Timeline of Liverpool
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Liverpool, England.
Prior to 18th century
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- 1089. The West Derby Hundred is recorded in the Domesday Book[1]
- 1207 – 28 August: Liverpool and its market chartered by King John.[2][3][4]
- 1229 – Charter granted by Henry III authorizing a merchants’ gild.[4]
- 1237 – Liverpool Castle, (1237–1726).[4]
- 1266 – Liverpool passed into the hands of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster.[4]
- 1292 – John De More becomes Lord Mayor of Liverpool.
- 1295 – Borough sent two members to the first royal parliament,[4]
- 1298 – Liverpool fair active.[3]
- 1349 – The Black Death plague hits Liverpool.[5]
- 1588 – Borough represented in Parliament by Francis Bacon.[4]
- 1598 – Speke Hall (house) built.
- 1662 – Population: 775.[6]
- 1644 – Town besieged by forces of Prince Rupert of the Rhine.[7]
- 1674 – Town Hall rebuilt.[6]
- 1684 – Richard Atherton becomes Lord Mayor of Liverpool and secures the surrender of the Liverpool Charter, which was delivered to George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, known as Judge Jeffreys at Bewsey Old Hall in 1684. The notes on the Liverpool Charters refer to Atherton as the first modern Mayor of Liverpool.
18th century
[edit]- 1700
- Liverpool Merchant slave ship begins operating.[8]
- Population: 5,714.[6]
- 1702 – Croxteth Hall (house) built.
- 1704 – Woolton Hall (house) built.
- 1708 – Blue Coat School founded.[6]
- 1715 – opening of the first dock Old Dock.[9]
- 1717 – Bluecoat Chambers built.
- 1718 – Blue Coat hospital opens.[4]
- 1720 – Population: 10,446.[10]
- 1722 – Ranelagh Gardens open.
- 1724 – 25 August: Animal painter George Stubbs born.
- 1726
- Liverpool Castle demolished.
- Ye Hole in Ye Wall pub on Hackins Hey opens.[11]
- 1749 – Royal Infirmary opens.[4]
- 1753 – Salthouse Dock opens.[7]
- 1754 – Liverpool Town Hall built.[4]
- 1756 – Liverpool Advertiser newspaper begins publication.[12]
- 1758 – Circulating library established.[13]
- 1766 – City directory published.[14]
- 1770s – Scotland Road laid out.
- 1771
- Bidston lighthouse built.[7]
- George's Dock opens.
- 1772 – Theatre built.[6]
- 1778/9 – 120 privateers were fitted out in Liverpool, carrying 1986 guns and 8745 men.[4]
- 1779 – Medical Library founded.[6]
- 1784 – Liverpool Musical Festival begins.[15]
- 1785 – Liverpool Georgian Quarter constructed.
- 1788 – St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church built.
- 1790
- Lime Street laid out.
- Consulate of the United States, Liverpool established.
- 1791 – School for the Blind founded.[6]
- 1792 – Holy Trinity Church, Wavertree, consecrated
- 1797 – Liverpool Athenaeum founded.
19th century
[edit]1800s–1840s
[edit]- 1801 – Population: 77,653.[10]
- 1802 – Liverpool Library founded.[16]
- 1803 – Botanical Gardens open.[17]
- 1805 – Extension to Liverpool Town Hall completed providing the main ballroom and council chamber
- 1807
- 185 Liverpool ships were engaged in the slave trade, carrying 49,213 slaves in 1807.[4]
- March – Slave Trade Act in the United Kingdom and Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves in the United States outlaw the Atlantic slave trade. On 27 July Kitty's Amelia sails on the last legal British slaving voyage.
- Liverpool Cricket Club formed.
- 1809 – Exchange Buildings constructed.[6]
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- 1810
- Borough Gaol built.[6]
- Williamson Tunnels started.
- 1815 – Manchester Dock built.
- 1816 – Leeds and Liverpool Canal constructed.[6]
- 1817 – Liverpool Royal Institution established.[4][18]
- 1819 – SS Savannah completes first steamship transatlantic sailing.
- 1822
- Apprentices' Library founded.[6]
- The old St John's Market was designed by John Foster Junior and built.
- 1823 – Marine Humane Society founded.[17]
- 1825 – Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts[6] and Philomathic Society[12] established.
