooley
ProductsSteakburgers, milk shakes
ServicesRestaurants
Number of employees
20,732[3]
ParentBiglari Holdings
Websitesteaknshake.com

Steak 'n Shake Operations, Inc., doing business as Steak 'n Shake, is an American casual restaurant chain concentrated primarily in the Midwestern United States with locations also in the South, Mid-Atlantic, Western United States, Europe, and the Middle East. The company is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Biglari Holdings.[4] As of 2018, 628 Steak 'n Shake restaurants were in operation; of those 414 were corporate-owned, and 214 franchised. The company has since attempted to convert to a fully franchised model.[5]

Restaurant locations have sit-down, drive-thru, and front-window service; they provide a hybrid of fast-food to-go and diner-style sit-down service. In 2021, the company had 536 locations, but the number had dropped to 493 by March 31, 2023, according to Biglari Holdings; not all of those were in operation at that time.[6] The business model had been shifting away from full-service restaurants as well, toward a drive-thru model and to "counter-service ... featuring kiosks".[7]

Many locations are open 24 hours a day, seven days per week. The menu features primarily burgers and hand-dipped milkshakes; other entrees, side items, and drinks are also available. The corporation's slogan, "Famous for Steakburgers", refers to its most prominent food item, the Steakburger. The "steak" in the restaurant name comes from the menu item.

History

[edit]

A. H. "Gus" Belt (born in Morrisonville, Illinois) founded Steak 'n Shake in Normal, Illinois, in February 1934, after serving four years in the United States Marine Corps. He converted the combination gas station and chicken restaurant that he owned (Shell's Chicken) into a hamburger stand.[2]

Steak 'n Shake's slogan, "In Sight, It Must Be Right", originally referred to Belt's practice of wheeling a barrel of T-bone, sirloin, and round steaks into the public area of his restaurant, then grinding them into burgers in front of his customers[2]—it was intended to reassure customers of the product's wholesomeness as at the time, ground beef was still viewed with skepticism by the general public, based on the likelihood of its having impurities deliberately added to it.

It also assured Belt's customers of the veracity of his "Steakburger" claim. Later patrons were assured that Steakburgers were still made from these ingredients "at our own commissary" for shipment to the restaurants, where the open grill line remained "in sight" to customers.

A combination meal from Steak 'n Shake restaurant

After having success, Belt purchased a chain of Goal Post restaurants throughout central Illinois, converting them to Steak 'n Shakes[when?] and added curb service.[2]

The original building at the intersection of Main Street and West Virginia Avenue was damaged by a fire in the early 1960s but was repaired and its dining room expanded. In the late 1990s, Steak 'n Shake sold the building to the Monical's Pizza company.

After Gus Belt

[edit]

Steak 'n Shake continued to expand throughout Illinois following Belt's death on August 20, 1954.[1] Ownership passing through many hands, including Gus's wife Edith, who ran the chain until 1969; Longchamps, Inc., an East Coast steakhouse company that owned the chain from 1969[8] to 1971;[9] and Indianapolis-based Franklin Corporation, led by Robert Cronin, author of Selling Steakburgers: The Growth of a Corporate Culture. After the acquisition, Franklin moved Steak 'n Shake's headquarters from Normal, Illinois to Indianapolis.

In 1981, Steak 'n Shake and its parent company Franklin were acquired by E. W. Kelley and Associates;[10] the chairman E. W. "Ed" Kelley led the restaurant chain until he died on July 4, 2003.[2]

Under Sardar Biglari

[edit]

Entrepreneur Sardar Biglari took control of Steak 'n Shake in August 2008 after three years of declining same-store sales and losses of $100,000 per day. He led a turnaround which resulted in 24 straight quarters of increases in same-store sales and profits of $100,000 per day.[11][unreliable source?] He focused the brand on burgers, fries and milkshakes, reducing the menu from eight pages to a bi-fold.[12] However the chain ran into more problems in 2016 and onward, with revenue declining sharply.[13] Reasons included under-investment in the restaurants after the deep price cuts of 2008; competition from "fast casual" restaurants like Chipotle which aimed for a more high-class experience; and two expensive lawsuits from former managers who accused the chain of misclassifying them as salaried employees and refusing to pay earned overtime.[13]

Graham Rahal's 2015 Indianapolis 500 IndyCar was sponsored by Steak 'n Shake.

