Toussaint Rouge

Red All-Saints' Day
*Toussaint Rouge*
Red All-Saints' Day ; Toussaint Rouge
Location	French Algeria
Date	1 November 1954 ; 00:00 – 02:00
Attack type	bomb attacks & sabotages
Deaths	10
Perpetrators	FLN

Toussaint Rouge (French: [tusɛ̃ ʁuʒ], "Red All Saints' Day"), also known as Toussaint Sanglante ("Bloody All-Saints' Day") is a series of 70 attacks^[2] committed by militant members of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) that took place on 1 November 1954—the Catholic festival of All Saints' Day—in French Algeria. It is usually taken as the starting date for the Algerian War which lasted until 1962 and led to Algerian independence from France.

Background

Attacks

Between midnight and 2 am on the morning of All Saints' Day, 70 individual attacks were made by FLN militants against police, military and civilian pied-noir targets around French Algeria.^[1] Ten people were killed in the coordinated attacks.^[3]

Reaction in Paris

After hearing of the attacks, François Mitterrand, then Minister of the Interior, dispatched two companies (600 men) of the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS) to Algeria. A total of three companies of paratroopers also arrived between 1 and 2 November.^[1]

On 12 November 1954, Pierre Mendes France, President of the French Council of Ministers declared that the attacks would not be tolerated in a speech to the National Assembly:

One does not compromise when it comes to defending the internal peace of the nation, the unity and integrity of the Republic. The Algerian departments are part of the French Republic. They have been French for a long time, and they are irrevocably French.... Between them and metropolitan France there can be no conceivable secession.^[4]

The Mendes France government increased the number of soldiers in Algeria from 56,000 to 83,000 men to deal with the situation in the Aures mountains — the "main bastion of the insurrection," though the sending of the conscripts to Algeria did not occur until one year later after the Journée des tomates (lit: "Day of Tomatoes") on 6 February 1956 under the Mollet government.^{[citation needed]}

Public reaction

The political reaction notwithstanding, the Toussaint Rouge attacks did not receive much coverage in the French media. The French daily newspaper Le Monde ran a single short column on the front page, and L'Express gave it just two columns.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "The Algerian Civil War, 1954–1962: Why Such a Bitter Conflict?". University of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006.
^ "La Toussaint rouge. 1 November 1954" (PDF). jeanyvesthorrignac.fr (in French). Retrieved 6 February 2023.
^ Stora, Benjamin, 1950- (2001). Algeria, 1830-2000 : a short history (Revised and updated ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 35. ISBN 0801437156. OCLC 45304825.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. Rev. ed". The SHAFR Guide Online. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
^ Stora, Benjamin, 1950- (2001). Algeria, 1830-2000 : a short history (Revised and updated ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 36. ISBN 0801437156. OCLC 45304825.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[USFCA-1] "The Algerian Civil War, 1954–1962: Why Such a Bitter Conflict?". University of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006.

[2] "La Toussaint rouge. 1 November 1954" (PDF). jeanyvesthorrignac.fr (in French). Retrieved 6 February 2023.

[3] Stora, Benjamin, 1950- (2001). Algeria, 1830-2000 : a short history (Revised and updated ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 35. ISBN 0801437156. OCLC 45304825.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[4] "A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. Rev. ed". The SHAFR Guide Online. Retrieved 16 October 2023.

[5] Stora, Benjamin, 1950- (2001). Algeria, 1830-2000 : a short history (Revised and updated ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 36. ISBN 0801437156. OCLC 45304825.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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