- 1826
- St James Cemetery laid out.[citation needed]
- Old Dock closed.
- 1827 – Law Society established.[12]
- 1828 – Borough Sessions House built.[6]
- 1829 – Canning Dock opens.[19]
- 1830
- Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.[6][20][4]
- Crown Street railway station and the first ever train shed opened.
- Wapping Tunnel opened.
- Liver Theatre active.[21]
- Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.[6][20][4]
- 1831 – Population: 165,175.[6]
- 1832
- Church of St Luke built.
- John Swire and Sons in business.[18]
- 1833 – Zoological gardens open.[12]
- 1835
- City boundaries expand.[4]
- First elected Town Council replaces Common Council.
- 1836
- Literary, Scientific and Commercial Institution[6] and Liverpool Town Borough Police established.
- Liverpool Lime Street railway station opens to the public.
- 1837 – Liverpool Chess Club formed.[22]
- 1838 – Brougham Institute[6] and Polytechnic Society established.[12]
- 1839
- 1840
- 1842
- St. Francis Xavier's College established.[23]
- Robertson Gladstone becomes mayor.
- 1843 – Princes Park laid out.[4]
- 1844
- Canning Half Tide Dock opens.[19]
- Royal Mersey Yacht Club established.
- 1845 – Liverpool Observatory built.[12]
- 1846 – Albert Dock opens.[25][4]
- 1848
- Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway opened.
- Liverpool Financial Reform Association; Architectural and Archaeological Society;[12][26] and Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire formed.[12]
- Cope Bros & Co in business.
- Church of Saint Francis Xavier consecrated.
- 1849
- Philharmonic Hall opens.
- Victoria Tunnel (with largest iron wire rope ever manufactured) and Waterloo Tunnel opened connecting Edge Hill railway station to Liverpool Riverside railway station.
1850s–1890s
[edit]- 1850 – Catholic Institute established.[23]
- 1851
- Derby Museum opens.
- Balfour Williamson in business.
- Collins Line SS Baltic (1850) sails Liverpool-New York in under ten days breaking transatlantic record.
- 1852
- African Steamship Company in business.
- Liverpool Free Public Library[27] and sailors' home[4] open.
- Hebrews' Educational Institution founded.[12]
- A quarter of the city's population is Irish, a legacy of the Great Irish Famine.
- 1854 – St George's Hall built.[4]
- 1855
- February: Economic unrest.[17]
- Liverpool Daily Post begins publication.
- 1856 – Lewis's shop in business.
- 1857 – Mersey Docks & Harbour Board established.[28]
- 1859 – Thomas Royden & Sons in business.
- 1860 – William Brown Library and Museum building opens.[27]
- 1861 - Old Swan Tramway opened.
- 1862 - Moorish Arch demolished.
- 1863 – Liverpool Amateur Photographic Association founded.[29]
- 1864
- Garston and Liverpool Railway opened.
- Oriel Chambers built.
- 1866 – Star Music Hall opens.
- 1867 – Alliance Israélite Universelle branch founded.[30]
- 1868
- Elder Dempster and Company in business.
- Newsham Park opens.
- Owen Owen opens his drapery business.
- 1869
- First paternoster lift built in Liverpool.[31]
- West Coast Main Line connecting Liverpool to London bypassing Manchester completed.
- The Conservative local authority builds the first council housing in Europe, St Martin's Cottages (tenement flats) in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall.[32]
- Fowler's Buildings constructed.
- Liverpool Tramways Company opened.[4]
- 1870
- 1871 – North Western Hotel built.
- 1872
- Sefton Park opens.[4]
- Midland Railway Goods Warehouse built.
- 1873
- 1874
- Liverpool Central railway station opens.
- Liverpool Institute High School for Girls established.
- Princes Road Synagogue consecrated.
- 1877 – Walker Art Gallery opens.
- 1878 – Everton football club founded.
- 1879
- Picton Reading Room built.[27]
- Liverpool Echo newspaper begins publication.[34]
- Salvation Army active.[35]
- North Liverpool Extension Line outer rail loop opens.
- 1880
- Liverpool attains city status.
- Aigburth Cricket Ground built.
- 1881 – University College Liverpool chartered.[4]
- Liverpool Central High Level railway station introduced 40 minute journey services to Manchester Central.