In 2018, Steak 'n Shake changed its business model to a franchise partner system, with Biglari attempting to turn all of the 400+ company-owned restaurants into franchise operations. Entrepreneurial single-unit operators could take control of an existing Steak 'n Shake for $10,000, an unusually low price, but were required to give the company 50% of the restaurant's profits.[14] Even though it offered the new franchise inducement, the firm remained heavily indebted. As of April 2020, its debt was rated as a low C/D "speculative" grade (colloquially known as junk bonds) by bond rating agencies. The Washington Post considered the chain to be extremely likely to default with a low likelihood of recovering, with the restaurant closings due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States being an unrecoverable blow to the firm.[15]

Locations

[edit]
Opening of New York City location in 2012, which has since closed

The first Steak 'n Shake in the state of Indiana was opened as a drive-in restaurant in Indianapolis in November 1954.[16] As typical for the era it had offered curb (carhop) service in addition to table service and takeout. At the time, Steak 'n Shake had locations in five states.

The Route 66 Steak 'n Shake in Springfield, Missouri (built 1962), was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.[17][18][19]

The company entered North Carolina opening a franchised location in Greensboro in December 1996.[20]

Steak 'n Shake began in Wisconsin with locations in Racine, Janesville, and Madison in the late 1990s,[21] but all locations closed by 2004.[22] Another franchiser opened locations in Waukesha and Wauwatosa in 2007, but both closed by 2010.[23][24] The chain has not returned to the state.

After briefly operating a few restaurants in South Texas during the 1970s, Steak 'n Shake returned to Texas by opening locations in the Dallas–Fort Worth area in 2001,[25] in the Houston area in 2012,[26] and in the San Antonio area beginning in 2013.[27] Steak 'n Shake entered South Carolina Carolina opening a location in Greenville in February 2001.[28]

The company entered Oklahoma for the first time by opening a franchise location in Edmond in 2004.[29]

Steak 'n Shake entered West Virginia for the first time by opening a franchise location in Barboursville in August 2007.[30]

Steak 'n Shake opened its first location in Nevada inside the South Point Casino in Las Vegas in July 2010[31] and a second location in Reno in July 2013.[32][33] In January 2017, a second Las Vegas location began, the third in Nevada, in the Student Union building on the campus of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas[34] followed by a second Reno location, the fourth in Nevada in July 2017.[35] Steak 'n Shake entered Louisiana for the first time[36] by opening a location near Baton Rouge in Covington in 2011.[37] The company first entered Colorado via a franchise in Denver in November 2011[38] before the parent company took over the Colorado locations after a lengthy lawsuit between the franchisee and the parent company. In January 2012, they opened their first and only location in the state of New York on Manhattan,[39] adjacent to the Ed Sullivan Theater then home to the Late Show with David Letterman. Indiana native David Letterman, an avid Steak 'n Shake fan frequented the location and often talked about it on his show.[40] The location closed in October 2017, ending the chain's five year presence in the state.[citation needed] The first location in New Jersey was opened by a franchise holder in September 2012 in Paramus.[41] At the beginning of 2016, a second and third location in New Jersey were opened by the same franchisee in West Windsor Township and Hamilton Township;[42] both of those locations quietly disappeared within a year. In September 2017, the original Paramus location, the last location in New Jersey, also closed after a five-year struggle to remain in business.[43]

Opening of first store in Seattle
Opening of first store in Seattle in 2016, now defunct

The first Steak 'n Shake location in the state of Arizona was opened in Tempe in October 2013.[44] [45] A second Arizona location was open on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson in July 2017.[46]

The first and only location in the state of Montana and in the upper plain states, was opened in Billings in December 2013.[47] The restaurant was forced to close after two and a half years in July 2016 due to poor sales that were blamed on "harsh reviews on social media".[48]