- 1884
- Anfield (athletic space) opens.[36]
- County Sessions House, Gustav Adolf Church, and Picton Clock Tower built.
- Everton Road drill hall completed.[37]
- 1886
- International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry.
- Mersey Railway Tunnel opens;[4] Mersey Railway (Birkenhead-Liverpool) begins operating.
- Liverpool and Birkenhead Women's Peace and Arbitration Association organized.[38]
- 1887 – Liverpool Muslim Institute founded.
- 1888 – Shakespeare Theatre opens.[21]
- 1889 – Liverpool removed from Lancashire as Lancashire County Palatine replaced.
- Florence Institute for Boys established in Dingle.
- 1890
- Liverpool and North Wales Steamship Company began operating.
- Liverpool Union of Girls' Clubs formed.[39]
- Bowes Museum of Japanese Art Work opens.[40]
- 1892
- Goodison Park (athletic field) inaugurated.
- Victoria Building, University of Liverpool constructed.
- Robert Durning Holt becomes mayor.
- Liverpool Football Club formed.
- 1893 – Liverpool Overhead Railway begins operating.
- 1895 – City boundaries expand to include West Derby and others.[4]
- 1897 – Gregson Memorial Institute built.[18]
- 1898
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine founded.[18]
- White Star Building constructed.
- Liverpool Tramways Company closed.[4]
- 1899 – Liverpool University Press founded.
- 1899–1900 – George's Dock closed and filled in.
- 1900 – Major alternations to Liverpool Town Hall.[4]
20th century
[edit]1900s–1940s
[edit]- 1901 – Population: 684,958.[4]
- 1902
- City boundaries expand to include Aigburth, Cressington and Grassendale.[4]
- Sefton Park Gazette begins publication.[41]
- 1903 – Worlds first full conversion of steam to electric railway, Mersey Railway.
- 1904 – Foundation stone of the Anglican Cathedral is laid by King Edward VII.[4]
- 1906 – Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building constructed.
- 1907
- August: 700th anniversary of city founding.[42]
- Dock Office built.[43]
- 1908
- Meccano Ltd in business.
- Population: 753,203.[4]
- 1909
- June: Catholic-Protestant conflict.[44]
- The world's first Department of Civic Design, which later spawns the town planning movement, is set up at the University of Liverpool.
- 1911
- 1911 Liverpool general transport strike.
- Royal Liver Building constructed.
- Rodewald Concert Society founded.
- 1912 – Lime Street Picture House opens.[45]
- 1913 – Crane's Music Hall opens.[citation needed]
- 1914
- 14 March: Reconstructed Adelphi Hotel is opened by the Midland Railway.[46]
- 30 May: Cunarder RMS Aquitania begins her maiden voyage to New York.
- 27 August: Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, launches the Liverpool Pals battalions scheme.[47]
- 1916 – 30 July: "Liverpool's blackest day" – 500 men in Liverpool Pals battalions are killed in an attack on Guillemont in the Battle of the Somme[47] (following 200 deaths on the First day on the Somme).
- 1917
- Cunard Building constructed.[18]
- Liverpool Commercial Reference Library opens.[48]
- 1919
- Racial conflict.[49]
- Cunard's luxury liner services moved to Southampton.
- 1922 – African Churches Mission, and African and West Indian Mission organized.[50]
- 1924–1932 – India Buildings is built.
- 1925 – Empire Theatre opens.
- 1927
- A5058 road Queens Drive ring road completed.
- Woolton Picture House cinema opens.
- 1928 – Ferries to Eastham Ferry cease operation.[51]
- 1930 – Speke Airport begins operating.
- 1931 – Population 855,688.[52] This is the peak size of Liverpool's population.
- 1932 – 1932 Summer Olympics gold medal for town planning awarded to John Hughes (architect) for city of Liverpool sports stadium.
- 1934
- 18 July: Royal opening of Queensway Tunnel, the A580 road (Liverpool–East Lancashire Road, the UK's first intercity highway) and Walton Hall Park.
- Paramount Theatre opens.[45]
- 1939 – Exchange Flags building completed.
- 1940 – August: Liverpool Blitz: Aerial bombing by German forces begins.
- 1942 – January: Liverpool Blitz: Aerial bombing by German forces ends.
- 1944 – Merseyside Unity Theatre active.
- 1946 – Liverpool Corporation begins development of Kirkby Industrial Estate on a former ordnance factory site.
- 1948 – 31 May: Canada Dock Branch railway closed to intermediate passengers.
- 1949 – 19 March: Cameo murder.
1950s–1990s
[edit]
- 1951 – Ditton dodger train service withdrawn.
- 1952 – City twinned with Cologne, Germany.
- 1953 – Liverpool Muslim Society founded.
- 1955 – Stirling Moss wins the British Grand Prix at Aintree
- 1956 – 30 December: Liverpool Overhead Railway urban rail transit system with fourteen stations last runs amid protest against closure.
- 1957
- 15 January: The Cavern Club opens as a jazz club.
- 6 July: John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles first meet at a garden fete at St. Peter's Church, Woolton, at which Lennon's skiffle group, The Quarrymen (formed 1956), is playing (and in the graveyard of which an Eleanor Rigby is buried).
- 14 September: Liverpool Corporation Tramways close after the last tram runs in Liverpool, 88 years after the first.
- 1958 – Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral crypt completed to the design of Edwin Lutyens, but the remainder of his cathedral design is abandoned.
- 1960
- January: John Lennon's Liverpool College of Art friend Stu Sutcliffe joins his rock group and suggests they change their name to The Beatals.
- 22 June: Fire in Henderson's department store kills eleven.[53]
- 1961
- 9 February (lunchtime): The Beatles at The Cavern Club: The Beatles perform under this name at The Cavern Club for the first time following their return from Hamburg, George Harrison's first appearance at the venue. On 21 March they play the first of nearly 300 regular performances at the club.
- 6 July: Mersey Beat begins publication.
- 9 November: Future manager Brian Epstein first sees The Beatles at The Cavern Club.
- 1962
- 24 January: Brian Epstein signs a contract to manage The Beatles.
- 16 September: Liverpool and North Wales Steamship Company makes its last sailings.
- 1963 – 3 August: The Beatles perform at The Cavern Club for the final time as they begin a run of chart success.
- 1964
- Everyman Theatre founded.
- St. John's Market demolished.
- Sheil Park, three 22 storey towers (containing 516 flats) approved and later built.
- 1965 – Shankland Plan including Churchill Way flyovers and 'walkways in the sky' published by Council Planner Graeme Shankland.[54]
- 1966 – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week operation and new runway 09/28 suitable for jet aircraft at Liverpool Airport opened by Prince Philip.
- Merseyside Area land use Transportation study (MALTS) project report.
- Liverpool Pullman introduced.
- 1967
- 14 May: Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral (Roman Catholic) consecrated.
- c. July–August: Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building partially demolished.
- The Mersey Sound anthology of Liverpool poets published.[55]
- 22 November: BBC Radio Merseyside launched.
- 1968 – 30 January: RMS Franconia makes Cunard Line’s last scheduled voyage from Liverpool.[56]
- Fifteen Guinea Special last mainline passenger steam locomotive service.
- 1969
- Radio City Tower built.
- St. John's Shopping Centre and Clayton Square Shopping Centre in business.[citation needed]
- Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive begins operation.
- Garston extension railway closed.
- 1970
- The last express services to Glasgow ran from Exchange on Sunday 3rd May 1970.
- Harrison Barnard & Co. headquartered in city.
- Flyovers opened on Churchill Way.
- 1971
- Ferry service to New Brighton withdrawn.
- Kingsway Tunnel opens.
- 1972
- Albert Dock closed. Seaforth Dock opens near city in the area of Seaforth, Lancashire.
- North Liverpool Extension Line closed after a century's operation and track lifted.
- Waterloo Tunnel/ Victoria Tunnel (Liverpool) (serving Waterloo branch from Edge Hill railway station to Liverpool Riverside railway station) and Wapping Tunnel closed, 123 years after opening.
- Liverpool Central High Level railway station closed.
- Canadian Pacific unit CP Ships are the last transatlantic line to operate from Liverpool.
- 1973 – Prince's Landing Stage at Pier Head demolished.
- 1974
- City becomes a metropolitan borough within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside; Merseyside County Council established.
- Post & Echo Building and New Hall Place constructed.
- Al-Rahma Mosque established.
- M57 motorway outer ring road completed and opened.
- Church Street, Liverpool pedestrianised.