Steak 'n Shake expanded to California in July 2014 by opening a location in Victorville.[49][50] A Los Angeles County location was opened in Santa Monica in late October[51][52] and another in Burbank in December of the same year.[53] After a lack of activity for over a year in the highly competitive Californian marketplace, the company announced in April 2016 it expected to open its first Orange County location, the fourth in California, in Aliso Viejo in mid-May.[54] After a short delay, a fifth California location was opened behind schedule in Riverside in August 2016.[55] In March 2017, a 6th location opened in Yucca Valley.[citation needed] After 3.5 years of operation, the Victorville location closed abruptly in February 2018 after receiving an eviction notice for failure to pay rent.[56][57]

In 2015, the company planned a restaurant in Northern California in Campbell, California, but local residents delayed it.[58] Because of the delay, the first location in Northern California opened instead in Daly City in November 2016.[59][60][61] The first Central California location began operating in Fresno in March 2017.[62] A second San Francisco Bay Area restaurant was opened on the campus of San Jose State University in July 2017.[63] After a long two year delay fighting local anti-development activists, the company finally opened their long expected restaurant in Campbell in September 2017.[64] After four months of operation, the Daly City location closed as well as the Campbell location in January 2018.[65] This left the San Jose location on the campus of SJSU as the only store in the Bay Area.[66] After 10 months of operation, the lone Central California location in Fresno also closed in January 2018.[67]

In June 2015, the first location in Maryland opened in Millersville.[68] Two years later, the struggling Maryland franchisee filed for voluntary bankruptcy in June 2017 while still remaining open.[69] The location finally closed in January 2018 after the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County seized the restaurant for non-payment on loans and taxes. The restaurant and contents were auctioned off by the court on January 31, 2018.[70] Later in the year, the franchise owner was arrested after the FBI filed an indictment against the franchise owner for plotting to kill his wife and to burn the restaurant down in an attempt to receive insurance money for his then failing business.[71] In January 2019, the restaurant reopened under new management.[72] In April 2019, the same franchise owner of the Millersville location announced plans to open a second location in White Marsh by the summer of 2019.[73]

The first location in the Pacific Northwest opened in Seattle in May 2016;[74] it went defunct after four years.[citation needed]

In September 2018, the first location in Delaware was opened in Middletown.[75]

In March 2019, the first location in Nebraska was opened on the campus of University of Nebraska–Lincoln.[76]

In March 2019, Steak 'n Shake announced plans to open its first restaurant in Washington, D.C., inside the Rayburn House Office Building to serve House members, staffers, and the public who pass "through security and a metal detector".[77] The location officially opened for business in the first week of September 2019.[78] In January 11, 2021, the first Steak N Shake location in the Des Moines Suburb of West Des Moines opened, joining seven other stores in Iowa, with strict measures at the time including no eat-in dining.[79]

International expansion

[edit]

In December 2013, Steak 'n Shake opened a corporate office in Monte Carlo, Monaco, to support its expansion in West Asia and Europe.[80]

West Asia

[edit]

In October 2012, Steak 'n Shake announced its first international expansion agreement with plans to open forty locations in the United Arab Emirates. The first of these locations opened in Dubai in 2013,[81] but closed in a little more than a year. Only two out of the original 40 locations planned were ever opened in the UAE. Both closed in January 2015.[82]

The brand also announced in December 2013 a 50-unit franchise agreement in Saudi Arabia with AB Holdings. The first location in Riyadh was expected to open in the first half of 2014.[83]

The first location in the Persian Gulf country of Kuwait was opened in December 2014.[84] This location appeared to have been closed after less than three years of operation.[85]

The first location in Qatar opened at the Tawar Mall in November 2017.[86]

Europe

[edit]

The first two European locations opened in Cannes, France, in May 2014[87][88] and on the island of Ibiza in Spain in June 2014.[89]