- 1976 – M62 motorway junctions 4 to 6 (Tarbock) connecting Leeds and Manchester to Liverpool completed and opened.[57]
- 1977
- 26 September: Fire at St. John's Shopping Centre.[58]
- Merseyrail formed and Liverpool Exchange railway station closed after 127 years and partially turned into a car park. Moorfields railway station opened on new loop Wirral line (3 January 1978) to replace Exchange. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway branch line severed with buffer at Kirkby ending through trains to Manchester.
- 1978 – 25 October: Construction of the Anglican Liverpool Cathedral is completed after 74 years.
- Garston railway reopened. The Garston line formed the southern portion of Merseyrail's Northern Line.
- 1979 - Michael Heseltine appointed Minister for Merseyside.
- 1979 – 17/18 December: Fire at St. John's Shopping Centre.[58]
- 1980 – Merseyside Maritime Museum opens in the Albert Dock complex.[59]
- 1981 – July: Toxteth riots.[60] Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe circulates a cabinet memo arguing for "managed decline".
- 1982 – Mersey Television formed.
- 1983 – Militant in Liverpool win control of the council.
- 1984 – Albert Dock reopened as a leisure attraction. International Garden Festival held.
- 1985
- Militant in Liverpool set illegal council budget.
- May: Liverpool trading floor finally ceases to exist.
- 1986
- Liverpool Airport Southern Terminal opens.
- Silver Blades Ice Rink, Prescot Road closed.
- 1987
- 1988 – Tate Liverpool (modern art museum) opens in the Albert Dock.
- 1989 – 15 April: Hillsborough disaster: 96 Liverpool F.C. supporters are killed as the result of a crush at a Sheffield stadium.
- 1991 – Population: 452,450 residents.[62]
- 1992
- Cream (nightclub) begins.
- Africa Oyé music festival begins.
- Liverpool Community College established.
- 1993
- 1995 – Liverpool dockers' dispute (1995–98) begins.[64]
- 1996 – Festival Gardens closes. National Conservation Centre opens.
- 1998 – Mike Storey becomes Liverpool City Council leader.
- 1999 – Liverpool Biennial begins.
21st century
[edit]- 2001
- Liverpool Wall of Fame unveiled.
- Merseytram proposed.
- 2002 – Liverpool International Tennis Tournament begins.
- 2003 – 4 November: Brookside last broadcast.
- 2004
- Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City registered as a World Heritage Site with UNESCO.
- Liverpool Culture Company formed.
- Homotopia (festival) begins.
- 2006
- Liverpool Urban Area established.[65]
- Liverpool Science Park established.
- Royal Standard art gallery established on Mann St.[66]
- Liverpool South Parkway railway station opened.
- 2007
- Liverpool Cruise Terminal opens.
- International Slavery Museum opens.
- West Tower built.
- Liverpool Shakespeare Festival begins.
- David Moores sells Liverpool F.C. to American entrepreneurs Tom Hicks and George N. Gillett Jr.
- 2008
- City designated a European Capital of Culture.
- Echo Arena Liverpool, BT Convention Centre and Liverpool One open.
- One Park West and Alexandra Tower built.
- A.F.C. Liverpool formed in response to the transfer of ownership of Liverpool F.C..
- 2010 – National Oceanography Centre established.
- 2011 – Museum of Liverpool opens on the waterfront.
- 2010–2012 – Edge Lane widened.[67]
- 2012
- Directly elected office of Mayor of Liverpool established and Joe Anderson becomes mayor.[68]
- Ocean Countess sets sail starting from Liverpool Cruise Terminal.[69]
- 2013
- 19 December: Liverpool Post last published.
- Merseytram proposal cancelled without having been built.
- Yellow Duckmarine sinks in Salthouse Dock and ceases operations.[70]
- Cunard Line resume cruising from Liverpool with Queen Mary 2, the largest ocean liner ever built.
- 2014
- Liverpool City Region Combined Authority established including Liverpool, Halton, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral.
- Liverpool TV launched.[71]
- 2015 – City of Liverpool F.C. formed.
- 2016 – Liverpool2 container shipping port opened at Seaforth.
- Great Howard Street bridge was demolished.
- 2017
- 8 May: Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region established including Liverpool, Halton, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral. Steve Rotheram is the first person elected to the office.[72]
- Royal Institute of British Architects’ National Architecture Centre opened.
- 2019
- Churchill Way flyovers demolition begins.[73]
- First black Lord Mayor of Liverpool, Anna Rothery, appointed.[74]
- 2020
- 23 March: Liverpool goes onto a nationwide lockdown with the rest of the UK due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- 25 June: Liverpool F.C. win the 2019–20 Premier League, their first victory of the Premier League era.
- 31 July: Woolton Picturehouse announces its closure.[75]
- 6 October: VOI e-scooter-sharing system launched in Liverpool.[76]
- 14 October: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: Liverpool moves to the Tier 3 (very high) level of restriction.[77]
- 6 November: First UK covid mass testing piloted in Liverpool.[78]
- 4 December: 5 men, including current city mayor Joe Anderson and former deputy city council leader Derek Hatton, are arrested on suspicion of conspiracy to commit bribery and witness intimidation as part of an investigation into the awarding of public building contracts in the city.[79]
- 2021
- 30 April: COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: Liverpool is the venue for a trial indoor music event.[80]
- 6 May: Joanne Anderson is elected city Mayor of Liverpool, the first directly elected black woman mayor of a major British city.[81]
- 21 July: Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City delisted as a World Heritage Site with UNESCO.[82]
- 2022
- 25 March: Yoko Ono Lennon Centre opened by Sean Lennon.
- 12 August: Liverpool shortlisted to host Eurovision 2023.[83]
- 7 October: Liverpool selected to host Eurovision 2023.[84]
- 2023
- 26 April: Visit by King Charles III.
- May: Mayor of Liverpool abolished
- 13 May: Liverpool hosts Eurovision Song Contest 2023.
- 2024
- 17 April: Radio City rebranded Hits Radio Liverpool.
- 14 June: Taylor Swift performs to sold out Anfield Stadium for 3 night residency on first UK dates in her The Eras Tour.
See also
[edit]References
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{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Zack-Williams, Alfred B. (1997). "African Diaspora Conditioning: The Case of Liverpool". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (4): 528–542. doi:10.1177/002193479702700405. JSTOR 2784729. S2CID 143618099.
- ^ Wilson, Carlton E. (1992). "Racism and Private Assistance: The Support of West Indian and African Missions in Liverpool, England, during the Interwar Years". African Studies Review. 35 (2): 55–76. doi:10.2307/524870. JSTOR 524870. S2CID 143732965.
- ^ "Along the Mersey: Eastham". That's How The Light Gets In. 13 August 2010.
- ^ The Population of Liverpool Exemplified (PDF) (1st ed.), Liverpool John Moores University, 2010[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Henderson's department store fire, Liverpool". Fire Brigades Union. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
- ^ Houghton, Alistair (23 February 2019). "Eye-popping 'Walkways in the Sky' and Liverpool masterplan that never happened". liverpoolecho.
- ^ Gascoigne, Bamber. "Timelines: Liverpool". History World. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
- ^ "Queen Mary 2 to run first Cunard Liverpool sailings in 45 years". Cruise Liverpool. 1 March 2013.
- ^ Philbin, Paul (26 February 2017). "Why does the M62 start at junction 5?". liverpoolecho.
- ^ a b "St. John's Market, Liverpool". Delta 64. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ Couch, Chris; Farr, Sarah-Jane (2000). "Museums, Galleries, Tourism and Regeneration: Some Experiences from Liverpool". Built Environment. 26 (2): 152–163. JSTOR 23288855.
- ^ "1945 to present". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
- ^ Houghton, Alistair (28 January 2018). "Lost landmarks – more Liverpool buildings you wish were still here". liverpoolecho.
- ^ "Census Information Index". City of Liverpool Internet. City of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 11 February 1998. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "Mathew Street Festival axed and replaced by new Liverpool International Music Festival". Liverpool Echo. 19 February 2013.
- ^ Mukul (1998), "Liverpool Dockers; Making and Un-Making of a Struggle", Economic and Political Weekly, 33 (26): 1612–1614, JSTOR 4406925
- ^ "Liverpool South Parkway opens". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ "United Kingdom". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "Liverpool commuters face 12-month Edge Lane roadworks". BBC News. 14 March 2011.
- ^ "British Mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "First cruise liner since 1972 leaves Liverpool". BBC News. 29 May 2012.