The second location in France was opened in Marseille in December 2014.[90] A third location in France was opened in Toulon in April 2016[91] and was quickly followed in June by the openings of a fourth and fifth location in Caen and Rueil-Malmaison respectively,[92] in October by the openings of a sixth location at the Cité Europe shopping centre in Coquelles,[93] and in November of a seventh location in Fenouillet.[94] The eighth and ninth location in France were started in Bordeaux[95][96] and Anglet respectively in early 2017.[97] A second location in Marseille was opened in December 2017.[98] A third location in Marseille, the 17th location in France, was opened in May 2018.[99]

The second location in Spain was opened in Madrid, the capital, in September 2015[100] followed by one in Churra, Murcia, in October 2015.[101]

The first location in Italy opened in Milan in December 2015.[102] A second location was opened in Peschiera del Garda in May 2016.[103] A third location was opened in Castione Andevenno in September 2016.[104]

In July 2016, the first location in Portugal opened in Montijo, near Lisbon (closed in 2023).[105]

In December 2016, the first store in the United Kingdom opened in Chester, Cheshire, England.[106] The only location in the UK was closed 21 months later in August 2018.[107][108]

Controversies

[edit]

Franchise pricing lawsuits

[edit]

Between 2010 and 2015, Steak 'n Shake became involved in lawsuits with several of its franchisees concerning mandatory menu prices and mandatory food sourcing. As of August 2013, five lawsuits had been filed. The first lawsuit began in 2010; it was filed by Stuller, Inc., the Illinois franchisee that is the oldest franchisee in Steak 'n Shake's history. Stuller won a preliminary injunction that went to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in August 2012.[109] Three more franchisees filed suit in April 2013—Druco Restaurants based in St. Louis, People Sales & Profit Co. based in Georgia, and Scott's S&S Inc. in Pennsylvania.[110] A settlement was reached with these franchisees in 2014, but terms of the settlement were not made public.[111]

Steak 'n Shake filed suit against Denver franchisees Larry and Christopher Baerns in July 2013 over the same issues, with a counterclaim soon after.[112] Steak 'n Shake won its lawsuit in U.S. District Court against the Baerns when the judge ruled that the Baerns intentionally overcharged customers.[113] The complaints by the franchisees also question whether Steak 'n Shake promised franchise results that could never actually be achieved under its policies.[114]

Employee classification lawsuits

[edit]