- ^ "Yellow Duckmarine sinks in Albert Dock in Liverpool". BBC News. 15 June 2013.
- ^ "Bay TV wins Liverpool local TV licence". Digital Spy. 21 February 2013.
- ^ "Liverpool 'metro mayor' results: Labour's Steve Rotheram elected". BBC News. 5 May 2017.
- ^ "Liverpool flyovers: Demolition plan revealed for Churchill Way structures". BBC News. 20 August 2019.
- ^ "Liverpool: First black mayor succeeds race row councillor". BBC News. 13 August 2019.
- ^ Flaherty, Jess (31 July 2020). "'Devastated' Woolton Picture House to close after 93 years". Liverpool Echo.
- ^ "New way to get around the city centre as e-scooters launch". 6 October 2020.
- ^ Woodcock, Andrew (12 October 2020). "Coronavirus: Liverpool and rest of Merseyside to enter 'very high' tier of lockdown system". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
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Further reading
[edit]Published in the 18th century
[edit]- Liverpool Directory, for the Year 1766. Liverpool: Printed by W. Nevett and Co. for J. Gore.
- William Enfield (1774), An essay towards the history of Leverpool (2nd ed.), London: J. Johnson, OL 23379980M
- W. Bailey (1781). "Liverpool Directory". Bailey's Northern Directory. Warrington: Printed by William Ashton.
- William Moss (1796). Liverpool Guide. Liverpool: Crane and Jones.
- James Wallace (1796), A general and descriptive history of the ancient and present state, of the town of Liverpool, Liverpool: J. McCreery, OL 7197095M
Published in the 19th century
[edit]1800s–1840s
[edit]- "Liverpool", Kearsley's Traveller's Entertaining Guide through Great Britain, London: George Kearsley, 1803
- John Britton (1807), "Liverpool", Beauties of England and Wales, vol. 9, London: Vernor, Hood & Sharpe, hdl:2027/mdp.39015063565736
- Picture of Liverpool; or, Stranger's Guide (2nd ed.), Liverpool: Printed by Jones and Wright, and sold by Woodward and Alderson, 1808, OL 25319603M
- John Corry (1810), The history of Liverpool, from the earliest authenticated period down to the present time, Liverpool: William Robinson
- "Liverpool". Commercial Directory for 1818-19-20. Manchester: James Pigot. 1818.
- Robert Watt (1824). "Liverpool". Bibliotheca Britannica. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: A. Constable. hdl:2027/mdp.39076005081505. OCLC 961753.
- Henry Smithers (1825), Liverpool, its Commerce, Statistics, and Institutions, Liverpool: Printed by T. Kaye, OCLC 4587553, OL 6920334M
- "Liverpool". Pigot & Co.'s National Commercial Directory for 1828-9. London: James Pigot. 1828.
- "Liverpool", Cities and Principal Towns of the World, Cabinet Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830, OCLC 2665202
- Stephen Reynolds Clarke (1830), "Liverpool", New Lancashire Gazetteer, London: H. Teesdale and Co., OCLC 6704104
- Gore's Directory and View of Liverpool (PDF). Liverpool: J. and J. Mawdsley. 1834.
- "Liverpool". Cornish's Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion. Birmingham: J. Cornish. 1837. hdl:2027/wu.89097042907. LCCN n87-896539.
- Picture of Liverpool. Liverpool: T. Taylor. 1837.
- Francis Coghlan (1838). "Liverpool". Iron Road Book and Railway Companion from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool. London: A.H. Baily & Co. hdl:2027/wu.89089014146.
- Arthur Freeling (1838), "Liverpool Guide", Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion to Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham, H. Lacey, LCCN n86-16929
- "Liverpool", Osborne's Guide to the Grand Junction, Or Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester Railway, Birmingham: E.C. & W. Osborne, 1838
- "Liverpool", Leigh's New Pocket Road-Book of England and Wales (7th ed.), London: Leigh and Son, 1839
- Liverpool as It Is. 1840.
- Alexander Brown (1843), Smith's Strangers' Guide to Liverpool, Liverpool: Benjamin Smith, OL 23369337M
- John Thomson (1845), "Liverpool", New Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary, London: H.G. Bohn
- "Liverpool". Slater's National Commercial Directory of Ireland; including ... English Towns of Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Leeds, Sheffield and Bristol, and in Scotland, those of Glasgow and Paisley. Manchester: I. Slater. 1846. hdl:2027/njp.32101045358296.
- Samuel Lewis (1848), "Liverpool", Topographical Dictionary of England (7th ed.), London: S. Lewis and Co.
1850s–1890s
[edit]- Thomas Baines (1852). History of the Commerce and Town of Liverpool. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
- "Liverpool", Black's Picturesque Tourist and Road-book of England and Wales (3rd ed.), Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1853
- Richard Brooke (1853), Liverpool as it was during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. 1775 to 1800, Liverpool: J. Mawdsley and Son, OCLC 4612147, OL 6928908M
- Thomas Baines (1859), Liverpool in 1859, London: Longman, OL 25464729M
- George Measom (1859), "Liverpool", Official Illustrated Guide to the North-Western Railway, London: W.H. Smith and Son
- Recollections of old Liverpool, Liverpool: J. F. Hughes, 1863, OL 25319604M
- A. Green & Co.'s Directory for Liverpool and Birkenhead, 1870
- James Stonehouse (c. 1870). Streets of Liverpool. Liverpool: E. Howell.
- Black's Guide to Liverpool, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1871
- "Liverpool Section". Commercial Directory and Shippers' Guide (3rd ed.). Liverpool: R.E. Fulton & Co. 1871.
- James Picton (1875), Memorials of Liverpool, London: Longmans, Green, OL 7022210M
- "Liverpool", Official Guide and Album of the Cunard Steamship Company, S. Sharpe, 1877
- John Parker Anderson (1881), "Lancashire: Liverpool", Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, London: W. Satchell
- Lewis's Handy Guide to Liverpool and Neighbourhood. Liverpool: Lewis's. 1884.
- Liverpool a few years since (3rd ed.), Liverpool: A. Holden, 1885, OL 7239798M
- City of Liverpool: Municipal archives and records, from A. D. 1700 to the passing of the municipal reform act, 1835, Liverpool: G. G. Walmsley, 1886, OL 14000568M
- Frederick Dolman (1895), "Liverpool", Municipalities at Work: the Municipal Policy of Six Great Towns and its Influence on their Social Welfare, London: Methuen & Co., OCLC 8429493
Published in the 20th century
[edit]1900s–1940s
[edit]- Ramsay Muir (1907), A History of Liverpool (2nd ed.), London: Pub. for the University Press of Liverpool by Williams & Norgate, OL 24434716M
- George T. Shaw; Isabella Shaw, eds. (1907). Liverpool's First Directory. A Reprint of the Names and Addresses from Gore's Directory for 1766. Liverpool: Henry Young & Sons.
- Robert Donald, ed. (1907). "Liverpool". Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1907. London: Edward Lloyd.
- William Dean Howells (1909), "A Modest Liking for Liverpool", Seven English Cities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- "Liverpool", Great Britain, Baedeker's Great Britain (7th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010546516
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Liverpool", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- Irvine, William Fergusson (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 804–809.
- William Farrer; J. Brownbill, eds. (1911). "History of the County of Lancaster". Victoria County History. University of London, Institute of Historical Research. (includes Liverpool)
1950s–1990s
[edit]- Richard Hawes (1998). "Municipal Regulation of Smoke Pollution in Liverpool, 1853–1866". Environment and History. 4 (1): 75–90. doi:10.3197/096734098779555718. JSTOR 20723060.
Published in the 21st century
[edit]- Richard Lawton (2002). "Components of demographic change in a rapidly growing port-city: the case of Liverpool in the nineteenth century". In Richard Lawton and W. Robert Lee (ed.). Population and Society in Western European Port Cities, c.1650–1939. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-435-7.
- John Belchem (2007). Irish, Catholic and Scouse: The History of the Liverpool-Irish, 1800–1939. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Liverpool.
- "Liverpool". Port Cities UK. UK: New Opportunities Fund. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.
- Caryl Williams. "History Timeline". Old Liverpool. UK. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010.
- "Lancashire", Historical Directories, UK: University of Leicester, archived from the original on 5 July 2013, retrieved 5 September 2013. Includes digitized directories of Liverpool, various dates
- Digital Public Library of America. Works related to Liverpool, various dates
- "(Liverpool)". Discovering Britain: Walks: North West England. Royal Geographical Society. c. 2013.