286 managers in the St. Louis area filed and won a lawsuit against Steak 'n Shake on grounds that they were misclassified as exempt employees unable to earn overtime.[115] Steak 'n Shake had to pay $7.7 million in damages. They were sued again by an even larger group of 1100+ managers on similar grounds; as of 2019, that case was pending.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Stake n Shake President Dies". The Daily Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois). No. page 3. August 21, 1954.
  2. ^ a b c d e "History". The Steak 'n Shake Company. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  3. ^ "Annual report" (PDF). www.biglariholdings.com. 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  4. ^ "BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC". www.biglariholdings.com.
  5. ^ "Annual report" (PDF). www.biglariholdings.com. 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  6. ^ "Beloved Burger Chain Steak 'n Shake Continues Its Closing Spree". Eat This. May 9, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024. In 2021 it teetered on the edge of bankruptcy before parent company Biglari Holdings managed to pay off a whopping $153 million in debt.
  7. ^ "Steak n Shake closed another 30 restaurants last year". Restaurant Business. February 27, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024. It was the fourth straight year in which the chain closed more restaurants than it opened, a period in which it shrunk its unit count by 19%.
  8. ^ "Longchamps to Buy 53% of Restaurant Concern". The Wall Street Journal. November 27, 1968. p. 15. ProQuest 133269264. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  9. ^ "Longchamps Will Sell Steak 'n Shake Interest". The Wall Street Journal. September 7, 1971. p. 7. ProQuest 133590424. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  10. ^ "Kelley & Partners Acquires Control of Franklin Corp". The Wall Street Journal. June 30, 1981. p. 41. ProQuest 134512025. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  11. ^ "Was Steak 'n Shake nearly insolvent in 2008?". Nation's Restaurant News. March 19, 2015.
  12. ^ "Letters" (PDF). www.biglariholdings.com. 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c "85 Years After Founding In Normal, Challenges Put Steak 'n Shake On The Brink". Illinois Public Media. June 12, 2019.
  14. ^ Reesman, Bryan (September 19, 2018). "The Burger Gold Rush is On at Steak 'n Shake". QSR. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  15. ^ Santamariña, Daniela; Bhattarai, Abha; Uhrmacher, Kevin (May 8, 2020). "The iconic brands that could disappear because of coronavirus" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  16. ^ "Opening Set for Thursday". The Indianapolis Star. November 7, 1954. p. 33 – via Newspapers.com. Opening of this new Steak 'n Shake drive-in restaurant at 2660 Lafayette Road Thursday morning will mark the first appearance in Indiana of the five-state chain of restaurants. Four more are planned in the area.
  17. ^ Ruth Keenoy (January 2012). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Route 66 Steak 'n Shake" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017. (includes 10 photographs from 2011)
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  19. ^ "Iconic Restaurant, Downtown Building Both Nominated as Historic Sites". KOLR. May 10, 2012. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
  20. ^ Welborn, Jane (December 4, 1996). "Go Back to '50s at Steak 'n Shake". Greensboro News-Record. p. D1. Greensboro restaurant-goers can experience the flavor of a burger restaurant from the 1950s when Steak 'n Shake opens Monday at Wendover Avenue near Interstate 40... The Greensboro Steak 'n Shake is the first in North Carolina. The local franchise is owned by Steakers 'n Shakers, a group of investors from Knoxville, Tenn... There are nine restaurants in Atlanta and 20 in central Florida.
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  59. ^ Zavoral, Linda (October 14, 2016). "First NorCal Steak 'n Shake will open in Daly City in November". San Jose Mercury News.
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  88. ^ Swiatek, Jeff (November 14, 2014). "Steak n Shake goes upscale, international". USA Today.
  89. ^ "The Steak 'N Shake Restaurant officially opens on the 26th June 2014!". My Ibiza. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  90. ^ de Broqua, Aliette (December 12, 2014). "Steak 'n Shake s'attaque à McDonald's en Europe" [Steak 'n Shake tackles McDonald's in Europe]. Le Figaro (in French).
  91. ^ "Burger Gourmet : un nouveau restaurant Steak'n Shake bientôt à Toulon" [Burger Gourmet: a new Steak 'n Shake restaurant soon in Toulon]. Toute la franchise (in French). April 1, 2016.
  92. ^ "Le réseau Steak'n Shake s'installe à Caen et Rueil-Malmaison en juin" [The Steak'n Shake network moves to Caen and Rueil-Malmaison in June]. AC Franchise (in French). May 17, 2016.
  93. ^ "Steak'n Shake ouvre ce mercredi à la cité Europe" [Steak 'n Shake opens this Wednesday at the Cité Europe]. Nord Littoral (in French). October 19, 2016.
  94. ^ "Steak'n Shake ouvre un restaurant à Fenouillet en Haute-Garonne" [Steak 'n Shake opens a restaurant in Fenouillet in Haute-Garonne]. Toute la franchise (in French). November 19, 2016.
  95. ^ "Steak'n Shake paré au décollage" [Steak 'n Shake ready for take-off]. Snacking (in French). January 4, 2017. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2018. C'est à Bordeaux, dans le quartier des Bassins à Flot à proximité du siège de C Discount, que Steak'n Shake a clôturé 2016 avec l'ouverture en décembre de son 8e restaurant hexagonal...
  96. ^ Simon, Christelle (January 4, 2017). "400 % de croissance pour Steak'n Shake en 2016" [400% growth for Steak 'n Shake in 2016]. L'Officiel de la Franchise (in French). Steak'n Shake clôture l'année 2016 avec l'ouverture de son 8ème restaurant français à Bordeaux et amorce la nouvelle année avec une dizaine de nouveaux projets sur le grill.
  97. ^ Rousset, Vincent (September 27, 2017). "Burgers: Steak'n'Shake, La Différence" [Burgers: Steak 'n Shake, The difference] (PDF). La Vie Économique du Sud-Ouest (in French). No. 2263. p. 6. ISSN 1157-5387. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018. Steak'n'Shake a ouvert début 2017 simultanément deux restaurants à Anglet et Bordeaux.
  98. ^ Tighidet, Nadia (December 13, 2017). "Marseille : Steak'n Shake, le burger gourmet s'installe sur le Vieux-Port" [Marseille: Steak'n Shake, the gourmet burger settles in Old Port]. La Provence (in French).
  99. ^ "Marseille : un nouveau Steak'n shake a ouvert ses portes ce mardi" [Marseille: A new Steak 'n Shake opened on Tuesday]. La Provence (in French). May 9, 2018.
  100. ^ "Steak n' Shake: llega el fast food de calidad a Madrid" [Steak 'n Shake: Fast food of quality arrives in Madrid]. Me gusta mi bario (blog) (in Spanish). September 2, 2015.
  101. ^ "¡Hemos llegado murcianos! Ya podéis visitarnos en el Centro Comercial Thader" [We have arrived Murcianos! You can now visit us in the Thader Mall]. Twitter (in Spanish). Steak 'n Shake Spain. October 15, 2015.
  102. ^ "Steak N'Shake debutta al Bicocca Village" [Steak 'n Shake debuts at Bicocca Village]. Retail & Food (in Italian). December 17, 2015.
  103. ^ "Dagli hamburger alle patatine col formaggio fuso: apre Steak 'n Shake" [From burgers to fries with melted cheese: open Steak 'n Shake]. Brescia Today (in Italian). May 11, 2016.
  104. ^ Martina, Camilla (September 3, 2016). "Settanta nuovi posti di lavoro a Castione Andevenno: Iperal si espande, apre la catena americana Steak'n Shake e potrebbero arrivare anche Zara e H&M" [Seventy new jobs in Castione Andevenno: Iperal expands, opens the American chain Steak 'n Shake and could even reach Zara and H & M]. Il Giorno (in Italian).
  105. ^ Marcela, Ana (July 7, 2016). "Cadeia Steak 'n Shake entra em Portugal e investe 2,5 milhões" [Steak 'n Shake chain enters Portugal and invests 2.5 million]. Dinheiro Vivo (in Portuguese).
  106. ^ Holmes, David (December 6, 2016). "New Chester burger bar to create a real buzz – literally!: American chain opens first UK franchise in Chester on Sunday, December 11". Chester Chronicle.
  107. ^ Bronte, Georgia (August 8, 2018). "US-born Steak n Shake closes its only UK site". BigHospitality.
  108. ^ de Lucia, Carmella (August 6, 2018). "Steak n Shake in Chester closes after less than two years - as plans are submitted for student housing on first floor". Chester Chronicle.
  109. ^ Stuller, Inc. v. Steak N Shake Enterprises, Inc, et al., 695 F.3d 676 (7th Cir. August 24, 2012). Docket No. 11-2656.
  110. ^ Olson, Scott (May 1, 2013). "More franchisees join revolt over Steak n Shake menu pricing". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  111. ^ Andrews, Greg (November 22, 2014). "Settlement reached in Steak n Shake franchisee suit". Indianapolis Business Journal.
  112. ^ Migoya, David (September 4, 2013). "Judge rules Steak 'n Shakes in metro Denver must close, but they don't". The Denver Post.
  113. ^ Migoya, David (July 31, 2015). "Judge: Steak 'n Shake franchise owners violated agreement, must pay up: Federal case ends with ruling that former owners of Centennial, Sheridan stores overcharged customers". The Denver Post.
  114. ^ Olson, Scott (August 5, 2013). "Steak n Shake dispute with franchisees reaches to Denver". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  115. ^ Patrick, Robert (May 21, 2019). "Steak 'n Shake gets $7.7 million tab for St. Louis-area manager overtime in latest blow to chain". STLtoday.com.
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